Misplaced Pages

#646353

38-467: Ukue has a rather reduced system, compared to proto-Edoid, of seven vowels; these form two harmonic sets, /i e a o u/ and /i ɛ a ɔ u/ . The language arguably has no phonemic nasal stops; [m, n] alternate with [β, l] , depending on whether the following vowel is oral or nasal. Unusually, it has fricatives but no sibilants . The inventory is: (*See Edo for a likely interpretation of the two rhotics.) This Volta–Niger language -related article

76-428: A four-way distinction among sibilant affricates /ts/ /tʂ/ /tʃ/ /tɕ/ , with one for each of the four tongue shapes. Toda also has a four-way sibilant distinction, with one alveolar, one palato-alveolar, and two retroflex (apical postalveolar and subapical palatal). The now-extinct Ubykh language was particularly complex, with a total of 27 sibilant consonants. Not only all four tongue shapes were represented (with

114-520: A generic "retracted sibilant" as [s̠] , a transcription frequently used for the sharper-quality types of retroflex consonants (e.g. the laminal "flat" type and the " apico-alveolar " type). There is no diacritic to denote the laminal "closed" articulation of palato-alveolars in the Northwest Caucasian languages , but they are sometimes provisionally transcribed as [ŝ ẑ] . The attested possibilities, with exemplar languages, are as follows. Note that

152-499: A grouping of sibilants and [f, v] , the term strident is more common. Some researchers judge [f] to be non-strident in English, based on measurements of its comparative amplitude, but to be strident in other languages (for example, in the African language Ewe , where it contrasts with non-strident [ɸ] ). The nature of sibilants as so-called 'obstacle fricatives' is complicated – there

190-479: A language. However, other possibilities exist. Serbo-Croatian has alveolar, flat postalveolar and alveolo-palatal affricates whereas Basque has palato-alveolar and laminal and apical alveolar ( apico-alveolar ) fricatives and affricates (late Medieval peninsular Spanish and Portuguese had the same distinctions among fricatives). Many languages, such as English or Arabic , have two sibilant types, one hissing and one hushing. A wide variety of languages across

228-416: A narrow channel (is grooved ) to focus the stream of air more intensely, resulting in a high pitch. With the hushing sibilants (occasionally termed shibilants ), such as English [ʃ] , [tʃ] , [ʒ] , and [dʒ] , the tongue is flatter, and the resulting pitch lower. A broader category is stridents , which include more fricatives than sibilants such as uvulars . Sibilants are a higher pitched subset of

266-485: A sibilant consonant, or obstacle fricatives or affricates , which refers to the critical role of the teeth in producing the sound as an obstacle to the airstream. Non-sibilant fricatives and affricates produce their characteristic sound directly with the tongue or lips etc. and the place of contact in the mouth, without secondary involvement of the teeth. The characteristic intensity of sibilants means that small variations in tongue shape and position are perceivable, with

304-548: A subapical palatal retroflex sibilant occurs in Toda . The main distinction is the shape of the tongue. Most sibilants have a groove running down the centerline of the tongue that helps focus the airstream, but it is not known how widespread this is. In addition, the following tongue shapes are described, from sharpest and highest-pitched to dullest and lowest-pitched: The latter three post-alveolar types of sounds are often known as "hushing" sounds because of their quality, as opposed to

342-448: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sibilant Sibilants (from Latin : sībilāns  : 'hissing') are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch , made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth . Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the English words sip , zip , ship , and genre . The symbols in

380-436: Is a continuum of possibilities relating to the angle at which the jet of air may strike an obstacle. The grooving often considered necessary for classification as a sibilant has been observed in ultrasound studies of the tongue for the supposedly non-sibilant voiceless alveolar fricative [θ̠] of English. Coronal consonant Coronals , previously called point-and-blade consonants , are consonants articulated with

418-503: Is not an IPA notation. See the article on postalveolar consonants for more information. The following table shows the types of sibilant fricatives defined in the International Phonetic Alphabet : Diacritics can be used for finer detail. For example, apical and laminal alveolars can be specified as [s̺] vs [s̻] ; a dental (or more likely denti-alveolar ) sibilant as [s̪] ; a palatalized alveolar as [sʲ] ; and

SECTION 10

#1732856089647

456-432: Is particularly important for retroflex sibilants, because all three varieties can occur, with noticeably different sound qualities. For more information on these variants and their relation to sibilants, see the article on postalveolar consonants . For tongue-down laminal articulations, an additional distinction can be made depending on where exactly behind the lower teeth the tongue tip is placed. A little ways back from

494-408: The International Phonetic Alphabet used to denote the sibilant sounds in these words are, respectively, [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] . Sibilants have a characteristically intense sound, which accounts for their paralinguistic use in getting one's attention (e.g. calling someone using "psst!" or quieting someone using "shhhh!"). In the alveolar hissing sibilants [s] and [z] , the back of the tongue forms

532-480: The " ceceo " type, which have replaced the former hissing fricative with [θ] , leaving only [tʃ] . Languages with no sibilants are fairly rare. Most have no fricatives at all or only the fricative /h/ . Examples include most Australian languages , and Rotokas , and what is generally reconstructed for Proto-Bantu . Languages with fricatives but no sibilants, however, do occur, such as Ukue in Nigeria , which has only

570-412: The "hissing" alveolar sounds. The alveolar sounds in fact occur in several varieties, in addition to the normal sound of English s : Speaking non-technically, the retroflex consonant [ʂ] sounds somewhat like a mixture between the regular English [ʃ] of "ship" and a strong American "r"; while the alveolo-palatal consonant [ɕ] sounds somewhat like a mixture of English [ʃ] of "ship" and the [sj] in

608-465: The IPA diacritics are simplified; some articulations would require two diacritics to be fully specified, but only one is used in order to keep the results legible without the need for OpenType IPA fonts. Also, Ladefoged has resurrected an obsolete IPA symbol, the under dot, to indicate apical postalveolar (normally included in the category of retroflex consonants ), and that notation is used here. (Note that

646-408: The flexible front part of the tongue . Among places of articulation, only the coronal consonants can be divided into as many articulation types: apical (using the tip of the tongue), laminal (using the blade of the tongue), domed (with the tongue bunched up), or subapical (using the underside of the tongue) as well as different postalveolar articulations (some of which also involve the back of

684-433: The fricative [h] as an allophone of /k/ . Authors including Chomsky and Halle group [ f ] and [ v ] as sibilants. However, they do not have the grooved articulation and high frequencies of other sibilants, and most phoneticians continue to group them together with bilabial [ ɸ ] , [ β ] and (inter)dental [ θ ] , [ ð ] as non-sibilant anterior fricatives. For

722-432: The fricatives /f, v, h/ . Also, almost all Eastern Polynesian languages have no sibilants but do have the fricatives /v/ and/or /f/ : Māori , Hawaiian , Tahitian , Rapa Nui , most Cook Islands Māori dialects, Marquesan , and Tuamotuan . Tamil only has the sibilant /ʂ/ and fricative /f/ in loanwords, and they are frequently replaced by native sounds. The sibilants [s, ɕ] exist as allophones of /t͡ɕ/ and

760-486: The grooved vs. hushing tongue shape so as to maximize the differences. However, the palato-alveolar sibilants in the Northwest Caucasian languages such as Ubykh are an exception. These sounds have the tongue tip resting directly against the lower teeth, which gives the sounds a quality that Catford describes as "hissing-hushing". Ladefoged and Maddieson term this a " closed laminal postalveolar" articulation, and transcribe them (following Catford) as [ŝ, ẑ] , although this

798-486: The latter probably through Amerindian influence, and alveolar and dorsal i.e. [ɕ ʑ cɕ ɟʑ] proper in Japanese ). Only a few languages with sibilants lack the hissing type. Middle Vietnamese is normally reconstructed with two sibilant fricatives, both hushing (one retroflex, one alveolo-palatal). Some languages have only a single hushing sibilant and no hissing sibilant. That occurs in southern Peninsular Spanish dialects of

SECTION 20

#1732856089647

836-698: The lips are compressed throughout, and the sibilant may be followed by normal labialization upon release. (That is, there is a contrast among s, sw, ȿ, ȿw .) In Tsonga, the whistling effect is weak; the lips are narrowed but also the tongue is retroflex . Tswa may be similar. In Changana, the lips are rounded (protruded), but so is /s/ in the sequence /usu/, so there is evidently some distinct phonetic phenomenon occurring here that has yet to be formally identified and described. Not including differences in manner of articulation or secondary articulation , some languages have as many as four different types of sibilants. For example, Northern Qiang and Southern Qiang have

874-415: The lower teeth is a hollow area (or pit) in the lower surface of the mouth. When the tongue tip rests in this hollow area, there is an empty space below the tongue (a sublingual cavity ), which results in a relatively duller sound. When the tip of the tongue rests against the lower teeth, there is no sublingual cavity, resulting in a sharper sound. Usually, the position of the tip of the tongue correlates with

912-434: The middle of "miss you". Sibilants can be made at any coronal articulation , i.e. the tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth anywhere from the upper teeth ( dental ) to the hard palate ( palatal ), with the in-between articulations being denti-alveolar , alveolar and postalveolar . The tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth with the very tip of the tongue (an apical articulation, e.g. [ʃ̺] ); with

950-560: The notation s̠, ṣ is sometimes reversed; either may also be called 'retroflex' and written ʂ .) ^1 ⟨ ŝ ẑ ⟩ is an ad-hoc transcription. The old IPA letters ⟨ ʆ ʓ ⟩ are also available. ^2 These sounds are usually just transcribed ⟨ ʂ ʐ ⟩ . Apical postalveolar and subapical palatal sibilants do not contrast in any language, but if necessary, apical postalveolars can be transcribed with an apical diacritic, as ⟨ s̠̺ z̠̺ ⟩ or ⟨ ʂ̺ ʐ̺ ⟩ . Ladefoged resurrects

988-598: The old retroflex sub-dot for apical retroflexes, ⟨ ṣ ẓ ⟩ Also seen in the literature on e.g. Hindi and Norwegian is ⟨ ᶘ ᶚ ⟩ – the domed articulation of [ʃ ʒ] precludes a subapical realization. Whistled sibilants occur phonemically in several southern Bantu languages, the best known being Shona . However, they also occur in speech pathology and may be caused by dental prostheses or orthodontics. The whistled sibilants of Shona have been variously described—as labialized but not velarized, as retroflex, etc., but none of these features are required for

1026-525: The otherwise IPA transcription of Shona in Doke (1967), the whistled sibilants are transcribed with the non-IPA letters ⟨ ȿ ɀ ⟩ and ⟨ tȿ dɀ ⟩ . Besides Shona, whistled sibilants have been reported as phonemes in Kalanga , Tsonga , Changana , Tswa —all of which are Southern African languages—and Tabasaran . The articulation of whistled sibilants may differ between languages. In Shona,

1064-433: The palato-alveolar appearing in the laminal "closed" variation) but also both the palato-alveolars and alveolo-palatals could additionally appear labialized . Besides, there was a five-way manner distinction among voiceless and voiced fricatives, voiceless and voiced affricates, and ejective affricates. (The three labialized palato-alveolar affricates were missing, which is why the total was 27, not 30.) The Bzyp dialect of

1102-450: The related Abkhaz language also has a similar inventory. Some languages have four types when palatalization is considered. Polish is one example, with both palatalized and non-palatalized laminal denti-alveolars, laminal postalveolar (or "flat retroflex"), and alveolo-palatal ( [s̪ z̪] [s̪ʲ z̪ʲ] [s̠ z̠] [ɕ ʑ] ). Russian has the same surface contrasts, but the alveolo-palatals are arguably not phonemic. They occur only geminate, and

1140-453: The result that there are many sibilant types that contrast in various languages. Sibilants are louder than their non-sibilant counterparts, and most of their acoustic energy occurs at higher frequencies than non-sibilant fricatives—usually around 8,000 Hz. All sibilants are coronal consonants (made with the tip or front part of the tongue). However, there is a great deal of variety among sibilants as to tongue shape, point of contact on

1178-453: The retroflex consonants never occur geminate, which suggests that both are allophones of the same phoneme. Somewhat more common are languages with three sibilant types, including one hissing and two hushing. As with Polish and Russian, the two hushing types are usually postalveolar and alveolo-palatal since these are the two most distinct from each other. Mandarin Chinese is an example of such

Ukue language - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-454: The sounds. Using the Extended IPA , Shona sv and zv may be transcribed ⟨ s͎ ⟩ and ⟨ z͎ ⟩ . Other transcriptions seen include purely labialized ⟨ s̫ ⟩ and ⟨ z̫ ⟩ (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996) and labially co-articulated ⟨ sᶲ ⟩ and ⟨ zᵝ ⟩ (or ⟨ s͡ɸ ⟩ and ⟨ z͜β ⟩ ). In

1254-399: The stridents. The English sibilants are: while the English stridents are: as /f/ and /v/ are stridents but not sibilants because they are lower in pitch. Be aware, some linguistics use the terms stridents and sibilants interchangeably to refer to the greater amplitude and pitch compared to other fricatives. "Stridency" refers to the perceptual intensity of the sound of

1292-416: The surface just behind the tip, called the blade of the tongue (a laminal articulation, e.g. [ʃ̻] ); or with the underside of the tip (a subapical articulation). Apical and subapical articulations are always tongue-up , with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, while laminal articulations can be either tongue-up or tongue-down , with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth. This distinction

1330-399: The tongue as an articulator): palato-alveolar , alveolo-palatal and retroflex . Only the front of the tongue (coronal) has such dexterity among the major places of articulation, allowing such variety of distinctions. Coronals have another dimension, grooved , to make sibilants in combination with the orientations above. Coronal places of articulation include the dental consonants at

1368-473: The tongue, and point of contact on the upper side of the mouth. The following variables affect sibilant sound quality, and, along with their possible values, are ordered from sharpest (highest-pitched) to dullest (lowest-pitched): Generally, the values of the different variables co-occur so as to produce an overall sharper or duller sound. For example, a laminal denti-alveolar grooved sibilant occurs in Polish , and

1406-544: The upper teeth , the alveolar consonants at the upper gum (the alveolar ridge ), the various postalveolar consonants (including domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal , and apical retroflex) just behind that, the subapical retroflex consonants curled back against the hard palate , and linguolabial consonants with the tongue against the upper lip. Alveolo-palatal and linguolabial consonants sometimes behave as dorsal and labial consonants, respectively, rather than as coronals. In Arabic and Maltese philology,

1444-621: The world have this pattern. Perhaps most common is the pattern, as in English and Arabic, with alveolar and palato-alveolar sibilants. Modern northern peninsular Spanish has a single apico-alveolar sibilant fricative [s̠] , as well as a single palato-alveolar sibilant affricate [tʃ] . However, there are also languages with alveolar and apical retroflex sibilants (such as Standard Vietnamese ) and with alveolar and alveolo-palatal postalveolars (e.g. alveolar and laminal palatalized [ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ] i.e. [ʃʲ ʒʲ tʃʲ dʒʲ] in Catalan and Brazilian Portuguese ,

#646353