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37-538: Ultra Panavision saw much less use than its sibling, the more popular Super Panavision 70 , and was only used on ten films from 1957 to 1966. However, nearly fifty years later, Robert Richardson famously resurrected Ultra Panavision 70 after the lens test he came to do at the Panavision headquarters for the upcoming project with Quentin Tarantino , where he discovered that the lenses and equipment were still intact. Tarantino

74-448: A king. Hal reaches King Charles VI, who agrees to adopt him as his heir and offers him the hand of his daughter Catherine of Valois . Hal returns to England with his new wife for a celebratory triumph. In private, she challenges his reasons for invading France and denies the supposed French actions against Hal, suggesting the assassin was a plot from within his own court. Suspicious, Hal confronts Gascoigne, who confesses that he had staged

111-514: A large, lightly armoured flanking force hidden in the nearby woods. Unable to dissuade Falstaff from leading the advance personally, Hal proposes to the Dauphin that they meet in single combat to decide the battle and minimise bloodshed. The Dauphin, seeing this as weakness, refuses. The Battle of Agincourt commences. Falstaff's plan works – the bulk of the French army charges to engage Falstaff's force and

148-412: A medium-format variant of lens designs from the (then) current line of Panavision Primos. All System 65 telephoto lenses (i.e. 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm) were converted Canon telephotos. In the wake of the box office failure of the first Panavision System 65/Super 70 feature Far and Away , combined with the fact that 35 mm digital surround sound had arrived and minimized the multi-channel sound advantage

185-602: A more traditional set of 1.25x lenses using cylindrical glass, which became known as the Ultra Panatar series. In 1963, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles became the first Cinerama theater built specifically for Ultra Panavision 70, and the theater opened with the premiere of It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World , which was filmed with the new Ultra Panatar lenses. 70 mm Ultra Panavision prints could be produced directly from

222-399: A resurgence in the use of Ultra Panavision lenses, which have now been used (albeit with digital cameras) to shoot blockbusters such as Rogue One and Avengers: Endgame . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) approached Panavision founder Robert Gottschalk in the late 1950s to create a large-format widescreen system capable of filling the extremely wide screens of Cinerama theaters while using

259-470: A single projector, and would also be capable of producing high-quality standard 70 mm and 35 mm CinemaScope prints, which Cinerama's three-strip process did not allow for. Gottschalk developed a lens system using front-mounted prisms to impart a slight 1.25x squeeze onto a 5-perf 65 mm negative, resulting in a projected ratio of 2.76:1. These prism lenses were released under the name MGM Camera 65 in 1956. In 1962, MGM's production of Mutiny on

296-526: Is sometimes less than the sum of its impressive parts, strong source material and gripping performances make this a period drama worth hailing. " Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 62 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. While released on Netflix, The King did receive a limited theatrical release (43 screens total, for three weeks) in South Korea and New Zealand, grossing $ 126,931 at

333-509: Is soon mired in the mud. Hal leads the flanking attack, and the outnumbered but far more mobile English army overpowers the immobilised French, though Falstaff is killed. The Dauphin, seeing his men being driven back, reinvokes Hal's challenge but repeatedly slips and falls in the mud until Hal permits his soldiers to kill him. Hal orders all French prisoners executed for fear that they might regroup, despite Falstaff having previously warned him that such an action would be unchivalrous and unworthy of

370-604: The Dauphin of France present Hal with a tennis ball as an insulting coronation gift. However, King Henry V chooses to frame this as a positive reflection of his boyhood. His sister Philippa , now the Queen of Denmark , cautions her brother that nobles in any royal court have their own interests in mind and will never fully reveal their true intentions. King Henry V interrogates a captured assassin who claims to have been sent to kill him by King Charles VI of France. French agents approach

407-458: The Henriad , a collection of Shakespearean history plays about the monarchs of England , includes several fictional characters (such as John Falstaff ) and contains several historical dramatizations of the real events the movie was based on. In France, the movie was criticized for its perceived anti-French sentiment , with French historian Christophe Gilliot stating that "I'm outraged. The image of

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444-533: The Siege of Harfleur , they receive taunting messages from the Dauphin. The English advance parties stumble upon a vast French army gathering to face them. Dorset advises Hal to retreat, but Falstaff proposes a false advance to induce the French into rushing forward into the muddy battlefield, where they will be weighed down by their heavy armour and horses. They will then be attacked by the English longbowmen and surrounded by

481-547: The 1959 film The Big Fisherman was filmed in Ultra Panavision, but Panavision itself says that the film was shot in Super Panavision 70. Additionally, several films have been recorded digitally in conjunction with Ultra Panavision 70 lenses: Rogue One (2016), Bright (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), The King (2019), Wicked (2024) and Wicked Part Two (2025) with

518-403: The 70 mm format had, meant that a hoped-for renaissance in 65/70 mm film production never materialized. In the 2010s, this renaissance finally materialized following a string of successful films from director Christopher Nolan , which were produced and screened in 70mm IMAX. Following the effort made by Quentin Tarantino and Boston Light & Sound to restore a large fleet of 70mm projectors for

555-435: The 70 mm prints onto a deeply curved screen to mimic the effect of the original three-strip Cinerama process. Unlike formats such as Super 16mm and Super 35mm , the "super" designation does not denote a modification of the film frame, but was rather to distinguish it as being of superior quality to 35mm anamorphic Panavision. The terms "Super Panavision 70", "Panavision 70" and "Super Panavision" were interchangeable, whereas

592-705: The Arri Alexa 65 camera, The Hate U Give (2018) and Like a Boss (2020) with the Panavision Millennium DXL camera, and A Haunting in Venice (2023) and Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) with the Sony Venice. Super Panavision 70 Super Panavision 70 is the marketing brand name used to identify movies photographed with Panavision 70 mm spherical optics between 1959 and 1983. It has since been replaced by Panavision System 65 . Ultra Panavision 70

629-525: The Bounty , which was being produced in the format, ran far over-budget, and MGM was forced to sell off many of its assets to account for the losses. This allowed Panavision to purchase the Camera 65 equipment it had developed for MGM, and the system was renamed Ultra Panavision 70. As the prism lenses were bulky, oddly shaped and optically flawed, Panavision's optical engineer Takuo Miyagishima set to work on designing

666-583: The English nobles Cambridge and Grey . The traitors plot against Hal and unsuccessfully attempt to win over the Chief Justice, Gascoigne . Gascoigne advises Hal that a show of strength is necessary to unite England , so Hal declares war on France and has Cambridge and Grey beheaded. He approaches Falstaff and appoints him as his chief military strategist, saying that Falstaff is the only man he truly trusts. The English army sets sail for France. After completing

703-485: The Prince of Wales and later King Henry V of England , alongside Edgerton, Sean Harris , Lily-Rose Depp , Robert Pattinson , and Ben Mendelsohn . The film focuses on the rise of Henry V as king after his father dies as he also must navigate palace politics, the war his father left behind, and the emotional strings of his past life. The King premiered at the 76th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2019, and

740-478: The battle without further conflict. Thomas, feeling cheated of his glory, complains to King Henry IV. Shortly thereafter, Thomas dies while campaigning against the rebels in Wales . King Henry IV dies in his bed with Hal present. Hal is anointed as King Henry V and opts for peace and conciliation with his father's many adversaries, despite his actions being seen as weakness. At King Henry V's coronation feast, envoys from

777-456: The box office. Rather than a historical documentary film , The King is a 21st century adaptation, of William Shakespeare 's 16th century Henriad fictionalized adaptations, of 15th century events; as The Independent opined, "as an adaptation of an adaptation, a few things are bound to have been lost in translation". After its release, The King became the subject of widespread commentary over its historical accuracy ; The film, based on

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814-620: The cast of the film. In May 2018, Robert Pattinson , Ben Mendelsohn , Sean Harris , Lily-Rose Depp , Tom Glynn-Carney , and Thomasin McKenzie joined the cast; Dean-Charles Chapman joined in June. Principal photography began on 1 June 2018 and wrapped on 24 August. Filming took place throughout England and at Szilvásvárad , Hungary. Many scenes were filmed on location at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire , England. Lincoln Cathedral

851-466: The early 1400's in a way that it felt like you hadn't seen it before". He felt that the "1400s looks like it was a foreign planet". He experimented the film's music using bass clarinets run with tape filters, and sounds of metal while composing. It was Britell's most "dark and sombre" music reflecting the zone of the film. Lakeshore Records released the album consisting of 15 tracks from Britell's score, on 1 November 2019 in digital and CD formats, while

888-520: The eldest, Henry, Prince of Wales (" Hal "), and Thomas . Hal, uninterested in succeeding his father, spends his days drinking, whoring, and jesting with his companion Falstaff in Eastcheap . King Henry IV grows tired of Hal's debauchery and announces that Thomas will inherit the throne. King Henry IV sends Thomas to subdue Hotspur 's rebellion. However, Hal arrives and upstages Thomas by challenging Hotspur to single combat . Hal kills Hotspur, ending

925-734: The insult and acts of aggression, believing that his sole duty is to protect the king even if it means deceiving him. In a cold fury, Hal stabs the Chief Justice to death, and returns to Catherine, asking that she promise to always speak the truth to him, as clearly as possible. In addition, Thibault de Montalembert has a cameo as France's King Charles VI . In 2013, it was revealed that Joel Edgerton and David Michôd had collaborated on writing an adaptation of three plays in William Shakespeare 's Henriad  – Henry IV, Part 1 ; Henry IV, Part 2 and Henry V  – for Warner Bros. Pictures . In September 2015, it

962-539: The negative for use on flat screens, or "rectified" with increased compression towards the sides for use on curved Cinerama screens. Panavision also developed a non-anamorphic 70 mm photographic system in 1959; this was named Super Panavision 70 . The Ultra Panavision 70 and MGM Camera 65 lenses and cameras were similar to the 1955 version of the Todd-AO 65 mm photographic process, in that both were intended as replacements for three-strip Cinerama. The Todd-AO system

999-505: The release of The Hateful Eight , 70mm projection once again became available to non-IMAX venues. The King (2019 film) The King is a 2019 epic historical drama film directed by David Michôd , based on several plays from William Shakespeare 's Henriad . The screenplay was written by Michôd and Joel Edgerton , who both produced the film with Brad Pitt , Dede Gardner , Jeremy Kleiner , and Liz Watts . The King includes an ensemble cast led by Timothée Chalamet as

1036-573: The term "70mm Panavision" referred to films shot in 35mm anamorphic Panavision and blown up to 70mm for release. In 1991, as a response to an increased demand for 65 mm cameras (in the mid-1980s Steven Spielberg had wanted to film Empire of the Sun in Super Panavision 70 but did not want to work with the old 65 mm camera equipment), Panavision introduced an updated line of 65 mm cameras and optics known as Panavision System 65 and monikered in advertising and release prints as Panavision Super 70 . The system

1073-662: The vinyl edition was released three years later on 8 July 2022. The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 2 September 2019. It screened at the BFI London Film Festival on 3 October 2019, and received a limited release on 11 October 2019 before being released on Netflix , for digital streaming, on 1 November 2019. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 71% of 146 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "While The King

1110-525: Was Todd-AO , in 1955. The second was MGM Camera 65 , a system designed by Panavision, which was introduced in 1956. In 1959, Panavision introduced Super Panavision 70 to compete with these two systems. Unlike its counterpart Ultra Panavision 70 , which used anamorphic lenses, Super Panavision used spherical lenses to create a final aspect ratio of 2.20:1, the same as Todd-AO. Some of the films made in Super Panavision 70 were presented in 70 mm Cinerama in select theaters. Special optics were used to project

1147-422: Was announced that Michôd would direct the project, with Warner Bros. producing and distributing the film, and Lava Bear producing. In February 2018, Timothée Chalamet joined the cast, with Brad Pitt , Dede Gardner , and Jeremy Kleiner producing, alongside Liz Watts , under their Plan B Entertainment banner. Ultimately, Netflix distributed the film instead of Warner Bros. In March 2018, Edgerton joined

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1184-539: Was designed to compete with the parallel development of the Arriflex 765 camera. The new System 65 camera was self-blimped, with reflex viewing designed as the 65 mm cousin to the 35 mm Panaflex camera (and used many of the same accessories). Only two System 65 cameras were ever built, and the small fleet of old 65 mm handheld reflex cameras had their lens mounts modified to accept the System 65 lenses. The System 65 lenses were all

1221-457: Was fascinated by this and was able to refurbish the lenses for use in his next film, The Hateful Eight ; which was shot entirely on 65 mm film using Ultra Panavision lenses, the first film to do so since Khartoum . Tarantino also released the film as a roadshow release , and this was the first time there were widely circulated 70 mm film prints to theaters with 70 mm projectors since 1992's Far and Away . This ultimately led to

1258-416: Was released digitally via Netflix on 11 October 2019. The film received generally favorable reviews from film critics but, despite being openly presented as an adaptation of Shakespeare's Henriad adaptation rather than as a historical documentary film , it was criticized by historians for its inaccuracy to both the original plays and historical reality. King Henry IV of England has several sons, including

1295-516: Was shot at 30 frames per second (fps), while Ultra Panavision 70 and MGM Camera 65 used the industry standard of 24 fps, and while the original Todd-AO process included the use of a deeply curved screen similar to that used for Cinerama (with fisheye optics to recreate its peripheral vision), its narrower, non-anamorphic 2.20:1 aspect ratio was incompatible with true Cinerama screens without cropping. The following films were shot in either MGM Camera 65 or Ultra Panavision 70: Many sources often claim

1332-691: Was similar to Super Panavision 70, though Ultra Panavision lenses were anamorphic, which allowed for a significantly wider aspect ratio. However, Ultra Panavision 70 was extremely rare and has only been used on a handful of films since its inception. During the late 1950s, the Hollywood filmmaking community decided that changing from filming in the commonly accepted 35 mm format to 65 mm film would provide viewing audiences with an enhanced visual experience, compared to an anamorphic widescreen image. To this end, cameras began to be designed to handle 65 mm film stock. The first camera system to be released using this format

1369-413: Was used in place of Westminster Abbey for the coronation scenes. The film's original score was composed by Nicholas Britell , who thought of approaching the film's music from the 21st century, instead of the medieval 15th century approach, saying "because of the timelessness of these issues, if felt like something that we could explore with the sound of different time periods, just to make you look at

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