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57-449: In Armenian sources, Utik is also called Uti , Awti , Utiats’wots’ ashkharh 'land of the people of Utik', Utiats’wots’ gavar’ 'district of the people of Utik', Utiakan ashkharh and Utiakan gavar’ 'Utian land/district'. In Suren Yeremian's view, the name originally referred to the district of Uti Arandznak ('Uti Proper'), where the Utian ( utiats’i ) tribe lived, and

114-515: A descendant of the legendary Armenian progenitor Hayk and the reputed ancestor of the princes of Syunik . While some Armenian scholars interpret this as an indication of the Armenian origin of the princes, Toumanoff argues that this merely indicates that they had ruled the area since time immemorial. Regarding the Arsacid period, Hewsen writes that "[i]t seems likely that except for Siwnik', eastern Armenia

171-573: A music school was opened with pianoforte and stringed instrument classes. Various festivals, which gathered musical groups from all the Transcaucasian colonies, were often held in Helenendorf (by the 1930s there were 21 colonies). Traces of the German settlement can be seen in the school buildings and the parish church built in 1854. In the 1920 census there were 2,259 people registered. The city today

228-579: A number of historical monuments in Goygol including the Goygol Wine Factory's champagne and wine shop, Goygol Printing House, District Music School, and Koroglu Hotel dating to the 19th century, as well as the former buildings of the District Prosecutor's Office and District Police Department, which were built in the 19th century. The History-Ethnography Museum of Goygol is located in the building of

285-640: A population of 37,200 (est. 2010). The municipality includes the city of Goygol and the village of Qızılqaya . Goygol is situated in northwestern Azerbaijan 10 km (6 mi) south of Ganja city in the foothills of the Murovdag of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . It is in the Kura River Basin , and the Gyandzha River ( Gandzha-chay ) runs through the city. A spur to Ganja connects it to

342-469: A prominent place in the disputes between Armenian and Azerbaijani scholars about the history of Caucasian Albania and the historical eastern regions of Armenia. In 1958, Yeremian expressed the view that the people of Utik came under Armenian rule in the 2nd century BC and were assimilated into the Armenians by the 4th–6th centuries AD, but subsequent works by Armenian scholars have argued that Armenians inhabited

399-460: A settlement at Goygol since at least the tenth century. An extensive cemetery was excavated in the 1990s, with many bronze weapons (swords, daggers, axes), some jewelry (rings, bracelets, necklaces), and clay black dishes with the geometric designs, some of which are on display at the local museum. Under the Ganja Khanate a Tatar town on the site was known as Hanahlar. Subsequently, in 1795 it

456-431: Is overwhelmingly populated by Azeris . Starting in 1915, the town became home to a small Assyrian community, originally from Turkey and Iran. The last resident of Goygol of German descent died in 2007. The Assyrian population consisted of three families as of 2016. A large wine machinery plant which aids in the processing of grapes is located in Goygol, as was a state-owned cattle-breeding farm as of 1990. There are

513-562: Is placed in Utik in some sources. The city of Partaw (near today's Barda ) was built in the province in the 5th century and grew into a major commercial center in the following centuries. The city of Baylakan was built there under the Sasanian king Kavad I . After the Arab conquests, the city of Ganja was built in the region in the 9th century, possibly on the site of a preexisting town. The territory of Utik

570-595: The Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia . He struggled with a serious illness for many years, and died in 1992. Shakashen Goygol ( Azerbaijani : Göygöl (listen) , German : Helenendorf ) ( Yelenino in 1931–1938, Khanlar in 1938–2008) is a city, municipality and the capital of the Goygol District in northwestern Azerbaijan . It is around 10 km (6 mi) south of Azerbaijan's third-largest city, Ganja . The city of Goygol has

627-512: The Ashkharhatsuyts to merge the principalities into one province for simplicity's sake. Additionally, the districts of Tri and Rot-Parsean may have formed a separate principality of the Gargarians during the Arsacid period. Utik was the site of the settlement of Khaghkhagh, which Agathangelos calls the "winter quarters of the Armenian kings" but which Elishe and Movses Kaghankatvatsi call

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684-580: The Marzpanate Period." In 1941, he moved back to Yerevan and continued his studies at the Institute of Material Culture and History, which was still under the auspices of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He earned the title of professor in 1953, having defended his second dissertation (from Moscow State University ), titled "The Social Structure of Ancient Armenia." He held the position of director of

741-664: The Orontid dynasty and were reconquered by Artaxias I, but Hewsen writes that there is no evidence to support this claim. Utik remained a part of Armenia for some 500 years after Artaxias's conquest, although the Armenian-Albanian boundary along the Kura River was often overrun by armies of both countries. It was lost as a result of the Roman–Persian peace of 363 AD , but, according to the author of Buzandaran Patmut’iwnk’ , in 370 AD

798-628: The USSR Historical Atlas . Yeremian was also one of the key advocates who pushed for the publication of the History of the Armenian People (Yerevan, 1971–1984, 8 volumes), authoring numerous articles on the origins of the Armenian people, the kingdom of Urartu , and on the social, economic, cultural and political structure of the Kingdom of Armenia . He would also go on to write numerous articles in

855-450: The 17th and 18th centuries, Armenians largely left the flatlands of historical Utik for nearby mountainous areas and foothills, as well as the urban center of Ganja. Suren Yeremian Suren Tigrani Yeremian ( Armenian : Սուրեն Տիգրանի Երեմյան ; Russian : Сурен Тигранович Еремян ; April 10 [ O.S. March 28] 1908 – 17 December 1992) was a Soviet and Armenian historian and cartographer who specialized in

912-650: The Armenian sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian defeated the Albanians and restored the frontier back to the river Kura. In 387 AD, the Sassanid Empire helped the Albanians to seize from the Kingdom of Armenia a number of provinces, including Utik. Although there is some evidence that suggests that Utik remained a part of the Persian-controlled kingdom of Armenia even after 387, it was definitely incorporated into Albania after

969-454: The Baku-Kazakh railway, and there is a highway into Ganja. Goygol has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) and January is the coldest with an average temperature of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F). The wettest month is May with an average of 69 mm (2.7 in). There has been

1026-504: The Byzantine emperor Heraclius in 628 and remained in this position until 822. In 922, Utik was annexed by the Bagratid kingdom of Armenia , but this included only part of the province's historical territory. According to Cyril Toumanoff , the descendants of the princes of Utik were present in southern Artsakh as late as the 11th century. According to many scholars, the name Utik derives from

1083-803: The Caspian Sea. According to Robert H. Hewsen , the name of Utik is likely connected with the ethnonyms Outioi , mentioned by Herodotus , Ouitioi , mentioned by Strabo, and Udini , mentioned by Pliny. Pliny also mentions a group called the Uti , which suggests that this is a separate group from the Udini, and the Utidorsi , whose name is thought to be a combination of Uti and Aorsi , another group. Wolfgang Schulze writes that Otene and Uti(k) are not necessarily related and may refer to two distinct regions. Udi- / Uti- may be an old toponym referring to

1140-481: The Helenendorf colony were 127 Swabian families (ca. 600 people), who came mainly from Reutlingen under the leadership of Gottlieb Koch, Duke Shiman, Jakov Krause and Johannes Wuhrer. Initially, the colonists had to live in dugouts. For several years they lived in very difficult and even dangerous conditions; after the first winter (1818–1819) only 118 families survived. During the Russian-Persian War of 1826–1828,

1197-721: The Period of Justinian . He moved to Armenia and in 1928, he was accepted to Yerevan State University . He studied history and economics and graduated from there in 1931. From 1935 until 1941, Yeremian worked at the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union 's department of Oriental studies in Leningrad . While there, Yeremian also taught Armenian history at Leningrad State University 's Department of History and Philology. He defended his dissertation, titled "The Feudal Organization of Kartli during

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1254-752: The Russian Emperor Alexander I signed a petition of 700 Swabian families for resettlement in Transcaucasia. The city of Ulm was appointed the assembly point, from which the settlers were sent on ships down the Danube to Izmail. After the quarantine, they were resettled for wintering in the already extant Black Sea German colonies Peterstal, Josefstal, Karlstal and other Swabian villages. The settlers arrived in Transcaucasus in August 1819, accompanied by Cossacks. Of

1311-610: The Russian language. In 1907, at the Elendendorf school, a boarding school was opened to accommodate children from other Swabian settlements of the Transcaucasus who studied there. In the 1920s, teachers from Germany were invited to work at the school. So, for example, Alois Melichar (Alois Melichar), future conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic , conducted music lessons at Elendendorf school. The cultural life in Helenendorf began with

1368-528: The Swabians twice had to flee to Elizavetpol and Tiflis from the advancing Persians; both times Helenendorf was burned by the Persians. In 1829–1830, mortality due to diseases (including plague and cholera) was two times higher than the birth rate. Only in the 1930s did the colonists manage to gradually regain their lives. In 1843, the population of Helendorf was 609 people, and in 1926 2,157 people (but by this time

1425-459: The abolition of the Armenian kingdom in 428. In the middle of the 5th century, by the order of the Persian king Peroz I , the king Vache of Caucasian Albania built in Utik the city initially called Perozapat, and later Partaw and Barda, and made it the capital of Caucasian Albania. (Partaw may have existed previously as a town or a village by that name.) According to another view, Peroz I constructed

1482-550: The appointed place in the winter of 1818, so they were forced to winter in Elizavetpole. In the spring of 1819, during the Easter holidays, government officials determined the exact place of construction of Elenendorf – the former "Tatar settlement" Hanahlar, where "besides the half-buried canal and the pits in the ground, nothing reminded of the former inhabitants." The plots for the yards were distributed along two streets. The founders of

1539-465: The area had been convicted of "espionage" and sent to labor camps. In 1931 the town was renamed Yelenino, and in 1938 the town was renamed Khanlar, in honor of the Azerbaijani labor organizer Khanlar Safaraliyev , and the rayon also became Khanlar. In October 1941, the remaining German population was deported to Kazakhstan , Central Asia and Siberia on Joseph Stalin 's orders. In 2008, Khanlar

1596-472: The background behind the atlas but also on the supposed author of the work, Anania Shirakatsi . In 1963, his Armenia According to the Ashkharatsuyts was published, although Yeremian would in subsequent years go on to revise some of the views, most notably coming to the conclusion that Anania Shirakatsi was its true author, that he had concluded in the work. He also contributed in writing several articles in

1653-472: The city himself after deposing the ruling family of Albania. The princes of Utik, who formed part of the Armenian nobility, remained as rulers the province under Albanian and, later, Arab rule. After the fall of the Albanian kingdom in the early 6th century, it was not the princes of Utik, however, but those of Gardman who became the dominant princes of Albania. They were recognized as Presiding Princes of Albania by

1710-512: The colony numbered eight workshops for the production of horse carts (also supplied to the Russian army), six for barrels, nine forges, nine carpentry and six carpentry workshops, four sewing masters, four painters and four stoves, three locksmith workshops, and one shoe master. The Schwabs who settled in the Russian Empire were Lutherans but belonged to the Pietistic movement, which, in fact,

1767-467: The department of history from 1953 to 1958 and in 1963 he was inducted as a member of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences . It was during this time that Yeremian shifted his focus to composing historical atlases: one of his most notable contributions was on the study of a seventh-century Ashkharatsuyts , where he spent a great deal of his energies in not only translating and researching

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1824-404: The districts of Uti Arandznak, Aghve, and possibly Tri and Rot-Parsean), Gardman (consisting of the districts of Gardman and Tus-Kustak), and Shakashen (consisting of the districts of Shakashen and Tus-Kustak). It is unknown whether this reflects some Albanian or Armenian administrative situation (for example, the primacy of the princes of Utik over the other two) or the decision of the author of

1881-449: The exact relationship between the ancient groups called some variation of Udi / Uti , the modern-day Udis, and the toponym Utik . Schulze has suggested that the ethnonyms derive from a much older, possibly descriptive toponym referring to the lowlands between the Kura River, the Arax, and the mountains of Karabakh and that Udi/Uti did not necessarily refer to any specific ethnic group, but rather

1938-404: The fact that there was also a teacher among the arrivals, the children of the colonists had the opportunity to study reading, writing, and arithmetic, and later geography and history. In 1823 the first school was built, in which children were educated in two classes. As the population grew, the school expanded, and the number of subjects offered expanded. From the 1890s, it became compulsory to study

1995-475: The formation in 1893 of the German Society ( Deutscher Verein ), originally a male club with a library, a reading room, and a bowling alley. Later on, the amateur wind and string orchestras and theater studio were organized, which held concerts and performances in the society's hall, where up to 400 spectators could be accommodated at various festive events, including in the public garden of Helendorf. In 1930,

2052-737: The government credit (2000 rubles per family), which they received in 1818 for the relocation and arrangement of the farm. By this time, the colonists' main occupation was the cultivation of grapes and the production of spirits – various varieties of vintage and table wine, cognac, and champagne. The products produced in Elenendorf were sold by the local firms Brothers Hummel, Brothers Forehrer and Concordia not only in Russia – in particular in Moscow and St. Petersburg , but also in Europe. Crafts were also developed. By 1908,

2109-518: The inhabitants of that region. As for the modern-day Udis, Schulze writes that "[t]he fact that today the Udis name themselves udi- is perhaps related to the adaption of the ethnonymic tradition in the former Uti region [i.e., Utik]." Alexan Hakobyan considers it likely that Udi / Uti was a common term among speakers of Northeast Caucasian languages used to designate one's own or a different group (like * arya and *an-arya among Iranian peoples), hence why it

2166-801: The lowlands between the Kura River , the Arax , and the mountains of Karabakh . The place name is related to the name of the Udi people , who live in the South Caucasus today north of the Kura, mainly in the village of Nij in Azerbaijan (see the Population section). Later, Utik and neighboring Artsakh were known as Karabakh , with the territory of Utik forming the lowland or steppe part of Karabakh. Its territory also overlapped with

2223-576: The name of the ancient Udis/Utis, who, in their view, lived on both sides of the Kura or were a distinct tribe related to the Caucasian Albanian tribes living on the right side of the Kura. The ancient Udis/Utis have traditionally been considered the ancestors of the modern-day Udi people, who speak a Lezgic language closely related to (but possibly not directly descended from) the Caucasian Albanian language . However, different views exist about

2280-423: The natives of Elenendorf had founded two more colonies – Georgsfeld [936 inhabitants] and Traubenfeld [393 inhabitants]). They also moved to other subsidiary colonies, formed at the beginning of the 20th century. In October 1941, during the forced eviction of German colonists from Transcaucasia, the number of Germans living in Elenendorf and subject to eviction was 2,675 people. By 1875, the colonists had fully paid

2337-770: The provinces of Utik and Artsakh had been lost by Armenia after its partition in the 4th century. According to Ashkharatsuyts, Utik consisted of eight districts ( gavar’ s in Armenian): Aran-rot (in the valley of the river Goranchay), Tri (later Jraberd , in the valley of the river Tartar ), Rot-Parsean (possibly around the confluence of the Kura and Arax or between the Trtu/Tartar and Khachen/ Khachinchay ), Aghve ( Ałuē , around modern Gülüstan ), Tus-Kustak (around Tavush fortress, modern Tovuz ), Gardman (modern Qazax District ), Shakashen (around modern Ganja ), and Uti Arandznak or Ut-rostak ('Uti Proper'). The province

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2394-634: The quarters of the Albanian kings. Its location is uncertain. Yeremian places the city of Ainiana, mentioned by Strabo as being located in Ouitia, at the site of modern Aghdam , but, in Hewsen's view, this is also uncertain. Utik was the site of a settlement called Tigranakert, built by Tigranes I in the 2nd–1st century BC. It may have been located in Gardman in the valley of the Shamkir (Shamkor) River . Tigranakert of Artsakh

2451-462: The region known as Arran , which in its strict sense referred to the area between the Kur and Arax rivers and in its broader sense encompassed the eastern South Caucasus. According to the Armenian geography Ashkharhatsuyts (attributed to Anania Shirakatsi , 7th century), Utik was the twelfth of the fifteen provinces ( ashkharh s) of Greater Armenia , but belonged, at the time, to Caucasian Albania ;

2508-438: The right bank of the Kura from a much earlier period. Aleksan Hakobyan argues that Utik was wholly Armenian from at least the 4th century BC. Bagrat Ulubabyan asserts that the people of Utik were not Armenized but were simply Armenians. This latter view has been criticized by some other Armenian scholars such as Paruyr Muradyan. The early Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writes that the princes of Utik descended from Sisak ,

2565-405: The satrapy of Media and the succeeding kingdom of Media Atropatene until the 2nd century BC, when, according to Strabo, Artaxias I of Greater Armenia conquered the lands of Syunik and Caspiane and the lands that lay between them, i.e., Utik and Artsakh . Some Armenian scholars like Babken Harutiunian and Asatur Mnatsakanian believe that Syunik and Utik were already controlled by Armenia under

2622-524: The settlements they occupied as Armenian." According to Babken Harutiunian, under Arab rule a large part of the Armenian population of Utik left for Artsakh or was concentrated in the western part of the province. The territory of western Utik was the site of many important centers of medieval Armenian culture and learning, such as the monastic schools of Khoranashat and Kayenadzor. Several important medieval Armenian scholars hailed from this region, such as Vanakan Vardapet and Kirakos Gandzaketsi . Later, in

2679-636: The seven hundred families that left Ulm, only about four hundred reached their destination. Some of the settlers died on the way from illnesses, while others stayed in the Black Sea region. At the same time, about one hundred families from the Black Sea colonies joined the settlers. Six settlements in Georgia and two (Annenfeld and Elenendorf) in Azerbaijan were founded in the Transcaucasus . The colonists arrived at

2736-673: The study of the early formation of the Armenian nation, pre- medieval Armenia , and the Caucasus . He devoted nearly thirty years of his scholarly efforts in reconstructing the Ashkharhatsuyts , a seventh-century atlas commonly attributed to Anania Shirakatsi . Yeremian was born into a family of laborers in Tiflis , in 1908 and attended a local Russian school. Yeremian was an avid reader of history books and his interest in Armenian history grew especially when he read Nicholas Adontz 's Armenia in

2793-462: Was apparently applied to a number of Lezgic-speaking groups or their neighbors. He hypothesizes that the province received its name because of its proximity to the Utis/Udis on the other side of the Kura, or because a distinct Lezgic-speaking people by that name had once lived there and had been Armenized. Differing views exist about the timing of the presence of Armenians in Utik. The issue has occupied

2850-482: Was bounded by the Kura River from the north and east, separating it from Albania. In the southeast, the river Arax divided it from Paytakaran . It was bounded by Artsakh from the west, with the border between the two extending along the foothills of the Karabakh Mountains. Although the Ashkharhatsuyts only mentions Utik's districts, the province was actually divided into three principalities: Utik (consisting of

2907-417: Was conquered by the Qajar dynasty . It was abandoned during the Russian occupation of the area which began in 1804 and was formalised by the Treaty of Gulistan (Gyulistan Peace Treaty) in 1813. Helenendorf was founded on the site in 1819 by Germans from Württemberg , as ordered by Czar Alexander to help settle the region. The region was known as Narimanov under the czar. In 1930 the rayon (district)

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2964-502: Was controlled by the Achaemenid Empire . Herodotus reports that the Outians were located in the fourteenth satrapy of that empire and that they formed part of the Persian army together with the Mykoi at Doriscus . The Outians and the Mykoi, identified with the Yutiya and Maka of Achaemenid inscriptions, may have been migrants from southeastern Iran, although, according to another view, these groups were only ever located in southeastern Iran. According to Hewsen, Utik seems to have been part of

3021-462: Was established with Helenendorf as its administrative centre . Expropriation of the colonists property and collectivization in Helenendorf began in 1926 with the show trial of three community leaders, Gottlob Hummel, Heinrich Vohrer and Fritz Reitenbach, on charges of counter-revolutionary and nationalist activities. They were convicted, their property confiscated and they were sent to a labor camp in Kazakhstan . By 1935, over 600 German families in

3078-420: Was later applied to the larger province. It is identified with the place names Otene in Ptolemy's Geography , Otenon in the Latin Ravenna Cosmography , Otena by Pliny , and Ūdh in the Arabic history Futuh al-Buldan by al-Baladhuri . It may also be identifiable with the land called Ouitia by Strabo , although others have placed Strabo's Ouitia on the northwestern or southern shore of

3135-465: Was not much more than armenized, if that" and that the Utians were "almost certainly a Caucasian tribe." Historian Tim Greenwood writes that by the time of the composition of the Ashkharhatsuyts ( c.  7th century ), Utik, along with the provinces of Artsakh and Gugark, were no longer administratively part of Armenia but "they were evidently remembered as once having been Armenian and may have still contained communities who thought of themselves and

3192-462: Was one of the reasons for their resettlement to the Caucasus. In 1832 a pastor arrived from Hannover to the colony, and before that, from the time of the founding of Elenendorf, divine services, the sacraments, and rituals were conducted by a local teacher. In 1857 the stone church of St. John was built and consecrated in the village. In the 1930s, two newspapers were published in the German language , Bauer und Arbeiter and Lenins Weg . Due to

3249-417: Was renamed Goygol after the nearby lake , and the rayon became Goygol District . Helenendorf (German Helenendorf) is a German settlement founded in 1819 by settlers from Swabia in Transcaucasia (now the territory of Azerbaijan). Named in honor of the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the daughter of the Russian Emperor Paul I . In 1938, its name was changed to Khanlar and in 2008 to Goygol. On May 10, 1817,

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