Gallia Narbonensis ( Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne ", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Occitania and Provence , in Southern France . It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the first Roman province north of the Alps , and as Gallia Transalpina ("Transalpine Gaul"), distinguishing it from Cisalpine Gaul in Northern Italy . It became a Roman province in the late 2nd century BC. Gallia Narbonensis was bordered by the Pyrenees Mountains on the west, the Cévennes to the north, the Alps on the east, and the Gulf of Lion on the south; the province included the majority of the Rhone catchment. The western region of Gallia Narbonensis was known as Septimania . The province was a valuable part of the Roman Empire , owing to the Greek colony and later Roman Civitas of Massalia , its location between the Spanish provinces and Rome, and its financial output.
27-464: The Uí Dúnlainge , from the Old Irish "grandsons (or descendants) of Dúnlaing", were an Irish dynasty of Leinster kings who traced their descent from Dúnlaing mac Énda Niada a fifth century King of Leinster. He was said to be a cousin of Énnae Cennsalach , eponymous ancestor of the rival Uí Chennselaig . Their claims to the kingship of Leinster were unopposed after the death of Áed mac Colggen in
54-524: A senatorial province governed by a proconsul . Emperor Diocletian 's administrative reorganization of the Empire in c. AD 314 merged the provinces Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Aquitania into a new administrative unit called Dioecesis Viennensis (Diocese of Vienne) with the capital more to the north in Vienne . The new diocese's name was later changed to Dioecesis Septem Provinciarum (Diocese of
81-678: A base in the area, which was renamed from "Gailian" to Leinster, in reference to the pointed-spears held by the Gaullish Gaesatae mercenaries who provided the backbone of Labraid Loingsech's powerbase and brought him to the High Kingship. Cathair Mór, who was also a High King of Ireland, is perhaps the most important figure genealogically in Leinster as all of the subsequent kinship groups which ruled Gaelic Leinster claimed descent and legitimacy to rule from one of his ten sons who had offspring. By
108-638: A thousand years and claimed to the most senior line of the Laighín. An enemy of the Vikings of Dublin , he gave refuge to the sons of Harold Godwinson after the Normans conquered England . It is from this line that the Mac Murchada family originate and later Diarmait Mac Murchada would be implicated in the 12th century Norman invasion of Ireland after he tried to win back his Leinster throne. The reigning dynasty adopted
135-511: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . List of kings of Leinster The kings of Leinster ( Irish : Rí Laighín ) ruled from the establishment of Leinster during the Irish Iron Age until the 17th century Early Modern Ireland . According to Gaelic traditional history found in works such as the Book of Invasions , Leinster was created during the division of Ireland among
162-426: Is unusual in early Irish history as it was the equivalent of "keeping three oranges in the air" (the east Ulster kingdom of Ulaid also rotated the kingship between families). Fourteen Uí Muiredaig kings (from whom descend the O'Toole family ) were based at Mullaghmast /Máistín. Nine Uí Faelain kings (from whom descend the O'Byrne family ) were based at Naas/Nás na Ríogh and ten Uí Dúnchada kings (later known as
189-470: The Battle of Ballyshannon on 19 August 738AD. Three of the sons of Murchad mac Brain (d. 727), Dunchad, Faelan, and Muiredach reigned in turn after him as kings of Leinster. These kings were progenitors of the most powerful branches of Ui Dunlainge in the following three centuries: Ui Dunchada, Ui Faelain, and Ui Muiredaig. These three kindreds rotated the kingship of Leinster between them from 750AD to 1050AD. This
216-569: The English Pale periodically from the Wicklow Mountains : including the leaders of the O'Toole and O'Byrne clans (notable examples include Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach and Fiach McHugh O'Byrne ) until the 17th century. Transalpine Gaul The province of Gallia Transalpina ("Transalpine Gaul") was later renamed Gallia Narbonensis , after its newly established capital of Colonia Narbo Martius (colloquially known as Narbo, at
243-567: The Irish Gaels , descendants of Milesius : Leinster was one of the territories held by the offspring of Heremon . In the 7th century BC, the branch of the Heremonians who would establish Leinster, starting with Úgaine Mór , were also High Kings of Ireland and Kings of Tara . Their ascent to hegemony in Ireland was associated with the decline in influence of their Ulster-based Heremonian kinsmen from
270-619: The Sertorian War (80–72 BCE) against the breakaway state of former Roman senator and general Sertorius , Gallia Narbonensis was an important base for military activities. This was an important event in the Romanization of Narbonese Gaul, as it resulted in the Romans organizing the province. Control of the province, which bordered directly on Italia , gave the Roman state several advantages: control of
297-545: The Érainn . Apart from Úgaine Mór, other prominent Kings of Leinster from this period who were also High Kings of Ireland were Labraid Loingsech and Cathair Mór . A mythology developed that Labraid Loingsech had horses ears: he spent some time exiled in Transalpine Gaul (dated roughly to the period of the Roman–Gallic wars ) where his grandmother was from and returned to Ireland with Gaullish mercenaries. He established
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#1732844279053324-760: The Ó Conchobhair Uí Failghe ) and others. From the 8th until the 11th century, the kingship of Leinster rotated in a remarkably stable arrangement between three branches of the North Leinster Uí Dúnlainge kinship, namelt the Uí Fáeláin (ancestors of the O'Byrnes), the Uí Muiredaig (ancestors of the O'Tooles) and the Uí Dúnchada (whose descendants became the MacGillaMoCholmóc and later the FitzDermots). In
351-517: The 9th century, the Laighín also regained control of Osraige but it remained a largely independent realm under the Mac Giolla Phádrag , from the semi-autonomous Uí Failghe kinship group. The Uí Cheinnselaig in South Leinster took back control of the kingship of Leinster in the 11th century, with Diarmait mac Máel na mBó , who became the first Leinsterman to be High King of Ireland in over
378-830: The Laighín by the Corcu Loígde of Munster. During the 5th to the early 8th centuries, the Kingship of Leinster was contested by various different branches of the Laighín, including the Uí Cheinnselaig (ancestors of the Mac Murchada and Caomhánach ), the Uí Dúnlainge (ancestors of the O'Byrnes and the O'Tooles), the Uí Bairrche (ancestors of the Mac Gormáin ), the Uí Máil (ancestors of
405-660: The MacGillaMo-Cholmoc and, after the Norman invasion, renamed the FitzDermots ) were based at Lyons Hill / Líamhain nearest to Dublin city. By the end of this remarkable run, the kingship of Leinster was being rotated between 7th cousins. The Fitzdermots later gave their names to the placenames Dolphin's Barn and Ballyfermot . The influence of the Uí Dúnlainge family helped secure place-myths for prominent Kildare landmarks in
432-620: The Seven Provinces), indicating that Diocletian had demoted the word "province" to mean a smaller subdivision than in traditional usage. Galla Narbonensis and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Visigothic Kingdom between AD 462 and 477, permanently ending Roman political control. After the Gothic takeover, the Visigothic dominions were to be generally known as Septimania , while to
459-536: The city of Massalia sided with the Pompeians during the civil war . After the war ended, the city of Massalia lost all of its independence and was fully subject to Roman rule. In 40 BC, during the Second Triumvirate , Lepidus was given responsibility for Narbonese Gaul (along with Hispania and Africa), while Mark Antony was given the balance of Gaul. After becoming Emperor , Augustus made Gallia Narbonensis
486-464: The eastern part of the area (French Provence , Occitan Provença ), now a region of France. By the mid-2nd century BC, Rome was trading heavily with the Greek colony of Massalia (modern Marseille ) on the southern coast of Gaul. Massalia, founded by colonists from Phocaea , was by this point centuries old and quite prosperous. Rome entered into an alliance with Massalia, by which it agreed to protect
513-576: The first Roman road in Gaul, connecting Gaul to Hispania, and the Via Aquitania , which led toward the Atlantic through Tolosa (Toulouse) and Burdigala (Bordeaux). Thus, the Romans built a crossroads that made Narbonne an optimal trading center, and Narbonne became a major trading competitor to Massalia. From Narbonne, the Romans established the province of Transalpine Gaul, later called Gallia Narbonensis. During
540-508: The further security of Gallia Narbonensis. The area became a Roman province in 121 BCE. The province had come into Roman control originally under the name Gallia Transalpina (Transalpine Gaul), which distinguished it from Cisalpine Gaul on the near side of the Alps to Rome. In this strip of land, the Romans founded the town of Narbonne in 118 BC. At the same time, they built the Via Domitia ,
567-459: The heroic and romantic literature such as the Dindseanchas , Dinnshenchas Érenn as one of the "assemblies and noted places in Ireland". After the death of the last Kildare-based King of Laighin , Murchad Mac Dunlainge in 1042, the Kingship of Leinster reverted to the Uí Cheinnselaig kindred based in the south east of Leinster. This biography of a member of an Irish royal house
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#1732844279053594-633: The land route between Italy and the Iberian Peninsula ; a territorial buffer against Gallic attacks on Italy; and control of the lucrative trade routes of the Rhône valley between Gaul and the markets of Massalia. It was from the capital of Narbonne that Julius Caesar began his Gallic Wars . Caesar rebuilt Narbo and built the cities of Forum Julium and Arles . Julius Caesar also granted many communities in Gallia Narbonensis citizenship. In 49 BC,
621-457: The location of the modern Narbonne ), a Roman colony founded on the coast in 118 BC. The name Gallia Narbonensis most likely originates in the Augustan era. Its first recorded use was in a census conducted by Gnaeus Pullius Pollio . The Romans had called it Provincia Nostra ("our province") or simply Provincia ("the province"). The term has survived in the modern name of Provence for
648-743: The powerful Gallic tribes to the north, especially the tribes known as the Arverni and the Allobroges . In the First Transalpine War (125–121 BCE), the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus (later additionally named Allobrogicus) campaigned in the area and defeated the Allobroges and the Arverni under king Bituitus in the Battle of the Isère River . This defeat substantially weakened the Arverni and ensured
675-401: The surname Caomhánach (Kavanagh) and continued to rule a rump Kingdom of Leinster until the early 17th century, with the last recorded King of Leinster being Domhnall Spáinneach Mac Murchadha Caomhánach . Throughout the centuries after the Norman invasion, several Kings and also leaders from dynasties who had previously held the Kingship of Leinster, continued to resist the invasion and hounded
702-726: The time of Early Christian Ireland , the Laighín had lost their grip on Irish hegemony with the rise of the descendants of Conn of the Hundred Battles (the Connachta and the Uí Néill ). The latter pushed down into Leinster and created the Kingdom of Meath based at Uisnech , under the Southern Uí Néill from territories belonging to the Kingdom of Leinster and to the west Osraige was taken from
729-469: The town from local Gauls , nearby Aquitani , sea-borne Carthaginians and other rivals, in exchange for a small strip of land that it wanted in order to build a road to Hispania , to assist in troop transport. The Massalians, for their part, cared more for their economic prosperity than they did for territorial integrity. During this period, the Mediterranean settlements on the coast were threatened by
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