124-501: The Universiti Malaya (lit 'University of Malaya'; abbreviated as UM ) is a public research university located in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is the oldest and highest ranking Malaysian institution of higher education, and was the only university in newly independent Malaya. The university has graduated five prime ministers of Malaysia , and other political, business, and cultural figures of national prominence. The predecessor of
248-709: A higher reputation domestically and globally . The University Grants Committee funds eight public universities in Hong Kong . The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government . There are four self-financing universities, namely Hong Kong Metropolitan University , Hong Kong Shue Yan University , Hang Seng University of Hong Kong , and Saint Francis University . In India , most universities and nearly all research institutions are public. Some private undergraduate colleges exist but most are engineering schools that are affiliated with public universities. Private schools can be partially aided by
372-673: A university institute , and a distance university in Portugal . Higher education in Portugal provided by state-run institutions is not free; students must pay a tuition fee. However, the tuition fee is lower than that of private universities. The highest tuition fee allowed by law in public universities is €697 per year as of 2022. Public universities include some of the most selective and demanding higher learning institutions in Portugal. In Russia , about 7.5 million students study in thousands of universities. Founded in 1755, Moscow State University
496-711: A Christian living in Baghdad under the Khalif Motawakki) made an Arabic translation of De Materia Medica from the Greek in 854. In 948 the Byzantine Emperor Romanus II , son and co-regent of Constantine Porphyrogenitos , sent a beautifully illustrated Greek manuscript of De materia medica to the Spanish Khalif, Abd-Arrahman III . In 1250, Syriac scholar Bar Hebraeus prepared an illustrated Syriac version, which
620-604: A bundle of seventeen strips of the leaves of Palmyra Palm or borassus flabellifer Or inscribed with the words 'ILMU PUNCHA KEMAJUAN'. Since the late 1990s, the UM coat of arms was accompanied by the university's wordmark which is written in capital letters – 'UNIVERSITI MALAYA' in Malay or 'UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA' in English as seen on its corporate logo. This made UM the only university in Malaysia to have
744-403: A different language versions of its logo. But in late 2019, the university have decided to only use its logo with its official name in Malay language and thus, the English version of its logo is no longer used. The reason given by the university for the change was to make its official Malay name easier to pronounce. In 2022, UM made a refreshment on its corporate logo where the university's wordmark
868-564: A fact that could have made them limit their commentaries to avoid risks. Nevertheless, he was the physician of Charles V and the Pope Julius III , and that helped to establish his work as the last word in Materia Medica, and as the basis of Spanish botany. The physician Valerius Cordus , son of the famous botanist Euricius Cordus, went through many woods and mountains discovering hundreds of new herbs. He gave lectures on Dioscorides at
992-527: A few private institutions of higher learning, such as the National College of Ireland . However, none of the private institutions have university status and are highly specialized. Almost all universities in Italy are public but have institutional autonomy by law. The Italian state provides the majority of university funding. Therefore, students pay relatively low tuition fees, set by each university according to
1116-616: A five-volume treatise concerning medical matters, entitled Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς in Greek or De materia medica in Latin. This famous commentary covered about 600 plants along with therapeutically useful animal and mineral products. It documented the effects of drugs made from these substances on patients. De materia medica was the first extensive pharmacopeia , including about a thousand natural product drugs (mostly plant-based), 4,740 medicinal usages for drugs, and 360 medical properties (such as antiseptic , anti-inflammatory , stimulant ). The book
1240-627: A halt to the development of the college. The war in Europe came to Asia and Singapore was invaded by the Japanese in February 1942. After the war, the school was reopened and W.E. Dyer was Principal. The future of Raffles College was uncertain, until 1948 when Dr George V. Allen (later Sir) who was formerly the Principal of King Edward VII Medical College posted as the last Principal of Raffles College. The college
1364-1249: A handful of community colleges. In 2008, the Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 9500, declaring the University of the Philippines as the national university to distinguish it from all other state universities and colleges. Other notable public colleges and universities include the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , Technological University of the Philippines , Philippine Normal University , Batangas State University , and Mindanao State University . There are six autonomous public universities in Singapore , including National University of Singapore founded in 1905, Nanyang Technological University founded 1981, Singapore Management University founded in 2000, Singapore University of Technology and Design and Singapore Institute of Technology founded in 2009, and Singapore University of Social Sciences founded in 2017. In Sri Lanka , there are seventeen public universities. Most public universities are funded by
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#17328514550981488-643: A hostel was built to accommodate 72 male students from the Federated Malay States. In 1921, the school was elevated in status to college. Between 1920 and 1930, the college went through a series of transformations, by replacing the old teaching staff with a younger generation of professionals and also nine new Chairs were created, the first in Anatomy in 1920, followed by Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery & Gynaecology in 1922 and Clinical Surgery, Bacteriology, Biology, Bio-Chemistry, and Dental Surgery in 1926. And
1612-549: A key to over 9,000 items; all references were to pages. This was the first annotated Latin translation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica , and so Barbaro became the earliest of the Renaissance translators of Dioscorides, a practice that saw its golden age in the 16th century. Barbaro's work was later corrected by Giovanni-Battista. Jean Ruel was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and physician to King Francis I of France . He perfected
1736-525: A low-interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board; students must pay back the loan after completing their higher education. In Nigeria , both the federal and state governments may establish public universities. South Africa has 26 public universities which are members of Universities in South Africa. These are categorized as traditional or comprehensive universities. In Tunisia ,
1860-467: A massive contribution to the original text of Pedani's Dioscorides. In some sections Mattioli added information that exceeded 15 times the length of the original text. It resulted in a very big extension of the work, in beauty and information. It was later translated into German, French and Bohemian . Mattioli held a post in the Imperial Court as physician to Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria , and
1984-583: A national institution in 1926, the Academy of Athens is the highest research establishment in Greece. Private higher education institutions cannot operate in Greece and are not recognized as degree-awarding bodies by the Greek government. In Ireland , nearly all universities, institutes of technology, colleges, and some third-level institutions are public. The state pays the cost of educating undergraduates, although students must contribute approximately €3,000. There are
2108-505: A printed book was a Latin translation printed at Colle , Italy by Johanemm Allemanun de Mdemblik in 1478. The Greek version appeared in 1499 by Manutius at Venice . The most useful books of botany, pharmacy and medicine used by students and scholars were supplemented commentaries on Dioscorides, including the works of Fuchs , Anguillara , Mattioli , Maranta , Cesalpino , Dodoens , Fabius Columna, Gaspard and Johann Bauhin , and De Villanueva/Servetus . In several of these versions,
2232-411: A rough taxonomy of plants and details of medicinal herbs and herbal concoctions. Galen was a philosopher, physician, pharmacist and prolific medical writer. He compiled an extensive record of the medical knowledge of his day and added his own observations. He wrote on the structure of organs, but not their uses; the pulse and its association with respiration; the arteries and the movement of blood; and
2356-520: A second edition in 1552 printed by Arnoullet in Lyon and Vienne . Both works were illustrated with figures by Fuchs , but in this last edition there were also 30 woodcuts by the botanist and physician Jacob Dalechamp. It seems that the reason that he used his initials, H.B.P., and not his full name in the work; it could be that he practically transcribed commentaries of Mattioli . According to Spanish scholar González Echeverría in several communications in
2480-586: A site designated for an education institution had its foundation stone laid by Sir Stamford. Soon after that, Raffles left for England and Morrison left for China, thus the establishment of the school never happened. The school building was revived as an English school named the Raffles Institution . In 1918, Sir William George Maxwell , the Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements chaired
2604-653: A stop in University Malaya Medical Centre (PPUM) and can be accessed from the PJ gate. Other rapidKL bus services may stop at PPUM. The proposed CC33 UM on MRT Circle Line is planned to be built inside the campus, near PPUM. Signage showing the direction of buildings and other sites appears frequently next to the campus roadways. The university also provides complimentary shuttle bus services during weekdays for students with 5 different routes, named AB, BA, C, D and E. Certain routes serve areas within
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#17328514550982728-448: A university college in Malaya. In March of the same year, the other members of the commission were announced and George Allen, principal of King George VII College, was appointed principal-designate of the planned university college. Carr-Saunders listened to the thoughts of the alumni association and students' union of King Edward VII College; he was impressed with the ideas of the president of
2852-573: A university, not a college, can issue doctorate degrees in Israel. In Japan , public universities are run by local governments, either prefectural or municipal. According to the Ministry of Education , public universities have "provided an opportunity for higher education in a region and served the central role of intellectual and cultural base for the local community in the region" and are "expected to contribute to social, economical and cultural development in
2976-531: A year and have to retake them, pay a partial or full tuition fee, ranging from €500 to €2000 per year. Private universities have existed in Serbia since 1989 but are held in less esteem because they are generally less academically rigorous than the public universities. Of the 74 universities in Spain , 54 are public and funded by the autonomous community in which they are based. University funding differs by region. However,
3100-527: Is a Latin term from the history of pharmacy for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medications ). The term derives from the title of a work by the Ancient Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century AD, De materia medica , 'On medical material' (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hylēs iatrikēs , in Greek). The term materia medica
3224-562: Is a public research university and the most prestigious university in Russia. Saint Petersburg State University is a state-owned university that was founded in 1724; it is managed by the government of the Russian Federation . In Serbia , over 85% of college students study at state-operated public universities. Academically well-performing students pay only administrative fees of less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in
3348-657: Is accessible by car, bus, and both the LRT Kelana Jaya Line (Line 5) , MRT Kajang Line (Line 9) and KTM Port Klang Line (Line 2) of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The campus will also become accessible by future MRT Circle Line . The campus can be accessed by alighting from KJ19 Universiti on LRT Kelana Jaya Line, with a 15-minute walk to the Kuala Lumpur (KL) entrance. KD02 Angkasapuri station on
3472-550: Is an ancient recipe book dated to approximately 1552 BC. It contains a mixture of magic and medicine with invocations to banish disease and a catalogue of useful plants, minerals, magic amulets and spells. The most famous Egyptian physician was Imhotep , who lived in Memphis around 2500 B.C. Imhotep's materia medica consisted of procedures for treating head and torso injuries, tending of wounds, and prevention and curing of infections, as well as advanced principles of hygiene. In India,
3596-458: Is another Materia Medica with commentaries on a Ruel edition of 1537, printed by Simon de Colines . This work contains hundreds of manuscript marginaia, all along 420 out of 480 pages. The scholar Gonzalez Echeverria demonstrated in the ISHM with a graphological, historical and linguistic study that this task was carried out by Michel de Villeneuve. It also demonstrated that this document was written by
3720-506: Is divided into fourteen faculties, two academies, three institutes and two academic centres. In the latest QS World University Rankings , UM is currently ranked 60th in the world, 11th in Asia, 3rd in Southeast Asia and the highest ranked learning institution in Malaysia. The establishment of the university began with the issue of shortage of medical assistants in Singapore and Penang during
3844-549: Is shown to be thinner instead and the red colour in the 'U' and 'M' letters were removed while its coat of arms remains unchanged. However, the university's previous logo would continued to be used for non-academic and non-corporate purposes. UM is currently one of the three public universities in Malaysia to adopt its coat of arms, the other two are University of Science Malaysia (USM) and the The National University of Malaysia (UKM) . UM has been ranked consistently as
Universiti Malaya - Misplaced Pages Continue
3968-549: Is the source of progress. In the centre of the arms is a Bunga Raya or hibiscus rosa-sinensis species encircled by three Malayan tigers. The tigers symbolise the three main races in Malaysia (Malays, Chinese and Indians), who work hand-in-hand to protect the nation and uphold the duty to serve the country. It is blazoned : Azure, fimbriated and parted per fess by a line Or. In base a Bunga Raya or hibiscus flower between three tigers passant regardant two and one all proper; and in Chief
4092-580: The British Medical Journal ' s long-established "Materia Non Medica" column, the title indicating non-medical material that doctors wished to report from their travels and other experiences. For example, in June 1977, the journal contained "Materia Non Medica" reports on an exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery by a London physician, the making of matches by hand in an Indian village by
4216-655: The Shennong Bencao Jing ( Shennong Emperor's Classic of Materia Medica ), was compiled in the 1st century AD during the Han dynasty , attributed to the mythical Shennong . It lists some 365 medicines, of which 252 are herbs. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by the Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments found in the Mawangdui tomb, which was sealed in 168 BC. Succeeding generations augmented
4340-489: The Ayurveda is traditional medicine that emphasizes plant-based treatments, hygiene, and balance in the body's state of being. Indian materia medica included knowledge of plants, where they grow in all season, methods for storage and shelf life of harvested materials. It also included directions for making juice from vegetables, dried powders from herb, cold infusions and extracts. The earliest Chinese manual of materia medica ,
4464-590: The British Empire . In 1910, Dr Robert Donald Keith became the second Principal of the School. The first two years of the five-year course were devoted to pure science studies. Physics, biology and chemistry were taught in the first year, followed by physiology and elementary anatomy in the second year. The remaining three years were attachment to clinical clerkships in medicine, surgery and midwifery, which covered pathology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Materia Medica
4588-765: The General Council of Medical Education in the United Kingdom to ensure that the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school would gain worldwide recognition. In 1916, the GCME recognised the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school. The licentiates were placed on the General Council's Colonial List of the British Medical Register and were entitled to practise anywhere within
4712-555: The ISHM , the John M. Riddle Anonymous B (De Materia Medica of 1543) would be Michael Servetus , and that the Anonymous D (De Materia Medica of 1554 of Mattioli plus non-signed commentaries) is two commentarians, Servetus and Mattioi , being the last one hired for editing the " Lyons printers' Tribute to Michel de Villeneuve " edition. Michael Servetus, using the name "Michel de Villeneuve", who already had his first death sentence from
4836-531: The Inquisition contains Wieland, Anguillara , Gesner , Lusitanus and others. This made editions of Matioli's De Materia Medica omnipresent throughout the continent, especially in northern Europe. In 1554 the physician Andres Laguna published his Annotations on Dioscorides of Anazarbus printed by Guillaume Rouillé in Lyons. Laguna was the first to translate De Materia Medica into Castilian . His translation
4960-523: The Korea National Open University which offers distance learning. The University of Seoul is a public municipal university. Manas University in Kyrgyzstan is a public higher education institution that offers associate degrees, undergraduate degrees, and graduate and postgraduate degrees. The University of Macau , Macao Polytechnic University , and Macao University of Tourism are
5084-520: The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research controls public universities and guarantees admission to students who earn a Tunisian Baccalaureate . Using a state website, the students make a wish list of the universities they want to attend, with the highest-ranking students getting priority choices. Universities rank students according to the results of their baccalaureate. There are forty public universities in Bangladesh . They are overseen by
Universiti Malaya - Misplaced Pages Continue
5208-745: The Shennong Bencao Jing , as in the Yaoxing Lun ( Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs ), a 7th-century Tang dynasty treatise on herbal medicine. In Greece, Hippocrates (born 460 BC) was a philosopher later known as the Father of Medicine. He founded a school of medicine that focused on treating the causes of disease rather than its symptoms. Disease was dictated by natural laws and therefore could be treated through close observation of symptoms. His treatises, Aphorisms and Prognostics , discuss 265 drugs,
5332-785: The University Grants Commission which was created by the government in 1973. Most universities in Brunei are public. In the People's Republic of China , nearly all universities and research institutions are public. Typically, provincial governments run public universities. However, some are administered by municipal governments or are national , which the central government directly administers. Private undergraduate colleges exist but are primarily vocational colleges sponsored by private entities. Private universities usually cannot award bachelor's degrees. Public universities tend to enjoy
5456-708: The University of Mons in 2009. The state-created university founded in Antwerp in 1971 is now part of University of Antwerp . Hasselt University started as a state-created public institution managed by the Province of Limburg . Similarly, the Province of Luxembourg managed the state-created public university in Arlon which became part of ULiège in 2004. Since 1891, private universities have gradually become state-recognized and funded. Some private, mostly Catholic, organizations are called free institutions, as in administratively free from
5580-629: The University of Paris , anonymously published a Dioscorides-De Materia Medica in 1543, printed by Jean & Francois Frellon in Lyon. It has 277 marginalia and 20 commentaries on a De Materia Medica of Jean Ruel. According to Gonzalez Echeverría, to be associated to an anonymous Pharmacopeia that "Michel de Villeneuve" published the same year, meant to be a single unit, which is typical when it comes to De Materia Medica-Pharmacopeia. This work had six later editions, in 1546 and 1547 by Jean Frellon, who considered Michael de Villeneuve "his friend and brother", another in 1547 by Thibaut Payen, etc. There
5704-469: The University of Wittenberg , which experts from the university attended. Cordus had no intention of publishing his work. Five years after his death, a Materia Medica with commentaries was published. It contained the index of the Botanologicon , the outstanding work of his father Euricius, who developed a scientific classification of the plants. The following pages are on Gesner 's Nomenclature, relating
5828-437: The constitution of Greece , higher education institutions (HEI) include universities, technical universities, and specialist institutions. HEI undergraduate programs are government-funded and do not charge tuition. A quarter of HEI postgraduate programs are tuition-free. After individual assessments, thirty percent of Greek students are entitled to attend any of the statutory postgraduate programs without tuition fees. Founded as
5952-579: The 150 universities in Taiwan are public. Because the Taiwanese government provides funding to public universities, their students pay less than half the tuition fees of those at private universities. Ten public universities were established before the 1980s and are the most prestigious in Taiwan. As a result, most students choose public universities for their tertiary education. In the late 19th century Thailand , there
6076-703: The 2024 CWTS Leiden Ranking , and among the top 300 universities in the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings . In 2015 it has been ranked 54th in Engineering & Technology in QS world ranking. UM rose to the top 100 universities in the QS World University Rankings 2019, and has consistently increased in ranking to 59th in the world and 9th in Asia in the 2021 series. In 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked UM 17th and 87th in
6200-411: The British Malaya Government to visit and discuss the application of the Asquith Commission's recommendations to Singapore and Malaya. Priestley again recommended the establishment of a university college as a first step. In January 1947, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, now Arthur Creech Jones , appointed Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders to chair a commission determining the details of establishing
6324-642: The Code de l'éducation states that " private higher education establishments can in no case take the title of university. " Nevertheless, many private institutions, such as the Catholic University of Lille or the Catholic University of Lyon , use the university as their marketing name. Most higher education institutions in Germany are public and operated by the states . All professors are public servants. Public universities are generally held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. From 1972 through 1998, public universities were tuition-free; however, some states have since adopted low tuition fees. According to
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#17328514550986448-409: The College Council proposed changes in the curriculum, so that the Diploma could be furthered to a Degree through external examinations in collaboration with universities in England. In 1937, Sir Shenton Thomas declared the college would have a full-time Principal. The college had its fourth Principal, Alexander Keir , succeeding Frederick Joseph Morten . By 1939 war was waged in Europe, and had put
6572-409: The Colonies , appointed a commission of inquiry chaired by Cyril Asquith to consider the development of higher education in the colonies across the British Empire. The Asquith Commission, reporting in 1945, endorsed the McLean Commission's recommendations for Malaya. In 1946, Raymond Priestley , the Vice-Chancellor of Birmingham University and member of the previous Asquith Commission, was invited by
6696-612: The Emperor Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor . This position granted him an immense influence. He frequently tested the effects of poisonous plants on prisoners in order to popularize his works. He also affirmed that Jean Ruel had declared some information in the lycopsis chapter of his Materia Medica. This is false, but still Mattioli used it as a reason for attacking Ruel. He did not tolerate either rivals nor corrections. The naturalists and physicians daring to disagree with him, or who had corrected him, were attacked. The list of important characters that were admonished, rebuked, or pursued by
6820-467: The Latin translation of the Materia Medica directly from the " princeps " edition. He tried to develop a translation joining philology , botany and medicine . This work, printed in 1516 by Henri Estienne/Stephano , became very popular, having 20 editions during the 16th century. He published editions until 1537, printed by Simon de Colines . From this point, Latin was the preferred language for presenting De Materia Medica, and Ruel's editions became
6944-418: The Materia Medica , which was highly valued by other medical practitioners throughout Europe. The work of the Italian physician and humanist Ermolao Barbaro was published in 1516, 23 years after his death. Poliziano wrote to Ermalao Barbaro, forwarding a manuscript of the 1st-century pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides , asking him to send it back "annotated by that very learned hand of yours, thus lending
7068-412: The Maxwell Committee to review the scheme to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford. The committee members were Roland Braddell , A.W. Still , Seah Ling Seah , Dr Lim Boon Keng , Mohammed Yusoff bin Mohammed , N.V. Samy , and Mannesseh Meyer . The working committee headed by H.W. Firmstone recommended the establishment of a college for tertiary education to commemorate
7192-410: The Ministry of Education controls all public universities. Students enroll after completing a 8-4-4 educational program system and attaining a mark of C+ or above. Students who meet the criteria set annually by the Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service receive government sponsorship, with the government providing part of their university or college fees. Students are also eligible for
7316-401: The No. 1 university in Malaysia and among the top 3 universities in Southeast Asia , as well as among the top 300 universities in the world according to reputed ranking publisher such as QS , ARWU , U.S. News & World Report in the recent few years. Currently UM is ranked 60th in the world in the QS World University Rankings 2025, 281th in the USNWR 2024 global rankings, 293rd in
7440-588: The Port Klang Komuter Line or KG12 Phileo Damansara MRT station are the other two nearest stations. The former has a connection to the GoKL Pink Line bus service, where the bus stops at the nearby mosque, which is about a 5 to 10-minute walk from the KL entrance. The latter is 3 km from the campus' Petaling Jaya (PJ) main entrance, supplemented by T815 MRT Feeder Bus service. Several bus routes operated by Rapid KL include T815 and T789, both of which connect to Phileo Damansara and Universiti stations respectively. PJ City Bus free ride service also has
7564-429: The Punjab is the biggest public university, followed by University of Karachi . The public universities receive guidance and recognition from the Higher Education Commission . There are more than 500 public higher education institutions in the Philippines that are controlled and managed by the Commission on Higher Education . Of the 500, 436 are state colleges and universities, 31 local colleges and universities, and
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#17328514550987688-418: The United Kingdom of Great Britain in term of academic system and administration structure". The Carr-Saunders Commission postulates "the principle that all children who show the necessary capacity should enjoy an equal chance of reaching the University; and, in particular, that no able child should be handicapped in climbing the educational ladder by race, religion, rural domicile, or lack of means." In 1959,
7812-421: The annotations and comments exceed the Dioscoridean text and have much new botany. Printers were not merely printing the authentic materia medica, but hiring experts on the medical and botanical field for criticism, commentaries, that would raise the stature of the printers and the work. Most of these authors copied each other, from previous works. It was normal to add previous commentaries and marginalia, to make
7936-462: The basis from which many other important authors would start to create their own Materia Medica. Ruel was also teacher of two great De Materia Medica authors: Michel de Villeneuve and Andres Laguna. Bruyerinus Champier was the nephew of Symphorien Champier , and physician of Henry II of France . He was an Arabist, and translated works of Avicena . In 1550 he published his first Materia Medica, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet in Lyons . This work had
8060-400: The campus, while others connect external accommodation or buildings with the main campus area. Public university A public university or public college is a university or college that is owned by the state or receives significant funding from a government. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on
8184-444: The centenary founding of Singapore. On 12 July 1919, the Government decided to undertake the construction of the building with the cost not more than $ 1,000,000 and would contribute $ 50,000 as annual recurrent expenditure as soon as the Centenary Committee had collected $ 2,000,000 for the Raffles College Endowment Fund. On 31 August 1920, the committee had achieved the figure, amounting to $ 2,391,040. On 31 May 1920, Richard Olaf Winstedt
8308-460: The central government establishes homogeneous tuition fees for all public universities which are much lower than those of their private counterparts. The highest tuition fee allowed by law was, as of 2010, €14.97 per academic credit, amounting to roughly €900 a year for an average 60-credit full-time course. Tuition fees at private universities might reach €18,000 a year. Materia Medica Materia medica ( lit. : 'medical material/substance')
8432-415: The design were the chairman of the council, Y.C. Foo, Professor A. Oppenheim (the vice-chancellor) and Professor Ungku Aziz (later regius professor). The coat of arms was officially chartered in April 1962 by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the university's first chancellor. The coat of arms is divided into two parts, namely the chief (upper part) and the base (the remainder). The chief is a bundle of seventeen strips of
8556-514: The different synonyms used for referring to the same plants of the Dioscorides work. The abstracts of the lectures of Valerius Cordus go from page 449 to 553 as commentaries. This section consisted of a very refined explanation of Dioscorides' teachings with more specifics on the variety of plants and habitats, and corrections of errors. Cordus refers to both his and his father's observations. Eucharius Rösslin 's herbal illustrations are prominent in this work, followed by 200 of Fuchs . This work and
8680-955: The fee was €1,951 in 2015. Non-European Union students and students who want to complete a second bachelor's or master's degree pay a legal school fee. Annually, these legal school fees range between €7,000 for bachelor programs and €30,000 for master's programs in medicine. The Ministry of Education supervises all universities, including private institutions. Almost all universities in Norway are public and state-funded. In Poland , public universities are established by Acts of Parliament. The government pays all tuition fees and other costs of public university students. In contrast, private citizens, societies, or companies operate private universities that charge tuition fees directly to students. These institutions are generally held in lower regard than public universities. A small number of private universities do not charge fees, such as John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin . There are thirteen public universities,
8804-420: The government through the University Grants Commission , which handles undergraduate placements and staff appointments. The top institutions include the University of Peradeniya founded in 1942 and the University of Colombo founded in 1921. Sri Lanka also has a joint service military university, the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University , which is operated by the Ministry of Defence . One-third of
8928-429: The hospital assistant course. Five years later, the enrolments increased to 90 medical students and 30 trainee hospital assistants. The school had only one permanent staff which was the Principal, the teaching staff were employed on a part-time basis. The Principal was Dr Gerald Dudley Freer, who previously served as Senior Colonial Surgeon Resident of Penang. The School Council wanted to gain recognition of its Diploma by
9052-530: The immolation of Michael de Villeneuve/Servetus, the editors and printers that had worked with him would have decided to make a new De Materia Medica as a tribute to their colleague and friend. All the commentaries that could identify Michel de Villeneuve as the author disappeared, but the rest are copied from his work of 1543. It is a very strange edition because there exist four different kinds of copies with different covers, one per editor: Jean Frellon, Guillaume Rouillé , Antoine Vicent and Balthazar Arnoullet, who
9176-410: The importance of diet and external treatments for diseases. Theophrastus (390–280 BC) was a disciple of Aristotle and a philosopher of natural history , considered by historians as the Father of Botany. He wrote a treatise entitled Historia Plantarium about 300 BC. It was the first attempt to organize and classify plants, plant lore, and botanical morphology in Greece. It provided physicians with
9300-849: The late 1890s. The problem was addressed in a report published by the Education Commission in April 1902. In the report, it was stated that the commission was in favour of establishing a medical school to fulfil the demand for medical assistants in government hospitals. However, such a view was not in favour among the European community. Legislation was passed by the Straits Legislative Council in June 1905 under Ordinance No. XV 1905. The school opened on 3 July 1905 and began functioning in September. On 28 September 1905, Sir John Anderson officiated
9424-518: The leaves of Borassus flabellifer or the Palmrya palm. These strips were used as printed material for ancient books by the Malays, long before paper was invented. On the centre of these seventeen strips is the university's motto 'Ilmu Puncha Kemajuan'. The motto consists of 'Ilmu' derived from Arabic, 'Puncha' from Sanskrit ( Za'aba Spelling for 'Punca'), and 'Kemajuan' from Malay. These words mean knowledge
9548-658: The legislation of the national government until higher education was moved to the control of the three communities in 1990. Consequently, the Flemish , the French , and the German communities determine which institutes of higher education organize and issue diplomas. Until the 1970s, Belgium had two state universities: the University of Liège (ULiège) and the Ghent University (UGent), both founded in 1817. These are often referred to as
9672-802: The mathematician who formulated the Oppenheim conjecture in 1929. When Oppenheim left in 1965 with no successor in sight, Rayson Huang who later became the Vice Chancellor of Nanyang University, Singapore in 1969 and in 1972 went on to become the first Asian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong , was asked to take over as the Acting Vice-Chancellor. He served in that capacity for 12 months but declined reappointment to return to academic pursuits. Chin Fung Kee , an authority in geotechnical engineering , replaced Huang as Acting Vice-Chancellor until
9796-417: The merger of King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College, which had been established in 1905 and 1929, respectively. In Carr-Saunders Commission's report in 1949, it was stated that "the university shall act as a single medium of mingle for enhancing the understanding among the multi-ethnics and religions in the back than Malaya. The University too should be modelled after the tertiary educations in
9920-810: The model of botanical description and, many consider it the boldest innovation that was made by any botanist of the 16th century. The French physician Martin Mathee published in 1553 the French translation of De Materia Medica, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet, in Lyons. This granted much more access for the students of medicine to the teachings. The Greek version was reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529, and reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529. Between 1555 and 1752 there were at least 12 Spanish editions; and as many in Italian from 1542. French editions appeared from 1553; and German editions from 1546. The ancient phrase survives in modified form in
10044-475: The name Universiti Malaya . Legislation was passed in 1961 and the Universiti Malaya was established on 1 January 1962. In 2012, UM was granted autonomy by the Ministry of Higher Education . The university also collaborated with the University of Wales in 2013 to establish International University of Malaya-Wales (IUMW) , a private university in Malaysia. Today, UM has more than 2,300 faculty members and
10168-535: The name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII School of Medicine. In the first batch of 16 students of 1905, only seven made to the final and graduated in May 1910 while the remaining six students graduated in four months later and others resigned from the school. In 1919, the drop-out rate had risen to 35%, while in 1939 the number of students failed in their final examinations stood at 44%. At this time
10292-578: The national or state governments. India also has an "open" public university, the Indira Gandhi National Open University which offers distance education. In terms of the number of enrolled students, it is now the largest university in the world with over four million students. In Indonesia , the government supports public universities in each province. Funding comes through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and
10416-424: The new principal took the helm, succeeding his predecessor Dr MacAlister. The establishment of Raffles College was a brainchild of Sir Stamford Raffles and Dr Robert Morison. Sir Stamford had some knowledge of the Malay language and culture, while Morison was a distinguished sinologist missionary. Both men wanted to establish a centre dedicating to the study of Malays and Chinese at tertiary level. On 5 June 1823,
10540-596: The only university in the post-independent Malaya. The Bukit Timah campus in Singapore became the University of Singapore (today the National University of Singapore ). On 16 June 1962, the newly independent university in Kuala Lumpur celebrated the installation of its first Chancellor , Tunku Abdul Rahman , Malaysia's first Prime Minister . The first Vice-Chancellor was former Dean of Arts, Sir Alexander Oppenheim ,
10664-482: The other in Kuala Lumpur. In 1960, the governments of Malaya and Singapore indicated that these two divisions should become autonomous and separate national universities. One branch was located in Singapore, becoming the University of Singapore (merging into the National University of Singapore in 1980) after the independence of Singapore from Malaysia, and the other branch was located in Kuala Lumpur, retaining
10788-437: The plants, provides their synonyms in different languages, and explains their uses in the 16th century. These qualities and the number of woodcuts made this work very popular and appreciated in medicine far beyond the 16th century. He had problems with Mattioli for using some of his commentaries without mentioning him. Laguna had problems with the Inquisition , just like Michel de Villeneuve , for both were jewish - converso ,
10912-451: The properties of roots, juices, herbs and seeds used for food or medicine. Book four continued to describe the uses for roots and herbs, specifically narcotic and poisonous medicinal plants. Book five dealt with the medicinal uses for wine and metallic ores . It is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is considered one of the most influential herbal books in history. It remained in use until about 1600 AD. Avicenna (980–1037 AD)
11036-512: The provincial and municipal governments. Some of the public universities in Iran offer tuition-free and tuition-based programs. State-run universities are highly selective and competitive. There are nine official universities in Israel , a few dozen colleges, and about a dozen foreign university extensions. The Council for Higher Education in Israel supervises all of these institutions academically. Only
11160-688: The public universities in Macau . There are twenty public universities in Malaysia , funded by the government but governed as self-managed institutions. Tribhuvan University was the first public university in Nepal . It operates through six different institutes and is affiliated with various colleges. There are government-funded Purbanchal University and Pokhara University . There are 107 public universities in Pakistan , compared to 76 private universities. University of
11284-504: The recipes and teachings of Pedanius' Dioscorides. He also includes some animal and mineral products but only those related to simple medicines, that is, animal and mineral products that are medicine or are parts of a medical compound. This was not an illustrated work. In 1555 he re-edited this work with woodcuts . It was reprinted twenty-two times by the end of the 18th century; Laguna wrote very well, with explanations and practical commentaries. He refers to anecdotes, adds commentaries on
11408-801: The region". This contrasts with the research-oriented aspects of national universities. In 2010, 127,872 students were attending 95 public universities, compared to 86 national universities and 597 private universities in Japan. Many public universities are relatively new; in 1980, there were only 34 public universities in Japan. Since July 2003, public universities may incorporate under the Local Independent Administrative Institutions Law. In South Korea , most public universities are national. There are 29 national universities, eighteen special universities, and ten educational universities. In addition, there are two national colleges and
11532-676: The same for all public universities. Except for some fields of study, notably medicine, all Austrians who pass the Matura exam have the right to attend any public university. Overenrolled degree programs have introduced additional entrance exams that students must pass in the first year or before starting the degree, especially with scientific subjects such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Private universities have existed since 1999 but are considered easier than public universities and thus hold less esteem. All public universities in Belgium were operated under
11656-530: The same hand that wrote the famous "Manuscript of Paris", a work also by Michel de Villeneuve, consisting of a draft for his Christianismo Restitutio. "The manuscript of the Complutense " is not just a union of the ideas of the previous works by Michel de Villeneuve, Syropum Ratio, etc., but also of the later works, Enquiridion, De Materia Medica of 1543, sharing with this last many of its 20 big commentaries, for instance. According to this theory, in 1554, after
11780-549: The school under the name 'The Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School.' The school was located in the old Female Lunatic Asylum near the Singapore General Hospital at Sepoy Lines off New Bridge Road , where four of the asylum buildings were converted into a medical school. In 1907, a lecture hall and laboratory were added. There were no library and room to keep pathological specimens. In 1905, there were 17 medical students, four students attending
11904-411: The specific education landscape. In contrast a private university is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit). Both types are often regulated, but to varying degrees, by the government. In Egypt, Al-Azhar University was founded in 970 AD as a madrasa ; it formally became a public university in 1961 and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in
12028-1079: The state despite being state-funded. As of 2022, the communities fund all recognized universities, public and private, which follow the same rules and laws. The state runs most public universities in Croatia . Students who perform well academically pay only administrative fees which are less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year must retake the courses and pay a partial or full tuition fee. Almost all universities in Denmark are public and are held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. Danish students attend university for free. All universities in Finland are public and free of charge. Most universities and grandes écoles in France are public and charge very low tuition fees—less than €1000 per year. Major exceptions are semi-private grandes écoles such as HEC , EMLyon or INSEAD . Article L731-14 of
12152-494: The student's family wealth, the course of study, and exam performance. A few scholarships are available for the best low-income students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, for research, private funding ranges from low to non-existent, compared to most European countries. The Netherlands Ministry of Education funds most public universities. Dutch citizens and those from European Union countries pay an annual tuition fee for their first bachelor's or master's degree;
12276-622: The students' union, Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam . In 1948, the Carr-Saunders Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a full university, bypassing the intermediate step of a university college recommended by previous commissions. As a result, the institution named the Universiti Malaya was chartered under the Carr-Saunders Commission in 1949. The formation of the Universiti Malaya on 8 October 1949 in Bukit Timah Campus (Former site of Raffles College), Singapore came from
12400-449: The tenth chair for Pathology was created in 1935. In 1923, the college's new building at Outram Road was commenced. It was completed in November 1925 and officially opened by Sir Laurence Guillemard in February 1926. During the opening ceremony, the college conferred Honorary Diplomas on Sir David James Galloway , Dr Malcolm Watson and Dr Lim Boon Keng . In 1929, Dr George V. Allen
12524-625: The text look more enriched or thorough. There were several De Materia Medica works noted as Anonymous A, B, C and D by the expert on Dioscorides-De Materia Medica professor John M. Riddle . The Anonymous A has to do with authors on translations of handwriting. Riddle proved Anonymous C to be Bruyerinus Champier. During the 16th century, the most representative among them were Ermolao Barbaro , Jean Ruel, Broyeurinus, Michel de Villeneuva, Pietro Andrea Mattioli , Andres Laguna , Marcello Virgilio, Martin Mathee and Valerius Cordus . In 1789, William Cullen published his two volume A Treatise of
12648-547: The two historic state universities. In 1965, small specialized single-faculty public institutions were recognized as universities, including the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech ; both are now part of the University of Liège . The Belgian state created smaller public universities that have since merged with larger institutions, including the public university at Mons in 1965 which became part of
12772-442: The university filling the position in 1967 by the appointment of James H.E. Griffiths . A distinguished physicist and a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford , Griffiths was also the former head of Clarendon Laboratory of Oxford University and one of the discoverers of ferromagnetic resonance . UM remained Malaysia's primary public university until 1 June 1969, when the nation's second public university – Universiti Sains Malaysia
12896-472: The university was divided into two autonomous campuses, one in Singapore, known as University of Malaya in Singapore , and the other in Kuala Lumpur ( Universiti Malaya in Kuala Lumpur ). In 1961, the governments of Malaysia and Singapore passed laws to split the Universiti Malaya into two national universities. As a result, on 1 January 1962, the Universiti Malaya was re-established on the 309 hectare campus in Kuala Lumpur, retaining its original name and became
13020-476: The university, King Edward VII College of Medicine , was established on 28 September 1905 in Singapore, then a territory of the British Empire . In October 1949, the merger of the King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College created the university. Rapid growth during its first decade caused the university to organize as two autonomous divisions on 15 January 1959, one located in Singapore and
13144-619: The uses of theriacs . "In treatises such as On Theriac to Piso , On Theriac to Pamphilius , and On Antidotes , Galen identified theriac as a sixty-four-ingredient compound, able to cure any ill known". His work was rediscovered in the 15th century and became the authority on medicine and healing for the next two centuries. His medicine was based on the regulation of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) and their properties (wet, dry, hot, and cold). The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides , of Anazarbus in Asia Minor, wrote
13268-639: The volume additional value and authority." Barbaro was professor of the University of Padua in 1477 and translated many texts from Greek to Latin. He sought to avoid mistakes by gathering as many manuscripts as he could for checking the texts. He claimed to have corrected 5000 mistakes between two editions of Pliny the Elder 's Naturalis historia , a work he found very similar to Materia Medica , for which he used at least two editions as well. The result of Barbaro's effort occupied no fewer than 58 pages printed in three columns of about 50 entries each. The work provides
13392-604: The world in Engineering and Computer Science respectively by its subject ranking. The business school of UM has achieved two international accreditations i.e. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and Association of MBAs ( AMBA ). The Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, Japanese Language and Linguistic Course was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister 's Commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese language education in Malaysia on 1 December 2020. The Universiti Malaya campus
13516-479: The world. In the 20th century, Egypt opened many other public universities with government-subsidized tuition fees, including Cairo University in 1908, Alexandria University in 1912, Assiut University in 1928, Ain Shams University in 1957, Helwan University in 1959, Beni-Suef University in 1963, Zagazig University in 1974, Benha University in 1976, and Suez Canal University in 1989. In Kenya ,
13640-448: Was a Persian philosopher, physician, and Islamic scholar. He wrote about 40 books on medicine. His two most famous books are The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing , used in medieval universities as medical textbooks. He did much to popularize the connection between Greek and Arabic medicine, translating works by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen into Arabic. Avicenna stressed the importance of diet, exercise, and hygiene. He also
13764-565: Was a high demand for professional talent by the central government. In 1899, the King founded the School for Training of Civil Officials near the northern gate of the royal palace. Graduates from the school became royal pages, a traditional entrance into the Mahattai Ministry or other government ministries. As of 2019, Thailand has nineteen public universities. In Austria , most universities are public. The state regulates tuition fees, making costs
13888-508: Was a veritable glossary of herbs and drugs used during the medieval period. Donnollo was widely travelled and collected information from Arabic, Greek and Roman sources. In the Early and High Middle Ages Nestorian Christians were banished for their heretical views that they carried to Asia Minor . The Greek text was translated into Syriac when pagan Greek scholars fled east after Constantine ’s conquest of Byzantium , Stephanos (son of Basilios,
14012-626: Was also the printer of this unique edition, in Lyons . For developing a bigger work and to blur the mark of Michel de Villeneuve, they hired the expert on De Materia Medica, Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Pietro Andrea Mattioli was a renowned botanist and physician. He published a translation of De Materia Medica into Italian in 1544 and ten years later published a work in Latin with all the plants of Dioscorides and 562 woodcut illustrations. It appeared in 1554, printed by Vicenzo Valgrisi, in Venice . Mattioli made
14136-527: Was amalgamated with the former, for the making of a university for the Malayans. In 1938, the government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Sir William McLean to study the higher education potential and progress in Malaya. The Commission concluded that Malaya was not ready to have a university, and that a university college would be more suitable. In 1943, Oliver Stanley , the Secretary of State for
14260-562: Was an important precedent for botanical gardens and physic gardens that were established in the 16th century. It was also the beginning of the study of botany as a separate discipline. In about the 12th century, medicine and pharmacy began to be taught in universities. Shabbethai Ben Abraham, better known as Shabbethai Donnolo , (913– c .982) was a 10th-century Italian Jew and the author of an early Hebrew text, Antidotarium . It consisted of detailed drug descriptions, medicinal remedies, practical methods for preparing medicine from roots. It
14384-620: Was appointed as the Acting Principal of Raffles College. The course offered was a three-year basis. The establishment of the school was seen far more systematic compared to the King Edward VII Medical College. The school was situated at a site called the Economic Gardens and was designed by Cyril Farey and Graham Dawbarn. And the construction took place in 1926. Following completion of the first hostel, Raffles College
14508-521: Was established in Gelugor on Penang Island . On 1 March 1997, UM became the first university in Malaysia to be corporatised, in a move intended by the Federal Government to decentralise and transform public universities to become more effective and competitive. The UM's coat of arms was designed under a council established in 1961, chaired by Tan Sri Y.C. Foo. The members of the committee involved in
14632-579: Was heavily translated, and portrayed some of the emblematic actions of physicians and herbalists. One such page is Physician Preparing an Elixir . Dioscorides' plant descriptions use an elementary classification, though he cannot be said to have used botanical taxonomy . Book one describes the uses for aromatic oils, salves and ointments , trees and shrubs , and fleshy fruits, even if not aromatic. Book two included uses for animals, parts of animals, animal products, cereals, leguminous , malvaceous, cruciferous , and other garden herbs . Book three detailed
14756-630: Was integrated into the fourth year, where practical pharmacy was taught. Students were posted to several hospitals, initially at the Singapore General Hospital. From 1908 onwards, attachments were made to Tan Tock Seng Hospital (for medicine and surgery) and Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital (for midwifery). In 1912, the medical school received an endowment of $ 120,000 from the King Edward VII Memorial Fund, started by Dr Lim Boon Keng . Subsequently, on 18 November 1913,
14880-463: Was made from one of the Latin editions of Jean Ruel. It was also based on classes Laguna took from Ruel as his pupil in Paris. Laguna points out some of his teacher's erroneous translations, and adds many commentaries, which make up more than half of the total work. Laguna explored many Mediterranean areas and obtained results concerning many new herbs; he also added these prescriptions and commentaries to
15004-438: Was opened informally to students on 12 June 1928. Of the first 43 students, nine were private students, and the rest were government-funded; there were two women among this first cohort. On 22 July 1929, Raffles College was formally established. Its students studied either arts or sciences, and graduated with a diploma after three years. Science students were permitted to use the labs of the King Edward VII College. Four years later,
15128-438: Was the first to describe parasitic infection, to use urine for diagnostic purposes and discouraged physicians from the practice of surgery because it was too base and manual. In medieval Europe, medicinal herbs and plants were cultivated in monastery and nunnery gardens beginning about the 8th century. Charlemagne gave orders for the collection of medicinal plants to be grown systematically in his royal garden. This royal garden
15252-606: Was translated into Arabic. Matthaeus Silvaticus , Avicenna , Galen , Dioscorides , Platearius and Serapio inspired the appearance of three main works printed in Mainz : In 1484 the Herbarius , the following year the Gart der Gesundheit , and in 1491 the Ortus Sanitatis . The works contain 16, 242 and 570 references to Dioscorides, respectively. The first appearance of Dioscorides as
15376-481: Was used from the period of the Roman Empire until the 20th century, but has now been generally replaced in medical education contexts by the term pharmacology . The term survives in the title of the British Medical Journal ' s "Materia Non Medica" column. The earliest known writing about medicine was a 110-page Egyptian papyrus . It was supposedly written by the god Thoth in about 16 BC. The Ebers papyrus
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