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44-712: The party was founded as a merger of separate local branches of the People's Movement of Ukraine . In the legislative elections in Ukraine , 30 March 2002, the Ukrainian National Movement was part of the Viktor Yushchenko Bloc Our Ukraine . In January 2003 it changed the name to Ukrainian People's Party to avoid being confused with People's Movement of Ukraine , out of which it was originally split. Later that year, UNP on its first party congress under

88-511: A few specified exceptions, Article 111 of the Code stated that judicial hearings in the USSR should be held in public. Such protests against closed trials continued throughout the post-Stalin era. Andrei Sakharov , for example, did not travel to Oslo to receive his Nobel Peace Prize due to his public protest outside a Vilnius court building demanding access to the 1976 trial of Sergei Kovalev , an editor of

132-588: A political slogan for increased government transparency in the Soviet Union within the framework of perestroika , and the word came to be used in English in the latter meaning. In the Russian Empire of the late-19th century, the term was used in its direct meanings of "openness" and "publicity" and applied to politics and the judicial system . Some reforms were introduced towards reforms permitting attendance of

176-581: A single presidential candidate for the next elections. At the parliamentary elections on 29 March 1998, the party received 9.4% of the vote and 46 seats. At the parliamentary elections on 30 March 2002, the party was part of the Viktor Yushchenko Bloc–Our Ukraine. Currently, Rukh was a part of the Our Ukraine Bloc, where it represented the right wing of the Union's party spectrum. At

220-404: Is a concept relating to openness and transparency. It has several general and specific meanings, including a policy of maximum openness in the activities of state institutions and freedom of information and the inadmissibility of hushing up problems. In Russian, the word glasnost has long been used to mean 'openness' and 'transparency'. In the mid-1980s, it was popularised by Mikhail Gorbachev as

264-640: The Chronicle of Current Events and prominent rights activist. In 1986, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his advisers adopted glasnost as a political slogan, together with the term perestroika . Alexander Yakovlev , Head of the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , is considered to be the intellectual force behind Gorbachev's reform program. Glasnost

308-535: The 2010 local elections the party won a few representative in regional parliaments. The party announced it will be merged into Our Ukraine in December 2011. This process started mid-December 2011. It was the plan that the parties would be unificated in February 2012. But by February 2013 Ukrainian People's Party was still an independent party. The party competed on one single party under "umbrella" party Our Ukraine in

352-476: The 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election , together with Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists ; this list won 1.11% of the national votes and no constituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. The party itself had competed in 34 constituencies and lost in all. The party congress approved a merge with People's Movement of Ukraine in May 2013. However, a section of the party did not merge and continued

396-483: The 2019 Ukrainian presidential election and their chairman. In the election he received 0.04% of the vote. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party had 18 candidates in constituencies, but none of them won a parliamentary seat. In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party gained 209 deputies (0.47% of all available mandates). We do not impose on Russia how to interpret its own history . Why did Russia try and continues to try to impose on us

440-569: The European People's Party (EPP) until 2013. It is considered to have played a key role in Ukraine regaining its independence in 1991. Rukh gathers most of its voters and support from Western Ukraine . In November 2016, the party had 35,000 members. Initially organized as the "People's Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika ", Rukh was founded in September 6–8, 1989 as a civil-political movement as there were no other political parties allowed in

484-600: The Lviv Oblast , 3 representative in the regional parliament of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , 1 in Kherson Oblast , 5 in the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea and 3 seats in the city councils of Lviv and Simferopol . The party competed as one single party under the "umbrella" party "Fatherland" , together with several other parties, during the 2012 parliamentary elections During the election this list won 62 seats (25.55% of

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528-640: The Russification policies of the Soviet Union when the USSR Supreme Soviet officially announced the Russian language as the singular official state language of the country in 1989. During Rukh's existence within the Soviet Union, its members were threatened and intimidated. In the western oblasts "Rukh" became colloquially known as an abbreviation for the call Save Ukraine, fellows! ( Р ятуйте У країну, Х лопці!). The movement initially registered by

572-516: The parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006, the party was part of the Our Ukraine alliance, and the party's members secured 13 seats in the parliament. At the 2007 parliamentary elections the party was again part of the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc alliance, that won 72 out of 450 seats. In the 2010 local elections the party won 8 representative in the regional parliament of

616-634: The Communist movement. Ivan Drach was re-elected as leader, while his deputies became Mykhailo Horyn and Oleksandr Lavrynovych . In order to draw the URP and DemPU closer to Rukh, the "Institute of Associative Membership in the Movement" was established. The brittle coalition of the mentioned parties held until the presidential elections in September 1991 when URP and DemPU provided their own candidates in opposition to Vyacheslav Chornovil . From 28 February – 1 March 1992

660-735: The Ministry of Justice on 9 February 1990 as the political party. After the creation of the Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) in January 1990 and later the Democratic Party of Ukraine (DemPU), the People's Movement of Ukraine unofficially existed as a coalition of those two along with numerous other smaller factions. These parties created a group within the Verkhovna Rada called the " Democratic Bloc " which stood in opposition to "Group 239", which

704-522: The Rukh's constituent congress. The official Soviet press and government portrayed members as anti-Semites at first. The movement's biggest public, political, cultural, and social actions were: At first the movement aimed at supporting Gorbachev's reforms, later the People's Movement of Ukraine was instrumental in conducting an independence referendum in the Ukrainian SSR. This was partially due to

748-508: The Soviet Union and the West. Gorbachev's interpretation of "glasnost" can best be summarised in English as "openness". While associated with freedom of speech , the main goal of this policy was to make the country's management transparent, and circumvent the holding of near-complete control of the economy and bureaucracy of the Soviet Union by a concentrated body of officials and bureaucratic personnel. During Glasnost, Soviet history under Stalin

792-577: The Soviet Union but the Communist Party. The founding of Rukh was made possible due to Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev 's Glasnost policies. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literary Ukraine (Literaturna Ukraina) on 16 February 1989. The organization has its roots in Ukrainian dissidents —

836-549: The USSR, glasnost was frequently linked with other generalised concepts such as perestroika (literally: restructuring or regrouping) and demokratizatsiya (democratisation). Gorbachev often appealed to glasnost when promoting policies aimed at reducing corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, and moderating the abuse of administrative power in the Central Committee . The ambiguity of "glasnost" defines

880-598: The United States and Western Europe began to be transmitted to the Soviet population, along with western popular culture. Glasnost received mixed reception in communist states, especially outside the Eastern Bloc . Glasnost had a trickle-down effect on Eastern Europe and led to democratic reforms, namely in Poland and Czech Republic. Glasnost and similar reforms were applied in the following communist states: Furthermore, in

924-539: The distinctive five-year period (1986–1991) at the end of the USSR's existence. There was decreasing pre-publication and pre-broadcast censorship and greater freedom of information . The "Era of Glasnost" saw greater contact between Soviet citizens and the Western world, particularly the United States: restrictions on travel were loosened for many Soviet citizens which further eased pressures on international exchange between

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968-496: The election of Viacheslav Chornovil as the party leader and established another party, People's Movement of Ukraine (Kostenko) , where Kostenko became the leader of the party. Despite the split a followed party congress elected Vyacheslav Chornovil as party leader. The congress also adopted the signing of an agreement between People's Movement of Ukraine and the Reforms and Order Party for a political bloc supporting Hennadiy Udovenko as

1012-495: The emergence of the Soviet civil rights movement. Protesters on Pushkin Square led by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin demanded access to the closed trial of Yuly Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky . The protestors made specific requests for "glasnost", herein referring to the specific admission of the public, independent observers and foreign journalists, to the trial that had been legislated in the then newly issued Code of Criminal Procedure. With

1056-457: The first leader of the movement was the Ukrainian poet and screenwriter Ivan Drach . Appearance of the organization coincided with dismissal of Volodymyr Shcherbytsky as the First Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and rise of Leonid Kravchuk . On one hand Kravchuk officially promised that "faster he will grow hair on his palm than Rukh will be registered", on

1100-528: The government and in January 1992 re-registered due to substantial changes in its statutes. Soon Ivan Drach left the party, followed by the resignation of Mykhailo Horyn in June 1992 together with V. Burlakov. Horyn was soon elected as leader of the Ukrainian Republican Party. In December 1992 Rukh's IV Party Congress took place which once again revised its statute and the party's goals. Vyacheslav Chornovil

1144-595: The lawmakers Pavlo Kyshkar and Viktor Kryvenko joined the party in April 2016 (in parliament they both joined the faction of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc in March 2016 before leaving it in December 2017). In the 2015 Ukrainian local elections the party was able to gain seats in 270 local councils (0.17% of all local councils). On 10 January 2019 Viktor Kryvenko was chosen the People's Movement of Ukraine candidate in

1188-481: The mass media. Some critics, especially among legal reformers and dissidents, regarded the Soviet authorities' new slogans as vague and limited alternatives to more basic liberties. Alexei Simonov, president of the Glasnost Defence Foundation, makes a critical definition of the term in suggesting it was "a tortoise crawling towards Freedom of Speech". Between 1986 and 1991, during an era of reforms in

1232-493: The most notable of them being Viacheslav Chornovil — yet not excluding the fact that it was accepting various other politically oriented members from liberal communists to integralist nationalists . From March to September 1989 numerous constituent party conferences took place across Ukraine. The first Constituent Congress of the "People's Movement of Ukraine for Reconstruction" took place on 8–10 September 1989 in Kyiv . Elected as

1276-522: The new name, endorsed Viktor Yushchenko for the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . In the legislative elections in Ukraine , 26 March 2006, the party was part of the Ukrainian National Bloc of Kostenko and Plyushch , which has not crossed the 3% threshold in that election, and would later be dissolved. In the parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the party was part of the Our Ukraine alliance, that won 72 out of 450 seats. In

1320-479: The other hand according to author of the book "People's Movement of Ukraine. History" ( Ukrainian : Народний рух України. Історія ), Hryhoriy Honcharuk, with reference to Ivan Drach , it was Kravchuk who facilitated publishing of the Rukh's program draft in "Literaturna Ukrayina" in February 1989. And according to rumors, he also approved that the rector of KPI Talanchuk would grant the Politech's Assembly Hall to hold

1364-417: The parties activities under the leadership of Oleksandr Ivanovych Klymenko . In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election the participated in 8 constituencies; but its candidates lost in all of them and thus the party won no parliamentary seats. In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections , the party saw a total of 30 members elected to any level of political office across Ukraine. In June 2021, Yuri Kostenko

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1408-434: The party organisation and ordinary members remained loyal to the party. In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election party leader Vasyl Kuybida received 0.06% of the vote. In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party participated in 3 constituencies; but its candidates lost in all of them and thus the party won no parliamentary seats. However, after being expelled from (the political party) Self Reliance

1452-450: The press and the public at trials. After some liberalization under Alexander II of Russia , the openness of trials started to be restricted again. Human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva writes that the word glasnost has been in the Russian language for several hundred years as a common term: "It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It

1496-862: The socialist state of Yugoslavia , similar reforms also existed, with the first major reforms beginning in Slovenia . Glasnost or similar reforms were not applied in the following communist states: The outright prohibition of censorship was enshrined in Article 29 of the new 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation . This however has been the subject of ongoing controversy in contemporary Russia owing to heightened governmental interventions restricting access to information for Russian citizens, including internet censorship . There has also been pressure on government-operated media outlets to not publicize or discuss certain events or subjects in recent years. Monitoring of

1540-430: The spring of 1999 (the breakaway faction was led by Hennadiy Udovenko with its highest Rada membership of 19 dwindling to 14; the "other" faction ended with 23; meaning that 10 elected People's Movement of Ukraine deputies did not represent any segment of the party anymore by June 2002). Right before the 1999 presidential elections another major schism took place within the party. Yuriy Kostenko openly protested against

1584-536: The third Party Congress took place during which a schism within Rukh was avoided by electing a leadership triad of Ivan Drach, Mykhailo Horyn, and Vyacheslav Chornovil. The new deputy leaders were M. Boychyshyn , O. Burakovsky, V. Burlakov, and O. Lavrynovych . The "Institute of Associative Membership in the Movement" was formally recognized as dissolved due to both the URP and DemPU declaring themselves as supporters of state president Leonid Kravchuk . The People's Movement of Ukraine declared its parliamentary opposition to

1628-612: The use of the Russian language ? Why do Russians want to make us forget our own history and our heroes? Ukrainians must know their history and live accordingly, instead of living by the stereotypes spun by tsarist and Soviet ideologists . — Party-leader Borys Tarasyuk on Echo of Moscow Radio (February 5, 2011) Directly out of the official website: Temporarily merged with Batkivshchyna as Fatherland – United Opposition Glasnost Glasnost ( / ˈ ɡ l æ z n ɒ s t / GLAZ -nost ; Russian: гласность , IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] )

1672-492: The votes) under the proportional party-list system and another 39 by winning 39 simple-majority constituencies; a total of 101 seats in Parliament. The party independently unsuccessfully participated in 2 constituencies. In 2013, the party split in two parts. The party merged with Ukrainian People's Party in May 2013. While its former chairman Borys Tarasyuk and others assimilated into "Fatherland" in June 2013. The bulk of

1716-557: Was an ordinary, hardworking, non-descript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice or governance, being conducted in the open." In the mid-1960s it acquired a revived topical importance in discourse about the necessity of changing the Cold War era internal policy of the Soviet Union. On 5 December 1965 the Glasnost rally took place in Moscow, considered to be a key event in

1760-604: Was elected leader, the rest of the party's leadership was left without major changes. During the Congress some party delegates in opposition to Chornovil created the All-National Movement of Ukraine (VNRU), headed by Larysa Skoryk. The People's Movement of Ukraine was registered by the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice as a political party on 1 February 1993. Rukh's parliamentary faction split up into 2 different factions in

1804-454: Was led by Oleksandr Moroz ("For the sovereign Soviet Ukraine") (see 1990 Ukrainian parliamentary election ). In the March 1990 Ukrainian local elections Rukh won majorities in the elections of the city councils of Lviv and Kiev and was successful in western Ukraine . In October 1990 Rukh's second Party Congress took place. During the session it was decided to exclude the word "Reconstruction" ( Perestroika ), not to be associated with

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1848-417: Was re-examined; censored literature in the libraries was made more widely available; and there was a greater freedom of speech for citizens and openness in the media. It was in the late 1980s when most people in the Soviet Union began to learn about the atrocities of Stalin, and learned about previously suppressed events. Information about the supposedly higher quality of consumer goods and quality of life in

1892-530: Was reelected as party leader. People%27s Movement of Ukraine The People's Movement of Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Народний Рух України , romanized :  Narodnyi Rukh Ukrayiny ) is a Ukrainian political party and the first opposition party in Soviet Ukraine . It is often simply referred to as the Movement ( Ukrainian : Рух , Rukh ). The party under the name Rukh was an observer member of

1936-455: Was taken to mean increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR). Glasnost reflected a commitment of the Gorbachev administration to allowing Soviet citizens to discuss publicly the problems of their system and potential solutions. Gorbachev encouraged popular scrutiny and criticism of leaders, as well as a certain level of exposure by

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