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44-516: Uku or UKU may refer to: Ukko or Uku, god of sky, weather, crops (harvest) and other natural things in Estonian and Finnish mythology Uku (given name) , Estonian masculine given name Uku, the First Beloved Man of a pre-nation Cherokee tribe UK Ultraspeed , proposed magnetic-levitation train line between London and Glasgow Uku (fish) ,

88-544: A or an (in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are chair , nose , and occasion . Mass nouns or uncountable ( non-count ) nouns differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms a furniture and three furnitures are not used – even though pieces of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how

132-445: A person , place , thing , event , substance , quality , quantity , etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative. Several English nouns lack an intrinsic referent of their own: behalf (as in on behalf of ), dint ( by dint of ), and sake ( for the sake of ). Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs to rain or to mother , or adjectives like red ; and there

176-769: A fish Places [ edit ] Uku, Angola , town in Angola Uku, Nagasaki , town in Kitamatsuura District, Nagasaki, Japan Uku, Nepal , village development committee in Darchula District, Mahakali Zone, Nepal Uku, Estonia , village in Kadrina Parish, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia See also [ edit ] Uku Pacha , underworld located beneath the Earth's surface in Incan mythology Topics referred to by

220-463: A language. Nouns may be classified according to morphological properties such as which prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their relations in syntax  – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types. Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at

264-516: A lexical category ( part of speech ) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages. In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners , articles and attributive adjectives , and can function as the head of a noun phrase . According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered

308-430: A noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct . For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts , but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement . A noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective . Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example

352-417: A noun that represents a unique entity ( India , Pegasus , Jupiter , Confucius , Pequod ) – as distinguished from common nouns (or appellative nouns ), which describe a class of entities ( country , animal , planet , person , ship ). In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context ( Albania , Newton , Pasteur , America ), as are many of

396-573: A singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in Plain Words include: Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of

440-401: A specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The girl said the ring was from her new boyfriend , but he denied it was from him " (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this her is counted as a possessive pronoun ). A proper noun (sometimes called a proper name , though the two terms normally have different meanings) is

484-470: A subclass of nouns parallel to prototypical nouns ). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word she is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun Gareth does. The word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: But one can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car . Nominalization

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528-405: A subclass of nouns. Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs . Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In Yāska 's Nirukta , the noun ( nāma ) is one of the four main categories of words defined. The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in

572-412: A vaguely defined being has been hypothesised to be cognate to Germanic words for the rowan tree through Old Norse : * raunir . The ladybird was also considered sacred to Ukko and called ukonlehmä (Ukko's cow). The Finnish name of the great mullein ( Verbascum thapsus ) is ukontulikukka (Ukko's fire flower), also linked to worship of Ukko . Before the advent of Christianity ,

616-559: A weapon, often a hammer called Ukonvasara (Ukko's hammer), sometimes also an axe ( Finnish : Ukonkirves ) or a sword , by which he struck lightning (see thunderbolt ). Ukko 's weapon was largely comparable to the Norse Mjölnir , and Iron Age emblematic pendants depicting hammers and axes similar or identical to Scandinavian specimens have been unearthed in Finland. Like Mjölnir, Ukko 's weapon has been linked by some to

660-423: Is God's own. The Doom-God leads. The name Ukon vaaja was also used of Neolithic stone tools such as battle axes, which were employed as thunderstones to be buried at the corners of dwellings Thunderstorms were sometimes interpreted as result of Ukko copulating with his wife Akka lit.   ' old woman ' . He also was believed to cause thunderstorms by driving his chariot through

704-748: Is a phrase usually headed by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by determiners and adjectives . For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs: the dog (subject of the verbs sat and wagged ); Ms Curtis (complement of the preposition near ); and its tail (object of wagged ). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs: you (subject of became ); and their teacher . Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by pronouns , such as he, it, she, they, which, these , and those , to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as

748-489: Is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples: For definitions of nouns based on

792-471: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ukko Ukkonen , the Finnish word for thunder , is the diminutive form of the name Ukko . Unto Salo  [ fi ] believes that Ilmari , another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko , but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from

836-442: Is little difference between the adverb gleefully and the prepositional phrase with glee . A functional approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation. Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in

880-447: Is ungrammatical. Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the grammatical categories by which they may be varied (for example gender , case , and number ). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories. Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to

924-690: The Cratylus dialog , and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar , attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen . All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman nom (other forms include nomme , and noun itself). The word classes were defined partly by

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968-496: The Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor . Some believe that Ukko 's original name was Baltic Perkūnas . Ukko is considered to be the most significant god of Finnish mythology, although it is disputed by scholars whether this is accountable to later Christian influence. In the folk poems and prayers , he is also given the epithet Ylijumala ('Supreme God'), probably in reference to his status as

1012-666: The Midsummer festival in Finland, today known as Juhannus after John the Baptist ( Finnish : Johannes Kastaja ), was held in honor of Ukko and called Ukon juhla (Festival of Ukko). This tradition carried to the 19th century. Also dedicated to Ukko were the Vakkajuhlat ( Vakka festival) also known as Ukon vakat (Ukko's vakkas ) or simply vakat ( Vakka s). Vakka s were commonly held in May coinciding with

1056-661: The boat-shaped battle axes of the Corded Ware culture . Thunderbolts were sometimes called Ukon vaaja (bolt of Ukko) or Ukon nuoli (arrow of Ukko). It is possible that the Birch bark letter no. 292 , written in a Baltic-Finnic language and unearthed in Novgorod , makes use of the metaphor, also referring to Ukko as doom-god according to one interpretation translated by Yuri Yeliseyev in modern English and interpreted in modern Finnish: God's arrow, ten [is] your name. This arrow

1100-441: The senses ( chair , apple , Janet , atom ), as items supposed to exist in the physical world. Abstract nouns , on the other hand, refer to abstract objects : ideas or concepts ( justice , anger , solubility , duration ). Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings: art usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on

1144-443: The sex or social gender of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun personne can refer to a male or a female person). In Modern English, even common nouns like hen and princess and proper nouns like Alicia do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of

1188-598: The Indian Hindu god Indra , the Balto - Slavic god Perun - Perkūnas and the Norse god Thor . Tuuri , a Germanic loan and cognate of Thor, was possibly an alternate name for Ukko . Tuuri is rarely encountered in Finnish mythology, and had been relegated to the mere role of deity of harvest and success. It is possible that when Ukko took the position of the preceding sky god Ilmarinen , Ilmarinen 's destiny

1232-756: The adjectives happy and serene ; circulation from the verb circulate ). Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the Awa language of Papua New Guinea regiments nouns according to how ownership is assigned: as alienable possession or inalienable possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.). A noun phrase (or NP )

1276-482: The coming year and thus a good harvest . It appears that the vakka tradition was rather lively. The last uncontested reports of Vakka s being held originate in the 19th century, although sporadic reports also surface in the 20th century. The festival is also mentioned by the Finnish reformer Mikael Agricola in his account of what from his point of view was Finnish idolatry . A number of toponyms in Finland and surrounding regions contain some form of

1320-401: The definite article is le for masculine nouns and la for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of -e for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both Italian and Romanian most nouns ending in  -a are feminine. Gender can also correlate with

1364-443: The dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. or sb. instead of n. , which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units that are sometimes called noun equivalents ). It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between

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1408-474: The forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an Albanian "; the adjectival forms in "he's of Albanian heritage" and " Newtonian physics", but not in " pasteurized milk"; the second verb in "they sought to Americanize us"). Count nouns or countable nouns are common nouns that can take a plural , can combine with numerals or counting quantifiers (e.g., one , two , several , every , most ), and can take an indefinite article such as

1452-482: The fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass key " and "the key to success"; "a block in the pipe" and "a mental block ". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots ( drawback , fraction , holdout , uptake ). Many abstract nouns in English are formed by adding a suffix ( -ness , -ity , -ion ) to adjectives or verbs ( happiness and serenity from

1496-413: The grammatical forms that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number . Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories , adjectives typically were placed in the same class as nouns. Similarly, the Latin term nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun ,

1540-455: The most highly regarded god and on the other hand his traditional domain in the heavens . Other names for Ukko include Pitkänen ( pitkä , 'long'), Isäinen ( isä , 'father'), Isoinen ( iso , archaic form of the above, modern meaning 'great', 'big' or 'large'). Although portrayed active in myth , when appealed to Ukko makes all his appearances in legend solely by natural phenomena . According to Martti Haavio ,

1584-477: The name Ukko was sometimes used as a common noun or generalised epithet for multiple deities instead of denoting a specific god. It is likely that the figure of Ukko is mostly Indo-European , possibly Baltic , in origin. Ukko is held by researchers of religion to be parallel to Indo-European patriarchal sky deities, for example to Zeus and Jupiter of the Classical Greco-Roman pantheon ,

1628-436: The name Ukko. The Weather Channel list of winter storms for 2012 list Ukko as one of the alphabetic names they used. Common noun In grammar , a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence. In linguistics , nouns constitute

1672-467: The nouns present those entities. Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, soda is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda". Collective nouns are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as singular – refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include committee , government , and police . In English these nouns may be followed by

1716-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Uku . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uku&oldid=1251839962 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1760-580: The skies. Neolithic stone carvings have been found in Russian Karelia which have features of both snakes and lightning. It is, however, uncertain whether these are directly connected to the figure of Ukko . Evidence for worship of snakes is found among different cultures around the Baltic, including the Estonians and Finns. There is evidence that the rowan tree was held sacred to Ukko . Rauni ,

1804-431: The spring sowing . During Vakka s it was customary to consume or otherwise offer a container or some other vessel ( Finnish : vakka ) of an alcoholic beverage or food as sacrifice. It appears that often the festival was held in the community's sacred grove or hiisi where an animal sacrifice was sometimes also performed as part of the same festival. This ceremony was believed to guarantee good weather for

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1848-456: The start of this article), but this could not apply in Russian , which has no definite articles. In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require agreement in words that modify or are used along with it. In French for example, the singular form of

1892-424: The two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns , or simply substantives and adjectives ). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo , "noun"). Nouns in

1936-439: Was to become a mortal smith-hero . Stories tell about Ilmarinen vaulting the sky-dome. Whether Ilmarinen was an earlier, assumably Uralic sky deity is regardless highly questionable. Some researchers hold Ilmarinen and Ukko equivalent. The Sami worshipped a similar deity, called Aijeke , probably as result of cultural cross-contamination or common origin. The god was equated with Horagalles . Ukko possessed

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