81-650: The Uraricoera (or Uraricuera ) River is a river of Roraima state in northern Brazil . The confluence of the Uraricoera and Takutu Rivers forms the Branco River . The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. Part of the river's basin is in the Roraima National Forest . The Maracá Ecological Station was established by presidential decree on 2 June 1981. The station consists of
162-767: A suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Manaus , is the only Catholic diocese in the state of Roraima. It belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Manaus and the Northern Regional Episcopal Council of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil . The episcopal see is in the Cristo Redentor Cathedral, in the city of Boa Vista . In addition to the majority Catholic Church, there are dozens of different Protestant denominations in
243-462: A century later, with the gold and diamond mines that attracted migratory waves from different regions of the country. This disorderly immigration and exploitation resulted in many conflicts and deaths due to illnesses and murders in the locality. Currently, almost all of the state's indigenous reserves are approved. Roraima is a state in the North Region of Brazil , being the northernmost state in
324-466: A dry season between December and March. The state of Roraima has extensive hydrography. Its territory is abundantly irrigated by 14 rivers, being these: Água Boa do Univiní , Ailã , Ajarani , Alalaú , Branco , Catrimani , Cauamé , Itapará , Mucajaí , Surumu , Takutu , Uraricoera , Urubu and Xeruini . The hydrography of Roraima is part of the Amazon River basin and is basically based on
405-426: A high degree of dexterity, in a similar manner to a human using their hands. A study conducted with Australian parrots has demonstrated that they exhibit " handedness ", a distinct preference with regards to the foot used to pick up food, with adult parrots being almost exclusively "left-footed" or "right-footed", and with the prevalence of each preference within the population varying by species. Cockatoo species have
486-431: A large dog. The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward-facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat part of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion. Touch receptors occur along the inner edges of the keratinised bill, which are collectively known as the " bill tip organ ", allowing for highly dexterous manipulations. Seed-eating parrots have a strong tongue (containing similar touch receptors to those in
567-487: A low slope towards the river channels. The third degree is formed by elevations that can reach an altitude of 400 metres. There are mountain ranges such as Serra da Lua, Serra Grande, Serra da Batata and others. The fourth degree is characterized by elevations that can vary from 600 to 2,000 metres of altitude, formed mainly by the Pacaraima mountain range , Serra do Parima and Serra do Urucuzeiro. These mountains are joined in
648-462: A mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads, which they can raise for display, and retract. No other parrots can do so, but the Pacific lorikeets in the genera Vini and Phigys can ruffle the feathers of the crown and nape, and the red-fan parrot (or hawk-headed parrot) has a prominent feather neck frill that it can raise and lower at will. The predominant colour of plumage in parrots
729-626: A significant increase of 95.51% in population growth. The municipalities that showed the highest population growth were Boa Vista , the capital, and Rorainópolis . As for the annual population growth in Roraima, the state ranks among the fastest-growing in Brazil, with a rate of 4.6%, much higher than the national average of 1.6% growth. In this regard, it is second only to Amapá , which registers more than 5% annual growth. However, this high population growth has been declining in recent years. An example of this
810-532: A small genus restricted to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The superfamily Strigopoidea contains three living species of aberrant parrots from New Zealand. The broad-tailed parrots, subfamily Platycercinae , are restricted to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands as far eastwards as Fiji . The true parrot superfamily, Psittacoidea, includes a range of species from Australia and New Guinea to South Asia and Africa. The centre of cockatoo biodiversity
891-433: A wide frontal binocular field for a bird, although this is nowhere near as large as primate binocular visual fields. Unlike humans, the vision of parrots is also sensitive to ultraviolet light. Parrots have strong zygodactyl feet (two toes facing forward and two back) with sharp, elongated claws, which are used for climbing and swinging. Most species are capable of using their feet to manipulate food and other objects with
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#1732855208876972-728: Is Australia and New Guinea, although some species reach the Solomon Islands (and one formerly occurred in New Caledonia ), Wallacea and the Philippines. Several parrots inhabit the cool, temperate regions of South America and New Zealand . Three species—the thick-billed parrot , the green parakeet , and the now-extinct Carolina parakeet —have lived as far north as the southern United States. Many parrots, especially monk parakeets , have been introduced to areas with temperate climates, and have established stable populations in parts of
1053-475: Is also the state with the lowest population density in Brazil, with 2.01 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its economy, based mainly on the tertiary sector , registers a high growth rate, although its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the lowest in the country, with R$ 16.024 billion, representing only 0.20% of the Brazilian economy. The history of Roraima is strongly linked to the Branco River , which allowed
1134-405: Is green, though most species have some red or another colour in small quantities. Cockatoos, however, are predominately black or white with some red, pink, or yellow. Strong sexual dimorphism in plumage is not typical among parrots, with some notable exceptions, the most striking being the eclectus parrot . However, it has been shown that some parrot species exhibit sexually dimorphic plumage in
1215-462: Is in South America and Australasia . Parrots—along with ravens, crows, jays, and magpies —are among the most intelligent birds, and the ability of some species to imitate human speech enhances their popularity as pets . They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length; many are vividly coloured and some, multi-coloured. Most parrots exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism in
1296-619: Is not from a bird, but from a caenagnathid oviraptorosaur (a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak), as several details of the fossil used to support its identity as a parrot are not actually exclusive to parrots, and it is dissimilar to the earliest-known unequivocal parrot fossils. It is generally assumed that the Psittaciformes were present during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-Pg extinction), 66 mya. They were probably generalised arboreal birds, and did not have
1377-466: Is one of the 26 states of Brazil . Located in the country's North Region , it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas to the south and west, Venezuela to the north and northwest, and Guyana to the east. The state covers an area of approximately 223,644.527 square kilometres (86,300 sq mi), slightly larger than Belarus , being
1458-642: Is predominantly flat. About 60% of the area is below 200 m (700 feet), about 25% averages between 200 and 300 metres, 14% from 300 to 900 metres and only 1% has elevations over 900 metres above sea level . There are also two geomorphological structures: the Wavy Plateau and the Northern Escarpments, which are part of the Guiana Shield . Its Wavy Plateau is a large pediplain, formed by isolated and dispersed massifs and peaks. Because of its variations,
1539-486: Is the highest point in the state and one of the highest in the country, with 2,875 m (9,400 feet). The relief in the state is quite varied. Near the borders of Venezuela and Guyana are the mountains of Parima and Pacaraima , where Mount Roraima is located, with an altitude of 2,875 m (9,400 feet). As it is in the far north of Brazil, its points in the far north are the Uailan River and Mount Caburaí. Roraima
1620-421: Is the rate presented in 2000 when Roraima showed 49.09% of population growth with 1991. In the last census, in 2010, that number dropped to 31.13%. Of the total population of the state in 2010, 229,343 inhabitants are men and 221,884 inhabitants are women. In recent years, the growth of the urban population has intensified significantly, exceeding the total rural population. According to the 2000 estimate, 80.3% of
1701-641: Is the result of the miscegenation of the three basic ethnic groups that make up the population in the state: the Indigenous, the Europeans and the Africans, thus forming the mestizos of the region ( caboclos ). Later, with the arrival of migrants, especially from the Northeast of Brazil , a "broth" of singular culture was formed, which characterizes a large part of the population, its values and way of life. According to
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#17328552088761782-872: The 2022 census , the total population of Roraima was composed of Pardos ( mixed-race , 57.3%), Whites (20.7%), Indigenous (14.1%), Afro-Brazilians (7.7%) and Asians (0.1%). Roraima also recognizes mestizo identity. Mestizo Day (June 27) is an official date in the state. According to data from 2010, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the main religious denominations of Roraima were: Catholicism (50.5%), Protestantism (30.3%), no religion (12.98%), Indigenous religions (2.75%), Spiritism (0.91%), Buddhism (0.13%), Candomblé (0.08%), Esoteric traditions (0.03%), Judaism and Islam (0.03% each), Umbanda (0.02%) and Hinduism (0.01%). The Roman Catholic Diocese of Roraima with 22 parishes under Bishop Evaristo Pascoal Spengler (2023),
1863-565: The Early Miocene around 20 mya. The name 'Psittaciformes' comes from the ancient Greek for parrot, ψιττακός ( 'Psittacus' ), whose origin is unclear. Ctesias (5th century BCE) recorded the name Psittacus after the Indian name for a bird, most likely a parakeet (now placed in the genus Psittacula ). Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE) in his Natural History (book 10, chapter 58) noted that
1944-642: The Federative Republic of Brazil . It has 1,922 kilometres of border with South American countries. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast for 107 km, Amazonas to the south and west for about 1,200 km partly across the Jufari, Jauaperi and Alalau rivers, Venezuela to the north and northwest for 1,403 km across the Serra Parima and north across the Serra Pacaraima, and Guyana to
2025-535: The Philippines in the north to Australia and across the Pacific as far as French Polynesia , with the greatest diversity being found in and around New Guinea . The subfamily Arinae encompasses all the neotropical parrots, including the amazons, macaws, and conures, and ranges from northern Mexico and the Bahamas to Tierra del Fuego in the southern tip of South America. The pygmy parrots, tribe Micropsittini , form
2106-526: The Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Psittacidae (African and New World parrots), Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and Strigopidae (New Zealand parrots). One-third of all parrot species are threatened by extinction , with a higher aggregate extinction risk ( IUCN Red List Index ) than any other comparable bird group. Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions as well. The greatest diversity of parrots
2187-429: The buff-faced pygmy parrot , at under 10 g (0.4 oz) in weight and 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, to the hyacinth macaw , at 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and the kākāpō , at 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) in weight. Among the superfamilies, the three extant Strigopoidea species are all large parrots, and the cockatoos tend to be large birds, as well. The Psittacoidea parrots are far more variable, ranging
2268-507: The fourteenth largest Brazilian state by area . The city of Boa Vista is the capital and largest city in the state, and is the only capital in the country located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere . Antônio Denarium , a member of the conservative Progressistas party, has been the governor of the state since 2019. Roraima is the least populous state in Brazil , with an estimated population of 631,181 inhabitants as of 2020. It
2349-612: The order may have evolved in Gondwana , centred in Australasia. The scarcity of parrots in the fossil record, however, presents difficulties in confirming the hypothesis. There is currently a higher number of fossil remains from the northern hemisphere in the early Cenozoic. Molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 million years ago (Mya) (range 66–51 Mya) in Gondwana. The Neotropical Parrots are monophyletic , and
2430-472: The pet trade , as well as hunting , habitat loss , and competition from invasive species , has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of wild birds. As of 2021, about 50 million parrots (half of all parrots) live in captivity, with the vast majority of these living as pets in people's homes. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile charismatic species have also protected many of
2511-418: The tropical climate . The average temperature during the year varies from 20 °C (68 °F) in points of relief with higher altitudes, to 38 °C (100 °F) in areas of smooth or flat relief. The rainfall index in the eastern part is about 2000 millimetres. In the western part, it is approximately 1500 millimetres. In the capital and nearby areas, the indexes reach 2600 millimetres. In general,
Uraricoera River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-573: The Branco River in search of consolidation of the borders and indigenous labour. For this, they organized rescue troops (purchase of indigenous people transformed into slaves during wars of opposing ethnic groups), war troops (punishment and enslavement of indigenous people who attacked Portuguese nuclei or prevented evangelization) and the search for Brazilian products for sale, the so-called sertão drugs. Also, they promoted descents – villages of missionaries and indigenous volunteers or compulsory. In
2673-494: The Branco River sub-basin of 45,530 km (17,600 square miles), the largest and most important in the state. This river is one of the tributaries of the Negro River . Most of the rivers in the region have a large number of beaches in the summer, ideal for tourism and leisure. Besides, there are rapids rivers located in the north of the state, which are an option for water sports, such as canoeing . Almost all water sources in
2754-630: The Indians called the bird "siptaces"; however, no matching Indian name has been traced. Popinjay is an older term for parrots, first used in English in the 1500s. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Psittaciformes form a monophyletic clade that is sister to the Passeriformes : The time calibrated phylogeny indicates that the Australaves diverged around 65 Ma (million years ago) and
2835-509: The Psittaciformes diverged from the Passeriformes around 62 Ma. Cariamiformes – seriemas Falconiformes – falcons Passeriformes – songbirds Psittaciformes – parrots Most taxonomists now divide Psittaciformes into four families: Strigopidae (New Zealand parrots), Cacatuidae (Cockatoos), Psittacidae (African and New World parrots) and Psittaculidae (Old World parrots). In 2012 Leo Joseph and collaborators proposed that
2916-643: The Psittacoidea, but the former is now placed at the base of the parrot tree next to the remaining members of the Psittacoidea, as well as all members of the Cacatuoidea. The Cacatuoidea are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder , differences in the skull bones, and lack the Dyck texture feathers that—in the Psittacidae—scatter light to produce
2997-558: The São Marcos farm belongs to the indigenous people and is located in front of the place where Fort São Joaquim was located. For a year, between 1810 and 1811, English soldiers entered the Valley but were expelled by the commander of São Joaquim Fort. The border between Brazil and Guyana , whose border demarcation process had already been closed, needed to be re-marked, due to the great English invasions that occurred in that period. Therefore,
3078-499: The Winds" and "Cashew Mountain". It would be the junction of roro ( parrot ) and imã (father, former). In that language, roro - or also rora - means "green", and imã means mountain or peak, thus forming the word "Green Peak", reflecting the natural landscape of that specific region. There is a possibility that the word "Roraima" has two other meanings: "Mother of the Winds" and "Cashew Mountain". The first meaning comes from
3159-608: The arising fear from the Dutch expeditions in Suriname to trade and imprison indigenous peoples. The demarcations foresaw by the Treaty of Madrid, of 1750 , also lead to a great extent: with the creation of a new administrative unit in the region, the intention was to implement, in practice, the colonization of the Upper Negro River , creating the necessary infrastructure for the meeting and
3240-423: The bill tip organ), which helps to manipulate seeds or position nuts in the bill so that the mandibles can apply an appropriate cracking force. The head is large, with eyes positioned high and laterally in the skull, so the visual field of parrots is unlike any other birds. Without turning its head, a parrot can see from just below its bill tip, all above its head, and quite far behind its head. Parrots also have quite
3321-415: The climate varies according to the region. The south and west of the state have a tropical rainforest climate ( Af ). The average annual temperature ranges from 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F). In the north and east, the prevailing climates are the tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) and tropical savanna climate ( Aw ), where the average temperature is similar to the other regions of the state, however
Uraricoera River - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-571: The colonization of the Branco River was divided into four periods: From 1750 to the beginning of the 19th century, with the discovery of the Branco River; from the mid-19th century until the creation of the municipality of Boa Vista , in 1890; from 1890 until the creation of the Federal Territory of Rio Branco; and the creation of the Federal Territory of Rio Branco to elevate it to the category of Brazilian federative unit renamed Roraima. Decree-Law No. 5,812 of September 13, 1943, which dismembered
3483-586: The conditions imposed by the Portuguese, the villages did not develop. To guarantee the presence of the Portuguese settlers in the lands of the Branco River Valley, commander Manuel da Gama Lôbo d'Almada started breeding cattle and horses in the territory, in 1789. The farms of São Bento, São José and São Marcos, on the Uraricoera and Takutu rivers, respectively, were the first to permanently introduce cattle and equine breeding, between 1793 and 1799. Currently,
3564-412: The conquest of the Branco River by the Portuguese. The Fort, which no longer exists today, had the main purpose of providing the Portuguese with total sovereignty of Portugal over the lands of the Branco River Valley, which aroused international greed due to its little exploitation. The Portuguese colonizers, after assuming sovereignty and total control of the region, created several villages and towns in
3645-406: The east for 964 km. Roraima covers an area of approximately 223,644.527 km (86,300 square miles), slightly larger than Belarus , being the fourteenth largest Brazilian state by area . Approximately 104,018 km (40,200 square miles) of the state is composed of indigenous areas, representing almost half of the state's territory (46.37%). The area of environmental preservation in
3726-624: The first Portuguese settlers to arrive in the region. The Branco River Valley's strategic position made it coveted by the English and the Dutch , who entered Brazil through the Guiana Shield in search of indigenous people to be enslaved . The Spaniards also came to invade the northern part of the Branco River and the Uraricoera River through Venezuela. The Portuguese settlers defeated and expelled all invaders, establishing Portugal 's sovereignty over
3807-619: The form of chains and the rivers that form the Uraricoera river are born there. Finally, the fifth degree, groups the highest regions, formed by elevations that reach almost 3,000 metres of altitude. According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , the prevailing climate in Roraima is similar to that of other states in the North Region that shelter the Amazon rainforest : basic variations of
3888-452: The full spectrum of sizes shown by the family. The most obvious physical characteristic is the strong, curved, broad bill. The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure the birds are able to exert. A large macaw, for example, has a bite force of 35 kg/cm (500 lb/sq in), close to that of
3969-497: The general fields of the Branco River and the savannas, there are anteaters , armadillos , tortoises , pampas deer , pacas , agouti , several species of snakes and other species. Among many species, the wild horses stand out, they are called cavalos lavradeiros (in English: savannah horses or steppe horses), one of the last populations of wild horses in the world. In the Branco River basin, where most fish species are found,
4050-456: The importance of the indigenous peoples in terms of ethnic contribution cannot be forgotten. It was the indigenous people who initiated human occupation in the Amazon region , and their descendants, the caboclos , developed in close contact with the environment, adapting to the regional peculiarities and opportunities offered by the forest. In its historical formation, the Roraiman demography
4131-399: The inhabitants lived in cities. The population density was 1.8 inhab./km in 2006. This mark is lower than the Brazilian density, 19.94 inhab./km . The distribution of the state population is uneven, with a greater concentration in the capital region and the south of the state. Five municipalities – Boa Vista, Rorainópolis, Alto Alegre, Caracaraí and Bonfim – concentrate more than half of
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#17328552088764212-571: The island of Maracá between the Santa Rosa and Maracá branches of the Uraricoera River in the municipality of Boa Vista, Roraima , with an area of 101,312 hectares (250,350 acres). This article related to a river in Roraima is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Roraima Roraima ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁoˈɾajmɐ] or [ʁoˈɾɐ̃jmɐ] )
4293-488: The less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems . Parrots are the only creatures that display true tripedalism , using their necks and beaks as limbs with propulsive forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by the forelimbs of primates when climbing vertical surfaces. They can travel with cyclical tripedal gaits when climbing. Psittaciform diversity in South America and Australasia suggests that
4374-491: The locality, together with indigenous natives. Nossa Senhora da Conceição and Santo Antônio, on the Uraricoera River; São Felipe, on the Takutu River and Nossa Senhora do Carmo and Santa Bárbara, on the Branco River, were the main settlements created at the time, housing a significant population number. However, due to the conflicts between the indigenous and the colonizers, because the indigenous people did not accept to submit to
4455-691: The middle of the 18th century, the Portuguese Crown became concerned with the constant Spanish expeditions to the western region of the Amazon . Thus, the idea of creating the Royal Captaincy of São José do Rio Negro was considered, which occurred through the Royal Charter of March 3, 1755. The main reason for the creation of the captaincy was the fear of the Spanish threat from the Viceroyalty of Peru , and
4536-476: The parrots should be divided into six families. The New Zealand parrots in the genus Nestor were placed in a separate family Nestoridae and the two basal genera in the family Psittaculidae ( Psittrichas and Coracopsis ) were placed in a separate family Psittrichasidae. The two additional families have not been recognised by taxonomists involved in curating lists of world birds and instead only four families are recognised. The following cladogram shows
4617-776: The phylogenetic relationships between the four families. The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the International Ornithologists' Union . Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots (4 species) Cacatuidae – Cockatoos (22 species) Psittacidae – African and New World parrots (179 species) Psittaculidae – Old World parrots (203 species) The Psittaciformes comprise three main lineages: Strigopoidea , Psittacoidea and Cacatuoidea . The Strigopoidea were considered part of
4698-471: The population estimate of 2020 carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Roraima had a population of 631,181 inhabitants, which makes the state the least populous federative unit in Brazil. The capital, Boa Vista , concentrates 66.4% of the state's population. The population of Roraima has almost doubled in twenty years. In 1991, the state had only 217,583 inhabitants,
4779-577: The population of Roraima. In 2017, the Human Development Index (HDI) of Roraima was 0.752, considered high and placing the state in 12th position among the 26 states in Brazil. † Region seat †† State capital and region seat (2020) population Ethnicities of Roraima in 2022 Cultural, political and economic traits inherited from the Portuguese , Spanish and Dutch are influential in Roraima. Also,
4860-444: The population. In 2009, the state had a network of 585 elementary schools , of which 322 are state schools, 252 municipal, 10 private and 1 federal public school. The teaching staff consisted of 4,842 teachers, of whom 2,952 worked in state public schools, 1,627 in municipal public schools and 217 in private schools. 86,547 students studied in these schools, of which 82,208 in public schools and 4,339 in private schools. High school
4941-409: The rainfall index is lower, and the dry season is well defined. Despite the latitude, in the extreme northwest and northeast, in the highest areas of the state, it is possible to find climatic patterns compatible with those of humid subtropical climates ( Cfa and Cwa ), as in the region around Mount Roraima, which has an annual average temperature between 20 and 22 °C (68 and 72 °F), and
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#17328552088765022-591: The region of Roraima and part of the Amazonas. As a result of crisis in Venezuela since the 2010s, Roraima has become the leading entry point for Venezuelan refugees in Brazil. Displaced Venezuelans in Roraima are estimated to number around 100,000, approximately one-sixth of the state's population. The word " Roraima " comes from the Pemon language . Its etymology gives it three possible meanings: "Green Peak", "Mother of
5103-513: The region, to explore the Branco River Valley through the Guyanas . Portugal 's sovereignty over the region was only established after the Spaniards invaded the northern part of the Branco River, along with the Uraricoera River . From 1725, Carmelite missionaries began the task of converting the indigenous peoples in the region. The Portuguese occupation intensified from the 1730s when it traveled
5184-422: The relief is divided into five degrees: The first-degree houses areas of the state that can be flooded, which do not have a specific form of relief, but which are covered by a thin layer of water; the second degree would be the Branco River pediplain, an important unit of enormous expression in the state since it occupies a large part of its lands. In this pediplain, the altitudes vary from 70 to 160 metres and have
5265-495: The specialised crushing bills of modern species. Genomic analysis provides strong evidence that parrots are the sister group of passerines , forming the clade Psittacopasserae , which is the sister group of the falcons . The first uncontroversial parrot fossils date to tropical Eocene Europe around 50 mya. Initially, a neoavian named Mopsitta tanta , uncovered in Denmark's Early Eocene Fur Formation and dated to 54 mya,
5346-424: The state level. There were 857 pre-school teachers in the state. Parrot Parrots ( Psittaciformes ), also known as psittacines ( / ˈ s ɪ t ə s aɪ n z / ), are birds with a strong curved beak , upright stance, and clawed feet. They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 species in 101 genera , found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The four families are
5427-506: The state of Amazonas , created the Federal Territory of Rio Branco. In 1962, the territory was called the Federal Territory of Roraima and elevated to the category of Brazilian federative unit by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 . The colonization of the region was highly encouraged at the end of the 19th century, with the establishment of National Farms. However, the state's population only found stability after its emancipation,
5508-601: The state originate within its territory, except for two rivers with springs in Guyana . All Roraiman rivers flow into the Amazon Basin . The diversity of landscapes and biomes in Roraima contributes to the formation of the fauna in Roraima. In the Roraiman Amazon rainforest region, animals such as jaguars , tapirs , peccaries , alligators , margay cats , otters , deers , monkeys , and other species are found. In
5589-404: The state, from large to small ones. Among the large ones, the passarão (literally big bird) and the jabiru stand out. Among the small ones, guans , herons , crested caracara and others stand out. In Roraima, the flora is divided into three regions: In any of the regions, there are three different types of vegetation cover taking into account the river banks. These are: According to
5670-408: The state, under the responsibility of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), is also extensive, with 18,879 km (7,300 square miles), 8.42% of Roraima's area. For this reason, Roraima is the Brazilian state with the second-highest percentage of territory formed by protected areas , behind only the state of Amapá . Mount Roraima , located in Pacaraima Mountains ,
5751-406: The state. In recent years, Eastern religions , Mormonism and evangelical denominations have grown considerably in the state. Among the Christian restorationist denominations, Jehovah's Witnesses (0.55%) and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (0.15%) stand out. Among the new Eastern religions, the Church of World Messianity stands out (0.06%). Other beliefs are shared by 1.47% of
5832-638: The three major clades originated about 50 Mya (range 57–41 Mya). A single 15 mm (0.6 in) fragment from a large lower bill ( UCMP 143274), found in deposits from the Lance Creek Formation in Niobrara County, Wyoming , had been thought to be the oldest parrot fossil and is presumed to have originated from the Late Cretaceous period, which makes it about 70 million years old. However, other studies suggest that this fossil
5913-664: The tribe Cyclopsittini ) and budgerigar (tribe Melopsittacini). Strigopidae Cacatuidae Neotropical parrots Psittacinae Psittrichadinae Coracopseinae Psittaculinae Broad-tailed parrots Fig parrots Budgerigar Lories and Lorikeets Bolbopsittacus Hanging parrots Lovebirds Psittacella The order Psittaciformes consists of four families containing roughly 410 species belonging to 101 genera. Superfamily Strigopoidea : New Zealand parrots Superfamily Cacatuoidea : cockatoos Superfamily Psittacoidea : true parrots Living species range in size from
5994-459: The ultraviolet spectrum, normally invisible to humans. Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents and regions including Australia and Oceania , South Asia , Southeast Asia , Central America , South America , and Africa . Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to endemic species . By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America. The lories and lorikeets range from Sulawesi and
6075-411: The variety of species is large. Among the main fish are the pacu , peacock bass , surubi , matrinxã , redtail catfish , tambaqui , acará , mandi , cachorra , piranha , traíra , piraíba , arowana and many other species. On the beaches of the lower Branco River, it is still possible to find species of turtles , such as the yellow-spotted river turtle . There are many species of birds in
6156-443: The vibrant colours of so many parrots. Colourful feathers with high levels of psittacofulvin resist the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis better than white ones. Lorikeets were previously regarded as a third family, Loriidae, but are now considered a tribe ( Loriini ) within the subfamily Loriinae , family Psittaculidae. The two other tribes in the subfamily are the closely related fig parrots (two genera in
6237-453: The visual spectrum. The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, nuts, fruit, buds, and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and carrion , while the lories and lorikeets are specialised for feeding on floral nectar and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in tree hollows (or nest boxes in captivity), and lay white eggs from which hatch altricial (helpless) young. Trapping wild parrots for
6318-407: The windy climate in the region, where indigenous people believed that the winds that blew through southern Venezuela came from that place. The second, "Cashew Mountain", is due to the many mountains and hills that exist in the area. The first Portuguese settlers arrived in the region by the Branco River . Before the arrival of the Portuguese, the English and the Dutch were already attracted to
6399-527: The work of the Portuguese and Spanish demarcation committees, and this meeting never took place, having Portuguese moulds temporarily occupied the course of the lower Branco River in the meantime, carrying out plantations of manioc and other food, for the provisioning of the commission. The São Joaquim Fort, built in 1755 at the confluence of the Uraricoiera River with the Takutu River , was decisive in
6480-793: Was assigned to the Psittaciformes. However, the rather nondescript bone is not unequivocally psittaciform, and it may rather belong to the ibis genus Rhynchaeites , whose fossil legs were found in the same deposits. Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany. These are probably not transitional fossils between ancestral and modern parrots, but rather lineages that evolved parallel to true parrots and cockatoos: The earliest records of modern parrots date to around 23–20 mya. The fossil record—mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to anatomically modern parrots. The Southern Hemisphere contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than
6561-860: Was given in 100 establishments, with an enrollment of 17,512 students. Of the 17,512 students, 16,175 were in public schools and 1,337 in private schools. As for higher education, the Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), the State University of Roraima (UERR) and the Federal Institute of Roraima (IFRR) stand out. There are also private Higher Education establishments: Roraiman College of Higher Education (FARES), Estácio Atual College, Cathedral College and Faculty of Sciences, Education and Theology of Northern Brazil (FACETEN). About 14,500 pre-school students were also registered, divided into 270 teaching units. Of these, 258 were municipal, with none at
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