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53-698: Between 1988 and 2006, the province was temporarily merged with the Eastern Province into one province, the North Eastern Province . Due to its large Tamil population, the Northern Province is sometimes referred to as "Sri Lanka's Tamil country". The majority of the fighting in the Sri Lankan Civil War took place in the Northern province. Parts of present-day Northern Province were part of

106-431: A factor in prompting such a process (see conurbation ). Some cities (see below ) that have gone through amalgamation or a similar process had several administrative sub-divisions or jurisdictions, each with a separate person in charge . Annexation is similar to amalgamation, but differs in being applied mainly to two cases: The act of merging two or more municipalities into a single new municipality may be done for

159-642: A motion in the North-East Provincial Council declaring an independent Eelam . Since the early 1990s parts of the north-east provinces were controlled by the LTTE , which according to the Sri Lankan government owned Sunday Observer newspaper, prevented elections. The north-east was governed directly from Colombo until May 2008 when elections were held in the demerged the Eastern Province which

212-424: A number of lagoons , the largest being Jaffna Lagoon , Nanthi Kadal , Chundikkulam Lagoon , Vadamarachchi Lagoon , Uppu Aru Lagoon , Kokkilai lagoon , Nai Aru Lagoon and Chalai Lagoon . Most of the islands around Sri Lanka are to be found to the west of the Northern Province. The largest islands are: Velanaitivu (Kayts), Neduntivu (Delft), Karaitivu , Pungudutivu and Mandativu . Northern Province

265-620: A seat to the Northern Province. With universal adult suffrage been enabled through the Donoughmore Constitution , representatives from the province were elected to parliament. Currently Two Electoral Districts, namely Jaffna Electoral District and Vanni Electoral District which elects 15 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament . Until 1978, the administration of the provinces in Sri Lanka where mainly carried out by

318-482: A steady flow of foreign remittances to their relatives in the province. However, with the election victory of President Maithripala Sirisena and the removal of restrictions that prevented foreigners from visiting the north contributed to the sense of economic renewal alongside the development of Kankesanthurai Harbor the Palali Airport. Hospitals and schools as well as a cultural center and vocational training facility

371-465: A variety of reasons, including urban growth, reducing the cost of local government and improving the efficiency of municipal service delivery. In 1977, the 2,359 municipalities of Belgium were merged to 596 new municipalities. In 1975, the state of Guanabara and the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil were merged. The former consisted of only the territorial limits of the city of Rio de Janeiro, formerly

424-513: Is 19.3%. Most of the people engaged in service sector covering 31.2% of the total. Gross State Domestic Product in Rs. Crores and Current Prices Transport infrastructure in the province is poorly developed and limits economic activity. Most people still use bullock carts for transportation. Major roads in Province are divided into two categories: There are number of underdeveloped C and D Class roads in

477-504: Is being built in Jaffna. Investments have also started to flow into an industries such chemical and cement factories, hotels, apparel factories, power plants and aquaculture farms. As of 2018 the apparel industry of the province employ 7,917 staff and represent an investment of US$ 65 million with factories in Vavuniya , Killinochchi , Mannar and Mullaitivu . The Northern Province's contribution

530-555: Is connected with Indian mainland by Adam's Bridge (also known as Sethu Paalam or Rama's Bridge). It has an area of 8,884 square kilometres (3,430 sq mi). The province is surrounded by the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay to the west, Palk Strait to the north west, the Bay of Bengal to the north and east and the Eastern, North Central and North Western provinces to the south. The province

583-461: Is covered in tropical forests, with numerous rivers flowing through them. The north-west coast is part of the deep Cauvery (Kaveri) River Basin of south-east India, which has been collecting sediments from the highlands of India and Sri Lanka since the breakup of Gondwanaland . Sri Lanka enjoys a typical tropical monsoonal climate. The Northern Province tends to be hot and dry in the dry season (February to September), and moderately cool and wet in

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636-552: Is divided into five districts , 34 divisional secretariats and 921 Grama Niladhari divisions. The population of the northern province was 1,058,762 in 2012. The majority of the population are Sri Lankan Tamil , with sizeable Sri Lankan Moor and Sinhalese minorities. The population of the province, like that of the Eastern Province, was heavily affected by the civil war . The war killed an estimated 100,000 people. Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to Western countries during

689-566: Is divided into two distinct geographic areas: Jaffna peninsula and the Vanni . Jaffna peninsula is irrigated by underground aquifers fed by wells whereas the Vanni has irrigation tanks fed by perennial rivers . Major rivers include: Akkarayan Aru , Aruvi Aru , Kanakarayan Aru , Kodalikkallu Aru , Mandekal Aru , Nay Aru , Netheli Aru , Pali Aru , Pallavarayankaddu Aru , Parangi Aru , Per Aru , Piramenthal Aru , Theravil Aru . The province has

742-468: Is limited and mostly censored by Government and Pro-government paramilitaries. Now most of the Tamil, English, Sinhala magazines come from Colombo and Chennai, India. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Merger (politics) A merger , consolidation or amalgamation , in a political or administrative sense,

795-445: Is the combination of two or more political or administrative entities, such as municipalities (in other words cities , towns , etc.), counties , districts , etc., into a single entity. This term is used when the process occurs within a sovereign entity. Unbalanced growth or outward expansion of one neighbor may necessitate an administrative decision to merge (see urban sprawl ). In some cases, common perception of continuity may be

848-460: The Federal District as Brazilian capital until 1960 when it was moved to newly built Brasília . When merged, Guanabara became the municipality of Rio de Janeiro within the new state. In geographical terms, it would seem the state of Rio would have incorporated Guanabara; but, as the administrative and financial resources of the former capital were significant and even larger than the rest of

901-708: The Government Agents of the districts. Through the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act, No. 42 of 1987, Provincial council were established in the Provinces. The 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The first elections for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in North Central , North Western , Sabaragamuwa , and Uva provinces. Elections in

954-705: The Special Region of Surakarta into Central Java in 1946, is the only instance of provincial merger in the country. On 18 October 1951, Adikarto Regency  [ id ] was merged into Kulon Progo Regency in the Special Region of Yogyakarta . In 2003, several administrative cities ( kota administratif ) in Indonesia were merged back to the parent regencies, due to the Government Regulation no. 33 of 2003 which removed their status. All other administrative cities had become autonomous before 2003. In 2003

1007-603: The Supreme Court requesting a separate provincial council for the East. On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect. The North Eastern Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007. Much of the Northern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during

1060-477: The University of Jaffna which became independent in 1979, previously having been a campus of the University of Sri Lanka since 1974. The university has approximately 7,000 students. The province is known for its institutions of education, many of which were established by Christian missionaries . The first newspaper in Jaffna, Uthayatharakai (Morning Star) was published in 1841 by C.W. Thamotharampillai By

1113-513: The civil war . The province was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2009. While the Northern province has seen an era of peace after the end of the war, the scars left by the war still remain. Despite the large amount of infrastructure projects undertaken by the Mahinda Rajapaksa government , at the cost of over $ 3 billion, the projects have been unable to create new jobs and as a result

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1166-782: The 1890s), meanwhile other municipalities were restored. Thereafter, the changes to the municipal map focused mainly on the restoration and creation of new municipalities, particularly in the 20th century. Nowadays, there are 308 municipalities in Portugal . The last alteration to the municipal map, occurred in 1998, with the creation of the municipalities of Odivelas (in Lisbon district ), Trofa (in Porto district ) and Vizela (in Braga district ). In 2013, more than 1,000 parishes / freguesias were merged. Many rural municipalities of Sweden were merged in 1952;

1219-572: The 1940s, daily newspapers had already been started Eelakesari and Virakesari in 1930 and Thinakaran in 1932 and journals committed to the growth of modernistic, socially purposive literature Bharati and Marumalarchi in 1946 had also started coming out. Few newspapers are published in the province now in the principal language of Tamil. None in English and Sinhala. Before the Civil war commenced dozens of newspapers and magazines were published. Press freedom

1272-468: The 19th century. In the early 19th century, the country was divided into more than 800 municipalities. In 1832, during Portuguese Civil War , a law from Mouzinho da Silveira , minister from the liberal government-in-exile (which then ruled only in the Azores ) simplified the public administration, and reduced the number of municipalities to 796. In 1836, after the liberal victory, Passos Manuel , minister from

1325-571: The Bavarian town of Ermershausen , citizens occupied the town hall to resist the merger with Maroldsweisach – unsuccessfully, although Ermershausen was reconstituted as an independent municipality in 1994 – and Horgau , also in Bavaria, successfully appealed its merger with Zusmarshausen to the Constitutional Court of Bavaria ( Bayerischer Verfassungsgerichtshof ). Mergers have also taken place in

1378-511: The Northern Line operated south of Pallai , while the Mannar Line operates between Medawachchiya and Madhu Road , but by 2015 it was reconstructed past Jaffna to its terminus at Kankesanthirai. Both lines are under reconstruction to restore the original network and upgrade the operating technology used. Airways and airports are underdeveloped in this province. Jaffna International Airport is

1431-419: The Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council. The North Eastern Province was born. The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending

1484-532: The Philippines, Iloilo City is a consolidation of former towns, which are now the geographical or administrative districts consisting of: Villa de Arevalo , Iloilo City Proper , Jaro (an independent city before), La Paz , Mandurriao , and Molo . The district of Lapuz , a former part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008. Portugal was one of the first countries in the world to make an enlarged modern administrative reform, particularly during

1537-516: The Sri Lanka is the north and east of the island, this region is affected by the north east monsoon (December to March) and southwest monsoon (June to October). It is thought to be dry because most of the rains fall during the north-east monsoon. Annual rainfall is less than 1250 mm in the north west and south east of the Inland. It has two rainy seasons South West Monsoon- May to August, North East Monsoon- November to February. The Northern Province

1590-797: The cities of Baqa al-Gharbiyye and Jatt joined to form the city of Baqa-Jatt , but the merger was dissolved in 2010. On 21 April 2018, The Negeri Sembilan state government declared of Seremban Municipal Council (MPS) and Nilai Municipal Council (MPN) were to become Seremban City Council (MBS) effective in January 2019. In November 2010, the Seven Councils of Auckland City: Auckland City Council, Manukau City Council, Waitakere City Council, North Shore City Council, Papakura District Council, Rodney District Council and most of Franklin District Council has seen amalgamated to form Auckland City Council. In

1643-520: The former East Germany after 1990, for example in Brandenburg in 2003. The Kallikratis Plan replaced the 1033 municipalities and communities of Greece with 325 new municipalities in 2011. Budapest , the capital and largest city in Hungary, was formed from the merger of the cities of Buda and Pest across the river Danube in 1873. There were mergers of administrative divisions in Indonesia. Merger of

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1696-485: The government of the Marquess of Sá da Bandeira made a profound administrative reform which reduced significantly the number of municipalities, fixing it to 351. Passos Manuel's reform followed a trend very decentralist, creating an elected municipal administration. In 1855, another series of mergers reduced the number of municipalities to 254. In the rest of the 19th century, some series of mergers occurred (particularly during

1749-468: The gross domestic product is the lowest among the nine provinces representing only 3.5% of the overall GDP in 2015 however the provincial gross domestic product nominal growth rate was 12.1% in 2015 and is the fastest growing province alongside the North Central Province. Northern Province being an agricultural dominant province, where agricultural sector is 25.9% and trade sector comes next to it

1802-515: The life of the "temporary" entity. The merger was bitterly opposed by Sinhalese nationalists . The new province made up about one fourth of the total area of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna political party filed three separate petitions with

1855-484: The merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the Sri Lankan president to postpone the referendum at his discretion. On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils. On September 2 and 8 1988 President Jayewardene issued proclamations enabling

1908-458: The name Wuhan in 1927. Wuhan was named China's first direct-controlled municipality , and briefly served as a capital of China twice, first by left-wing Nationalists , later during the Sino-Japanese War . In 1970, mergers brought the number of municipalities of Denmark from 1,098 to 277. In 2007, the (by then) 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 municipalities, most of them

1961-592: The newly merged North-East Province were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), two Indian backed paramilitary groups, won all of the 36 seats in

2014-587: The north uncontested. However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the United National Party 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council. On 1 March 1990, just as the IPKF were preparing to withdraw from Sri Lanka, Permual moved

2067-423: The number of them decreasing from 2,281 to 816. Another series of mergers, this time also including cities and market towns, reduced the total number of municipalities from roughly 1,000 in the early 1960s to 278 in 1974. As of 2013, Sweden has 290 municipalities. In United States politics, such a merged entity may be called a consolidated city–county . Mahinda Rajapaksa cabinets The Rajapaksa cabinet

2120-478: The people earn their livelihood as farmers , fishers , and professionals in the civil and business sectors. Before the civil war cement and chemical industries along with fishing made a major contribution to the economy. However now they have been abandoned and the factories are rusting. Close to a third of the population is unemployed far more than Sri Lanka and work is mostly informal and thus unstable. The population that managed to flee to foreign nations provide

2173-465: The pre-colonial Jaffna kingdom . Other parts were ruled by Vanniar Chieftains who paid tribute to the Jaffna kingdom. The province then came under Portuguese , Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon . They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Northern Province

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2226-552: The primary airport in the province, once an international airport that had regular passenger flight service to Colombo and Tiruchirappalli , India . It had been under the control of the Sri Lanka Navy and now has been turned into an international airport again with the help of India. Daily flights between Colombo and Chennai, India and Jaffna are available. There are a few small airports and airstrips in Vavuniya and Iranamadu . The Northern Province has one university ,

2279-421: The province suffers from extreme levels of unemployment . In late 2014, then-incumbent President Mahinda Rajapaksa imposed a travel ban to prevent foreigners from traveling to the former war zone in the province. The ban was lifted three months later by the newly elected president Maithripala Sirisena . Northern Province is located in the north of Sri Lanka and is just 22 miles (35 km) from India . It

2332-526: The province. Sri Lanka Railways operates the country's railway network, including the Northern Line and the Mannar Line , in the Northern Province. Most of the railways were developed during the British colonial period. The railway lines between Vavuniya , Jaffna , and Kankesanthurai and between Medawachchiya and Talaimannar were destroyed during the civil war . For a time during reconstruction

2385-462: The provincial government of Mike Harris undertook an extensive province-wide program of municipal mergers between 1996 and 2002. The province had 815 municipalities in 1996; by 2002, this had been reduced to just 447. The list of municipalities in Ontario is updated regularly. The two previously independent cities Hankou and Wuchang , as well as the county of Hanyang , were merged into one city by

2438-869: The result of mergers. An ongoing series of mergers has reduced the number of municipalities of Finland from 432 in 2006 to 309 in 2021, from 2025 in 308 municipalities ( Mäntyharju merges with Pertunmaa ). Several states of West Germany carried out municipal merger programmes in the 1960s and 1970s. In Baden-Württemberg , the number of municipalities dropped from 3,379 to 1,110 between 1968 and 1975; in Bavaria , from roughly 7,000 to roughly 2,000 between 1972 and 1978; in Hesse , from 2,642 to 421 between 1972 and 1977; in North Rhine-Westphalia , from 2,365 to 396 between 1967 and 1975; and in Saarland , from 345 to 50 in 1974. In

2491-410: The state, the change was more correctly referred to as a merger ( fusão ). In Canada , the 1990s saw the forced amalgamation of several municipal entities in the provinces of Nova Scotia , Ontario and Quebec into larger new municipalities. Even in cases where a central city merged with its suburbs, the amalgamated city was legally a new municipality, even if it was given the central city's name and

2544-632: The war. Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital city Colombo . Most of the Sri Lankan Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the province fled to other parts of Sri Lanka, though most of them have returned to the province since the end of the civil war. First elected representation at provincial level to a legislative came about after the Second Manning Reforms of the Legislative Council of Ceylon which assigned

2597-429: The wet season (October to January). The province's climate is of the tropical kind, and therefore during monsoons there is always the chance of a deluge. In the lowlands, the climate is typically tropical with the average temperature is around 28°C to 30°C throughout the year. January is typically the coolest month and May is the hottest month. Relative humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night. The Dry Zone of

2650-631: Was followed by elections in the Northern Province in September 2013. Following the end of the civil war, G.A. Chandrasiri was sworn in as the Governor of Northern Province with effect 12 July 2009 and C. V. Vigneswaran was appointed Chief Minister of the Northern Province following the provincial council elections 2013. Major political parties in the province are Tamil National Alliance led by Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi , DTNA, United National Party , Sri Lanka Freedom Party and EPDP . The majority of

2703-516: Was in effect a defacto annexation by the central city. The process created what was labeled a megacity by the media, although none of the created municipalities fit in the definition of a megacity in the international sense and some of them have fewer than a million inhabitants. In the early 1970s, the various towns, villages, and townships surrounding Metropolitan Toronto that were undergoing suburbanization were amalgamated into various new municipalities; among them Mississauga and Vaughan . Later,

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2756-470: Was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission , the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces. The districts of Jaffna , Mannar , Nuvarakalaviya (present day Anuradhapura District ) and Vanni formed the new Northern Province. Nuvarakalaviya

2809-400: Was transferred to the newly created North Central Province in 1873. The Indo-Lanka Accord signed on 29 July 1987 required the Sri Lankan government to devolve powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to merge the Northern and Eastern provinces into one administrative unit . The accord required a referendum to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether

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