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94-646: The name "Uinta" derives from the Ute word Yoov-we-teuh , meaning "pine forest" or "pine tree". The Uinta Mountains are Laramide uplifted metasedimentary rocks deposited in an intracratonic basin in southwest Laurentia during the time of the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia . The marine and fluvial metasedimentary rocks in the core of the Uinta Mountains are of Neoproterozoic age (between about 700 million and 760 million years old) and consist primarily of quartzite , slate , and shale . These rocks comprise

188-561: A cold, semi-arid climate , with four distinct seasons. Both summer and winter are long, with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Salt Lake City receives 61 inches (150 cm) of snow annually, part of a total of 16.5 inches (420 mm) of precipitation per year. The mean maximum temperature is 91 °F (33 °C) in July and 37 °F (3 °C) in January Areas of higher elevation have two distinct seasons, summer and winter. One of

282-570: A voiced velar stop but rather a voiced velar fricative , similar to luego in Spanish. Also similar to Spanish is the voiced bilabial fricative v , as in the Spanish phrase la verdad , in contrast with the voiced labiodental fricative [v] which does not appear in Ute. The velar sounds k and g have uvular allophones : k becomes either a voiceless uvular stop [q] or a voiceless uvular fricative [χ] when either between two vowels or adjacent to

376-452: A 2010 population of 87,461; West Jordan, population 103,712; West Valley City, population 129,480; and Salt Lake City, population 186,440. Flanked on either side by mountain ranges, the topography of the land varies greatly. The Wasatch Range rises on the east, with a high point of 11,100 feet (3,400 m) above sea level at Twin Peaks , near the town of Alta . The Oquirrh Mountains rise on

470-586: A 40-mile (64 km) bicycle and pedestrian trail, completed in 2017. The Jordan River is Utah Lake's only outflow. It originates at the northern end of the lake between the cities of Lehi and Saratoga Springs . It then meanders north through the north end of Utah Valley for approximately 8 miles (13 km) until it passes through a gorge in the Traverse Mountains , known as the Jordan Narrows. The Utah National Guard base at Camp Williams lies on

564-535: A mile west of downtown Salt Lake City and again underneath Interstate 215 in the northern portion of Salt Lake City. Interstate 15 parallels the river's eastern flank throughout Salt Lake County. At 16 miles (26 km) from the mouth, the river enters the Surplus Canal channel. The Jordan River physically diverts from the Surplus Canal through four gates and heads north with the Surplus Canal heading northwest. Parley's, Emigration, and Red Butte Creeks converge from

658-682: A million people live in the Jordan Subbasin, part of the Jordan River watershed that lies within Salt Lake and Utah counties. During the Pleistocene , the area was part of Lake Bonneville . Members of the Desert Archaic Culture were the earliest known inhabitants of the region; an archaeological site found along the river dates back 3,000 years. Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young were

752-422: A previously-introduced subject when there are multiple previously-introduced parties, to indicate that the subject of the current clause is different from the previously-mentioned subject. For example, in 'áa-gha máy-kya-p u gay-k u , 'ú-vwaa pagha'ni-p u ga 'uwas , "as they were whispering (amongst themselves), he paced around there", when the sentence begins, the subject is "they", and the independent pronoun

846-562: A relatively flat lake bed, and the valley floors have seen today. As the region experienced an increasingly warmer and drier climate over time, Lake Bonneville's water levels receded, leaving the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake as remnants. The river's greatest slope, 27 feet per mile (5.1 m/km), is in the Jordan Narrows, while the rest of the river has a more gentle slope of 2 to 4 feet per mile (0.4 to 0.8 m/km). Approximately 237,000 acres (960 km ) (46 percent of land area) of

940-433: A source of food for fish and other aquatic life, and they function as a parameter by which to measure water quality and the health of the river. There are 34 different groups of invertebrates found in the Jordan River, most commonly of the class Oligochaeta (which includes earthworms ), mosquito larvae and caddisfly larvae. The state of Utah maintains a Sensitive Species List that includes "those species for which there

1034-723: A term was applied to the group by Spanish explorers, being derived from the term quasuatas , used by the Spanish at the time to refer to all tribes north of the Pueblo peoples and up to the Shoshone peoples. The Ute people refer to their own language as núu-'apaghapi̱ or núuchi , meaning "the people's speech" and "of the people" respectively. T.Givon (2011) gives the following orthography and phonetic information for Southern Ute. Northern Ute differs from Southern and Central in some lexical and phonological areas. Southern Ute has five vowels, as well as several allophones, which are not shown in

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1128-516: A warm-water fishery where the common carp is most abundant. It was heavily polluted for many years by raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and mining wastes. In the 1960s, sewage treatment removed many pollutants. In the 21st century, pollution is further limited by the Clean Water Act , and, in some cases, the Superfund program. Once the home of bighorn sheep and beaver , the contemporary river

1222-498: Is polysynthetic . Affixes are mostly suffixes , but there are three major types of prefixes for verbs and one for nouns. Most nouns in Ute obligatorily have suffixes. Inanimate nouns usually take the suffix - p u / -v u . However, this suffix can also sometimes denote animate nouns or body parts. Animate nouns usually take the -chi suffix, but can also take -vi/-pi or -t u /-r u . The consonant pairs p/v and t/r were once allophones, but are no longer predictable; this produces

1316-456: Is credible scientific evidence to substantiate a threat to continued population viability." The Lyrate mountainsnail and the western pearlshell mussel , both native to the Jordan River watershed, are found on this list. A 2007 survey of invertebrates and their response to pollution stated that the Jordan River was substantially to severely impaired with organic pollution and that it contained reduced levels of dissolved oxygen. Historically,

1410-463: Is frequented by raccoons , red foxes , and domestic pets. It is an important avian resource, as are the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake , visited by more than 200 bird species. Big Cottonwood , Little Cottonwood , Red Butte , Mill, Parley's, and City creeks, as well as smaller streams like Willow Creek at Draper, Utah , flow through the sub-basin. The Jordan River Parkway along the river includes natural areas, botanical gardens, golf courses, and

1504-610: Is hazardous, prepares a course of action to reduce the hazard, and finds the parties responsible for the pollution. If a site is listed with the Superfund program, federal dollars are available for cleanup. The Kennecott South Zone/Bingham site contains contamination from Kennecott Copper Mine's operation in Copperton , at the base of the Oquirrh Mountains to Bingham Creek and Butterfield Creek. A 72-square-mile (190 km ) plume of lead, arsenic and sulfates (covering 9 percent of

1598-406: Is marked with both the suffix -wa and prefix ka- . Alternatively, instead of the prefix, the full form kách- can appear as a separate word somewhere before the verb being negated. First syllable reduplication in verbs denotes the distributive case . Thus, táa-p u gay-'u "[s/he] kicked him (once)" becomes t a -táa-p u gay-'u "[s/he] kicked him repeatedly". Incorporation can take place at

1692-791: Is near mile marker 33 of the Mirror Lake Highway. The Uinta Highline Trail traverses the entire range and is a popular backpacking trail. Dinosaur National Monument is on the Uintas' southeast flank, on the border between Colorado and Utah. Ute language Ute ( / ˈ j uː t / YOOT ) is a dialect of the Colorado River Numic language , spoken by the Ute people . Speakers primarily live on three reservations: Uintah-Ouray (or Northern Ute) in northeastern Utah, Southern Ute in southwestern Colorado , and Ute Mountain in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah . Ute

1786-520: Is part of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Other dialects in this dialect chain are Chemehuevi and Southern Paiute. As of 2010, there were 1,640 speakers combined of all three dialects Colorado River Numic. Ute's parent language, Colorado River Numic, is classified as a threatened language, although there are tribally-sponsored language revitalization programs for the dialect. Ute as

1880-448: Is present, it is usually composed of only one consonant. Words with suffixes like -'ni, -'na, and 'wa , can have a two-consonant onset, though they were historically - ni-'i, -na-'a, and -wa-'a respectively. These earlier suffix forms did have single-consonant onsets. Most syllables do not have codas, but some codas do appear at word-end, such as in pʉi-n , 'I'm sleeping'. Each Southern Ute word must have one stressed vowel. Either

1974-438: Is the common carp , which was introduced into the Jordan River and Utah Lake as a source of food after overfishing caused the depletion of native species stocks. The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources regularly stocks the river with catfish and rainbow trout . Before the area was urbanized , mammals such as bighorn sheep , mule deer , coyote , wolves , beaver , muskrat and jackrabbits would have been seen along

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2068-488: Is the most common plural suffix, and -mu is usually used for plural nouns that derive from verbs or possession. These suffixes are placed after the obligatory noun suffix. Finally, some nouns show plurality by reduplication of the first syllable in combination with the -u suffix, such as in táa-ta'wa-chi-u "men" from ta'wa-ch i . In this case, -u without reduplication would create the dual form: "two men". Ute verbs can take many suffixes and several prefixes. Negation

2162-582: Is used when the subject changes to "he", a previously introduced character. Jordan River (Utah) The Jordan River is a 51.4-mile-long (82.7 km) river in the U.S. state of Utah . Regulated by pumps at its headwaters at Utah Lake , it flows northward through the Salt Lake Valley and empties into the Great Salt Lake . Four of Utah's six largest cities border the river: Salt Lake City , West Valley City , West Jordan , and Sandy . More than

2256-678: The Colorado Plateau . The Green River used to flow into the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico , but changed to the Colorado River by going through the Uintas in ways not fully understood. The high Uintas were extensively glaciated during the last ice age , and most of the large stream valleys on both the north and south sides of the range held long valley glaciers . However, despite reaching to over 13,500 feet (4,110 m) in elevation,

2350-618: The Jordan River . By 1850, settlements were established along the Jordan River, Big Cottonwood Creek, Little Cottonwood Creek, Mill Creek, Parley's Creek and Emigration Creek. In 1850, Captain Howard Stansbury of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers traveled the entire length of the Jordan River, surveying and making observations of the wildlife. In 1869 the river was used to float logs and ties utilized in

2444-555: The Middle East ) drains the Sea of Galilee into the Dead Sea in a way which the settlers found remarkably similar to the way the as-yet-unnamed local river drained Utah Lake into the saline Great Salt Lake. This similarity influenced the eventual name of the river, and on 22 August 1847, a conference was held and the name Western Jordan River was decided upon, although it was later shortened to

2538-580: The Uinta Mountain Group , and reach thicknesses of 13,000 to 24,000 feet (4.0 to 7.3 km). Most of the high peaks are outcrops of the Uinta Mountain Group. Many of the peaks are ringed with bands of cliffs, rising to form broad or flat tops. The mountains are bounded to the north and south by reverse faults that meet below the range, on the north by the North Flank fault and on the south by

2632-691: The Wasatch and Uinta montane forests ecoregion . Nearly the entire range lies within Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest (on the north and west) and Ashley National Forest (on the south and east). The range's highest peaks are protected as part of the High Uintas Wilderness . The forests contain many species of trees, including lodgepole pine , subalpine fir , Engelmann spruce , Douglas-fir , and quaking aspen . There are also many species of grasses, shrubs, and forbs growing in

2726-417: The high back unrounded vowel ʉ often is pronounced as a high central [ɨ] when unstressed. Though this change produces some minimal pairs , it is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus [ɨ] is excluded from the orthography. Ute has several phonological processes that affect the realization of underlying phonemes. Below is a representative sample. Ute

2820-454: The willow flycatcher , gray catbird , warbling vireo , American redstart , black tern , and yellow-billed cuckoo are no longer found along the river. The common yellowthroat and yellow-breasted chat are still found in small isolated populations. The most common species now found are the black-billed magpie , mourning dove , western meadowlark , barn swallow , and the non-native ring-necked pheasant and starlings . Vegetation in

2914-412: The 2006 303d list; parameters that exceeded the standard level for at least part of the Jordan River include temperature, dissolved oxygen , total dissolved solids , E. Coli and salinity. Superfund sites are designated as being among the nation's worst areas with respect to toxic and hazardous waste . The Environmental Protection Agency is the federal agency that determines if a particular site

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3008-456: The Colorado River and flows in a tight arc around the eastern side of the range. (Indeed, John Wesley Powell said the Green was the "master stream" where it and the Colorado River came together.) The Bear and Weber rivers, the two largest tributaries of Great Salt Lake , are born on the west slope of the range. The Provo River , the largest tributary to Utah Lake , begins on the southern side of

3102-692: The Davis County border. A water trail for canoeing and kayaking is also being constructed, but dams, bridges, weirs and other obstacles hamper the use of the river. Riverside parks include the International Peace Gardens , 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) of gardens with each garden representing a different country; Redwood Nature Area, about 50 acres (20 ha) of natural areas; South Jordan's Riverfront Park, 59 acres (24 ha) of trails, fishing ponds and natural areas; Thanksgiving Point , including 15 themed gardens spread over 59 acres, and

3196-856: The Jordan River actually ran dry. In the 1950s, due to flood control measures to increase river velocity, large sections of the river were straightened in Salt Lake County. As part of the straightening process, meanders or curves in the river were cut off and the channel slope was increased. The river was also shifted to opposite sides of the flood plain in Midvale and Murray as part of local smelter operations. Floods in 1983–1984 caused Utah Lake to overflow its banks, flooding homes and farmland in Provo , Lehi and present-day Saratoga Springs. Dikes had to be constructed around Interstate 15 in Provo to prevent Utah Lake flooding

3290-508: The Jordan River area found on the Utah Sensitive Species List include the smooth green snake , the western toad , kit fox , spotted bat , and Townsend's big-eared bat . Combined with Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, the Jordan River offers one of the region's richest bird resources. Over 200 bird species use the river for breeding habitat or as a stop-over on their migratory routes. Once-common native species such as

3384-482: The Jordan River floodplain where willow trees and cottonwood trees would once have been found. Plant species such as foxtail barley , saltgrass , rabbitbrush , cattails and other reeds are still found in small pockets along the river. Exotic pasture grasses such as orchard grass , bluegrass , redtop bentgrass , quackgrass , wheatgrass and fescue have become the common species of grass. The vulnerable flower, Ute's Ladies'-tresses , can also be found along

3478-647: The Jordan River was a cold-water fishery that contained 13 native species, including the Bonneville cutthroat trout , Utah Lake sculpin , June sucker , Mottled sculpin , Utah chub and the Utah sucker . Today, the Jordan River is a warm-water fishery with the Utah sucker and the endangered June sucker present only in Utah Lake. The Utah chub, however, is still found in the Jordan River. The most common species of fish encountered today

3572-501: The Jordan River was constructed in 1849 to irrigate land on the west side of the river near present-day Taylorsville. Other ditches include one built by Archibald Gardner , one of the founders of West Jordan in 1850, to provide water for his mill and one built by Alexander Beckstead, a founder of South Jordan, who built the Beckstead Ditch in 1859 to provide water for farmland. Many other small dams and ditches were also constructed in

3666-431: The Jordan River was the party of Étienne Provost , a French Canadian trapper. In October 1824, Provost's party was lured into a Shoshone camp somewhere along the Jordan River, where they were attacked in retaliation for the murder of a local chief. In truth, the murder was committed by a member of Peter Skene Ogden 's party. The men were caught off guard, and fifteen perished, but Provost and two others escaped. The river

3760-582: The Jordan River, Mill Creek, a small wetland and traversed by the South Vitro Ditch. The site, operational from 1953 to 1964, contained a uranium mill and storage for uranium. In 1989, surface contamination cleanup was completed with tailings, radioactively contaminated soil material, and debris removed from the site. However, 700,000,000 US gallons (2,600,000 m ) of contaminated shallow ground water still remain, and studies are underway to determine what action should be taken. The Jordan River Parkway

3854-472: The Jordan River, on occasion, to stop flowing, and in response to the drought a pumping plant was installed at the outlet from Utah Lake. It was the largest pumping plant in the United States at the time, and contained seven pumps with a total capacity of 700 cubic feet (20 m ) per second. Twice, during the droughts of 1934 and 1992, Utah Lake levels dropped so low that the pumps were rendered useless and

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3948-512: The Jordan River. The Midvale Slag site is a 446-acre (180 ha) site adjacent to 6,800 feet (2,100 m) of the Jordan River. From 1871 to 1958, the site contained five separate smelters that processed ores from Kennecott and other mines. The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, chromium , and cadmium . Cleanup of the property is complete, although the Jordan River Riparian Project still underway as of 2010. Sharon Steel

4042-698: The Jordan Subbasin is in the Wasatch, Oquirrh and Traverse mountains. The United States Forest Service manages 91,000 acres (370 km ) of land in the Wasatch Range. The vast majority of the Oquirrh Range is privately held, with Kennecott Copper Mine owning most of the land. The State of Utah has scattered land holdings of 9,800 acres (40 km ) throughout the subbasin and owns the beds of all navigable streams and lakes. The Jordan Subbasin has two distinct climate zones. The lower elevations are characterized as

4136-574: The Salt Lake Valley. In 1776, Franciscan missionary Silvestre Vélez de Escalante was trying to find a land route from Santa Fe , New Mexico , to Monterey , California . His party included twelve Spanish colonials and two Utes from the Utah Valley Timpanogots band who acted as guides. On 23 September 1776, the party entered Utah Valley at the present-day city of Spanish Fork . The local Timanogots villagers hosted them and told them of

4230-596: The Soo'nkahni Village, was uncovered next to the Jordan River. The next recorded inhabitants, between 400 A.D. to around 1350 A.D., were the Fremont people , composed of several scattered bands of hunters and farmers living in what is now southern Idaho , western Nevada and most of Utah. The disappearance of the Fremont people has been attributed to both changing climatic conditions, which put an end to favorable weather for farming, and to

4324-741: The Uinta Basin boundary fault. The Uinta Mountain Group, from oldest to youngest, includes Uinta Mountain undivided quartz arenite , overlain by the Moosehorn Lake, Mount Watson, Hades Peak, and Red Shale formations. The flanks of the east-west trending Uinta Mountains contain a sequence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata ranging from the Cambrian Lodore Formation to the Cretaceous Mancos Shale , all of which have been tilted during

4418-513: The Uinta Mountains. Fauna is typical of the central Rocky Mountains. Large grazing and browsing animals include the Rocky Mountain elk, mule deer, moose, pronghorn antelope, mountain goats, and Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Mammalian predators include the American black bear, mountain lion, coyotes, red fox, badger, wolverine, marten, and the long-tailed weasel. A gray wolf pack has been observed at

4512-515: The United States Geological Survey, is located entirely within Salt Lake and Utah counties in a roughly rectangular area of 791 square miles (2,050 km ). The Subbasin is part of the larger 3,830-square-mile (9,900 km ) Jordan River Basin that includes the upper Jordan River, Utah Lake, Provo and Spanish Fork Subbasins. Four of the six largest cities in Utah are in Salt Lake County. The Jordan River flows through Sandy, with

4606-593: The areas of highest elevation, Alta, Utah, receives 458 inches (38.2 ft; 1,160 cm) of snow annually, part of a total of 46 inches (1,200 mm) of precipitation per year. The mean maximum temperature is 73 °F (23 °C) in July and 31 °F (−1 °C) in January. The first known inhabitants of the banks of the Jordan River were members of the Desert Archaic Culture, a group of nomadic hunter-gatherers. A 3,000-year-old archaeological site, called

4700-754: The arrival of ancestors to the present-day Ute , Paiute , and Northwestern Shoshone . Although there were no permanent Native American settlements when European settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, the area bordered land occupied by several tribes, such as the Timpanogos band of the Utes in Utah Valley, the Goshutes on the western side of the Oquirrh Mountain Range and the Northwestern Shoshone north of

4794-424: The cleanup and a consent decree legally obligating Kennecott to continue the rest of the cleanup. The Murray Smelter site was the location of a large lead smelter in operation from 1872 until 1949. The 142-acre (57 ha) site contained groundwater contamination from arsenic and lead, but the majority of the cleanup was completed in 2001. In Midvale, there are two Superfund sites that sit along 4 percent of

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4888-497: The climate today is sufficiently dry that no glaciers survived even before the rapid current glacial retreat began in the middle nineteenth century. The Uintas are the most poleward mountain range in the world to reach over 13,000 feet (4,000 m) without modern glaciers, and are in fact the highest mountain range in the contiguous United States with no modern glaciers. Permafrost occurs at elevations above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and at times forms large rock glaciers . Between

4982-546: The construction of the Utah Central Railroad . Around the year 1887 at Bingham Canyon in the Oquirrh Mountains, low-grade copper deposits were discovered and mining claims were filed. Bingham Canyon is a porphyry copper deposit where magma containing copper, molybdenum, gold and other minerals slowly moved its way to the surface and cooled into rock. By 1890, underground copper mining had started, and in 1907, Kennecott Copper Mine started open pit mining . In

5076-452: The dam was responsible for raising the level of the lake. After several years of dispute, a commission was established to determine an acceptable compromise for the elevation of Utah Lake. The commission's 1885 decision stated that if the lake level were to rise above the established compromise level, the Jordan River could not be impeded by either dams or flood gates. Additionally, the commission stated that after water pumps were installed at

5170-405: The dams in the Jordan Narrows were completed by 1883. A second dam was built in 1890 a few miles (~5 km) downstream from the first dam and was constructed to better regulate the flow of two canals. Both dams have been rebuilt in subsequent years and operate as diversion points for canals rather than impounding water by the use of sluice gates and head gates. The drought of 1901–1902 caused

5264-490: The early 20th century, mills were established near the Jordan River in Midvale and West Jordan to process ore. As of 2010, Kennecott Copper Mine's open pit is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) wide and 0.8 miles (1.3 km) deep. Throughout the 19th century and up to the 1940s, water from the Jordan River watershed sustained the agrarian society of the Salt Lake Valley. In 1950, Salt Lake County had 489,000 acres (764 sq mi; 1,980 km ) devoted to farming. By 1992, however,

5358-539: The east through an underground pipe, 14.2 miles (22.9 km) from the mouth. City Creek also enters via an underground pipe, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) from the river's mouth. The length of the river and the elevation of its mouth varies year to year depending on the fluctuations of the Great Salt Lake caused by weather conditions. The lake has an average elevation of 4,200 feet (1,300 m) which can deviate by 10 feet (3.0 m). The Jordan River then continues for 9 to 12 miles (14 to 19 km) with Salt Lake County on

5452-519: The east. The river flows underneath Interstate 215 in Murray. Little and Big Cottonwood Creeks enter from the east in Murray, 21.7 miles (34.9 km) and 20.6 miles (33.2 km) from the mouth respectively. Mill Creek enters on the east in South Salt Lake, 17.3 miles (27.8 km) from the mouth. The river runs through the middle of Salt Lake City, where the river travels underneath Interstate 80

5546-471: The eastern end of the range, in Moffat County, Colorado. Raptors include bald and golden eagles, turkey vultures, various hawks and harriers, and owls including the great horned owl, great grey owl, and barn owls. Other notable large birds include the sage grouse and white-tailed ptarmigan. The Uintas are home to Camp Steiner , the highest Boy Scout camp in the U.S., at 10,400 feet (3,200 m). The camp

5640-519: The first European American settlers, arriving in July 1847 and establishing farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. The growing population, needing water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use in an arid climate, dug ditches and canals, built dams, and installed pumps to create a highly regulated river. Although the Jordan was originally a cold-water fishery with 13 native species, including Bonneville cutthroat trout , it has become

5734-495: The first 25 years, several of which are still used as of 2010. All of these ditches irrigated only small amounts of land in the Jordan River floodplain; the largest, the Beckstead Ditch, irrigated 580 acres (230 ha). By the late 1860s, it became apparent that new, larger canals needed to be built if more acreage was to be farmed. The first dam in the Jordan Narrows was constructed in 1872 and raised in 1880, sparking an outcry from residents living near Utah Lake who thought

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5828-422: The first or second vowel of a word in Ute may be stressed, with the latter situation being the most common. Stress is orthographically marked when it occurs on the first vowel. In compound words, the primary stress is applied to the first stem, and a secondary stress may also occur on a later stem. Vowel stress is contrastive in pairs such as, suwá , meaning 'almost', and súwa , meaning 'straight out'. Note that

5922-411: The freeway. Big Cottonwood, Parley's, Emigration and City creeks flowed down sand-bag lined streets in order to manage the overflowing streams. Additional dikes were built at the Great Salt Lake to protect railroad lines and Interstate 80. As a result of the flooding, the Utah Lake compromise level was amended to 4,489 feet (1,368 m). In the Jordan River, invertebrates play an important role as

6016-541: The lake to the north. In his journal, Escalante described Utah Lake as a "lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, [and] extends as far as one of these valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger." The Great Salt Lake was described as the "other lake with which this one communicates, according to what they told us, [and] covers many leagues, and its waters are noxious and extremely salty." The next group of Europeans to see

6110-406: The latter contains objects and genitives. In most cases, the final vowel of the entire noun is devoiced in the nominative case and voiced in the oblique case. For example, "woman" in the nominative is mama-ch i and in the oblique is mama-chi. In some pronouns, the (voiced) suffix -y is added to mark the oblique case, as in singular "you", which is ' ú m u in the nominative and ' ú m u -y in

6204-431: The leftmost prefix position to add the meanings of the incorporated word to the verb. For example, 'apagha-y "[s/he] is talking" and pia-'apagha-y "[s/he] is sweet-talking". Verbs usually take the suffix -ka after the stem when the subject is plural. -ka can also be realized as -qa, -kwa, -kya , etc. according to the phonological processes above. Many suffixes are used to denote tense, aspect, and modality . Some of

6298-519: The more common of these suffixes include -y for the present tense, -vaa-ni for the future, and -mi ya . for the habitual. Other suffixes include -ti, -k u , and -ta , which mark the causative, benefactive , and passive case respectively. Word order in Ute is flexible and determined primarily by discourse pragmatics, although speakers will mostly use SOV order when producing isolated clauses. Ute marks nouns for nominative and oblique case. The former category contains subjects and predicates, and

6392-445: The oblique. As described above in morphology, nouns and other words can be incorporated as prefixes of verbs to specify the method of action: for example, wii-chi-m t u ka-y-aqh , "s/he eats it with a knife" can incorporate wii-chi-m, "knife", into the verb t u ka-y-aqh , "eats" to produce wii-t u ka-y-aqh , "s/he is knife-eating it". Switch reference uses the independent pronoun 'uwas , "s/he", or 'um u s , "they", to refer to

6486-548: The orthography by underlining them, or, when the identity of the underlying vowel has been lost, with the letter [h]. Here bold text indicates a practical orthographic representation, while the IPA representation is included in brackets. Southern Ute consonants are given in the table below. As above, orthographic representations are bold and the IPA representations are in brackets. All stops in Ute are voiceless. Thus, g here does not indicate

6580-546: The orthography. Each vowel can be short or long, and vowel length is marked orthographically by doubling the vowel. In Ute, the length of a vowel is often phonemic, and relevant for determining meaning. For example, whca-y , meaning 'wrapping', versus whcáa-y , meaning 'swirling'. In some cases, however, the difference between a long and a short vowel is purely phonetic, and does not change word meaning. Ute devoices vowels in certain phonological or grammatical environments, as described in later sections. Devoiced vowels are marked in

6674-433: The range and flows west to Utah Lake, which itself drains via the Jordan River into Great Salt Lake. Large portions of the mountain range receive over 40 inches (100 cm) of precipitation annually. The high Uintas are snowcapped most of the year except for late July through early September. The Uinta Mountains have more than 400 miles (640 km) of streams and 1,000 lakes and ponds. The Uinta Mountains are part of

6768-468: The rapid urbanization of the Salt Lake Valley had reduced the amount of land devoted to farming to 108,000 acres (44,000 ha), which was further reduced to 82,267 acres (33,292 ha) by 2002. Alterations of the Jordan River watershed began two days after the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley when water was diverted from City Creek for irrigation. The earliest dam and ditch along

6862-502: The regulation and management of water quality in the State of Utah. Streams that exceed the standard contamination levels are placed on the 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act . The Act also requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for pollutants that may cause impairments in the various water bodies. The Jordan River and Little Cottonwood Creek were included on

6956-532: The river's mouth. Joint Dam diverts water to the east for the Jordan and Salt Lake City Canal and to the west for the South Jordan Canal . The river then flows through the middle of the Salt Lake Valley, initially moving through the city of Bluffdale and then forming the border between the cities of Riverton and Draper . The river then enters the city of South Jordan where it merges with Midas Creek from

7050-452: The river. The Jordan River has been a repository for waste since the settling of the Salt Lake Valley. For 100 years, raw, untreated sewage was dumped into the river; farming and animal runoff occurred; and mining operations led to 40 smelters being built and contaminating the river with heavy metals, mostly arsenic and lead . In 1962, the river in Midvale recorded a total coliform level of about 3 million per 100 milliliters, even though

7144-462: The river. A "varmint hunt" was organized by John D. Lee around 1848, after the arrival of Mormon settlers. The final count of the hunt included "two bears, two wolverines, two wildcats, 783 wolves, 409 foxes, 31 minks, nine eagles, 530 magpies, hawks and owls, and 1,026 ravens." None of the original large mammals is found along the Jordan River today; they have, for the most part, been replaced by raccoons , red foxes and domestic pets. Animals from

7238-525: The source of the river, the pumps should all be working if the lake were to rise above the compromise level. However, if the lake level fell below the compromise level, pumps could be turned off so that water could be held for storage in Utah Lake. In 1875, the first large canal, the South Jordan Canal, was completed and it brought water to the area above the bluffs of the Jordan River for the first time. All told, five large canals that originated from

7332-463: The state of Utah criteria for the total number of coliform bacteria in water samples should not exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters. In 1965, a new sewage treatment plant came on-line in Salt Lake City that prevented 32,000,000 US gallons per day (120,000 m /d) of raw sewage from being dumped into a canal. The Utah Division of Water Quality and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for

7426-565: The suffixes separated by a slash. Some older animate nouns have a silent final vowel rather than an explicit suffix. - p u is also used to derive inanimate nouns from verbs, such as piki - p u "rotten thing" from piki- "be rotten". -t u /-r u are used for animate nouns that derive from verbs or possession: thus, kaá-mi-t u "singer" derives from kaá-mi ya "sings" and piwa-gha-t u "married person, spouse" derives from piwa-n "my spouse". There are three ways plurality can be marked, and only animate nouns are marked for plurality. -u

7520-633: The summits and ridgelines are wide, level basins with around 500 small lakes. One of the most popular lakes is Mirror Lake because of its good fishing, scenic views, and easy road access. The south and east sides of the range are largely within the Colorado River watershed, including the Blacks Fork and the Duchesne River , which are tributaries of the Green River . The Green is the major tributary of

7614-527: The uplift of the mountain range. The uplift of the range dates to the Laramide orogeny , about 70 to 50 million years ago, when compressive forces produced high-angle reverse faults on both the north and south sides of the present mountain range. The east-west orientation of the Uintas is anomalous compared to most of the ranges of the Rocky Mountains ; it may relate to changing stress patterns and rotation of

7708-559: The vowel [o] ; likewise g becomes a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] under the same conditions. Either k or g can become a voiceless velar fricative [x] when before a de-voiced word ending. Note here that coronals are produced as dental sounds rather than the alveolar sounds used in English. Syllables usually follow the CVCV pattern. All words must begin with a consonant, but other syllables may or may not include an onset. When an onset

7802-429: The water into the Great Salt Lake, with various irrigation canals responsible for the rest. The amount of water entering the Jordan River from Utah Lake is just over 400,000 acre-feet (490,000,000 m ) per year. Inflow from the 11 largest streams feeding the Jordan River, sewage treatment plants, and groundwater each account for approximately 15 percent of water entering the river. The Jordan Subbasin, as defined by

7896-433: The watershed is closely tied to elevation and precipitation levels. About 30 percent of the basin, mostly at higher elevation levels, is populated with oak , aspen and coniferous trees. At the lower levels, 27 percent of the basin is rich in mountain-brush, sagebrush , juniper and grasses. About 34 percent of the Jordan River basin is classified as urban. Russian olive and tamarisk or salt cedar trees now dominate

7990-482: The watershed) currently contaminates the ground water from the mine site all the way to the Jordan River. The largest inland reverse osmosis plant in the country was built in 2006 to clean up the ground water and a second plant has been scheduled for construction; completion of the ground water cleanup, however, is not projected until 2040. In 1998, the site was removed from the Superfund list due to Kennecott's progress in

8084-474: The west and North Salt Lake and Davis County on the east until it empties into the Great Salt Lake. The United States Geological Survey maintains a stream gauge in Salt Lake City that shows annual runoff from the period 1980–2003 is just over 150,000 acre-feet (190,000,000 m ) per year or 100 percent of the total 800,000 acre-feet (990,000,000 m ) of water entering the Jordan River from all sources. The Surplus Canal carries almost 60 percent of

8178-487: The west into the Provo Reservoir Canal , Utah Lake Distribution Canal , and Jacob-Welby Canal . The Provo Reservoir Canal runs north through Salt Lake County, Jacob-Welby runs south through Utah County. The Utah Lake Distribution Canal runs both north and south, eventually leading back into Utah Lake. Outside the narrows, the river reaches the second dam, known as Joint Dam, which is 39.9 miles (64.2 km) from

8272-460: The west, with a high point of over 9,000 feet (2,700 m) above sea level at Farnsworth Peak . The low point of 4,200 feet (1,300 m) is at the river's mouth, where the river enters the Great Salt Lake. Both the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains are fault-block mountains created from normal-slip faults where the mountains rise at the fault and the valley floor drops. The Wasatch Fault runs along

8366-456: The west. Upon leaving South Jordan, the river forms the border between the cities of West Jordan on the west and Sandy and Midvale on the east. From the west, Bingham Creek enters West Jordan. Dry Creek, an eastern tributary, combines with the main river in Sandy. The river then forms the border between the cities of Taylorsville and West Valley City on the west and Murray and South Salt Lake on

8460-612: The western edge of the Wasatch Mountains, and the Oquirrh Fault runs along the eastern edge of the Oquirrh Mountains. From approximately 75,000 to 8,000 years ago, much of what is now northern Utah was covered by a Pleistocene lake called Lake Bonneville . At its greatest extent, Lake Bonneville reached an elevation of 5,200 feet (1,600 m) above sea level and had a surface area of 19,800 square miles (51,000 km ). The lake left behind lacustrine sediments , which resulted in

8554-537: The western side of the river through much of the Jordan Narrows. The Turner Dam, located 41.8 miles (67.3 km) from the river's mouth (or at river mile 41.8) and within the boundaries of the Jordan Narrows, is the first of two dams of the Jordan River. Turner Dam diverts the water to the right or easterly into the East Jordan Canal and to the left or westerly toward the Utah and Salt Lake Canal . Two pumping stations situated next to Turner Dam divert water to

8648-429: Was a 460-acre (190 ha) site adjacent to 4,500 feet (1,400 m) of the Jordan River which was used, from 1902 to 1971, for smelting copper from Kennecott Copper Mine. The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, iron , manganese , and zinc . Cleanup has been completed, and the site taken off the Superfund list in 2004. Vitro Uranium Mill was a 128-acre (52 ha) site located in South Salt Lake, surrounded by

8742-459: Was historically named Proveau's Fork , as the Quebec-born fur trapper was known as Proveau and Provot, in addition to Provost (and the pronunciation was "Provo"). On 22 July 1847, the first party of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, and five days later another party led by Brigham Young crossed the Jordan River and bathed in the Great Salt Lake. The River Jordan (located in

8836-537: Was originally proposed in 1971 as a flood control measure with two reservoirs, restoration of wetlands, shoreline roads for cars, walking trails, and parks. By 1986, $ 18 million had been used to purchase lands around the Jordan River and to construct the Murray Golf Course, several smaller parks and about 4 miles (6.4 km) of canoe runs and trails. As of 2010, the majority of the 40-mile (64 km) continuous mixed-use trail has been finished from Utah Lake to

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