Udine Cathedral ( Italian : Duomo di Udine , Cattedrale di Santa Maria Maggiore ) is a Catholic cathedral located in Udine , north-eastern Italy . It is the seat of the Archbishop of Udine .
125-431: The cathedral's construction began in 1236 by will of Berthold , patriarch of Aquileia , on a Latin cross -shaped plan with three aisles and side-chapels. The style should follow that of the contemporary Franciscan churches. The church was consecrated in 1335 as Santa Maria Maggiore . In 1348 an earthquake damaged the building, which was restored starting from 1368. In this occasion, the larger previous rose window of
250-458: A crusade to the Holy Land . Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary , to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum . Despite the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III , in 1204. After the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended
375-459: A Guelph coalition against Emperor Frederick II. The Austrian Rhymed Chronicle (" Chronicon rhythmicum Austriacum ") is the earliest known work, which preserved the alleged story of that Berthold raped the wife of a powerful lord Bánk Bár-Kalán, which was the immediate cause of the assassination of his sister, Queen Gertrude, who acted as a procuress in the adultery, in September 1213. The chronicle
500-600: A Hungarian noblewoman to commit adultery with him. Berthold donated two codices to the cathedral chapter of Cividale, the Egbert Psalter ( Psalterium Egberti ) and the St. Elizabeth 's Psalm (she was the daughter of Gertrude and niece of Berthold). Andrew II of Hungary Andrew II ( Hungarian : II. András , Croatian : Andrija II. , Slovak : Ondrej II. , Ukrainian : Андрій II ; c. 1177 – 21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem ,
625-595: A campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite a previous compromise. Andrew besieged and captured Przemyśl , Terebovl , and other fortresses in Halych. However, his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw. Despite his victories, Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew's son in early 1227. In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants. Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts. Béla confiscated
750-517: A committee of bishops belonging to the two archdioceses, which was presented to the pope by bishops Robert of Veszprém and Peter of Győr in 1211. The proposal contained that the right of coronation should belong to the role of archbishop Esztergom, except in case of deliberate rejection, obstacle, deteriorated health condition or sede vacante , when the process must be performed by the archbishop of Kalocsa. The so-called "second coronations" (during festive events) must be celebrated jointly. In addition,
875-484: A conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict, son of Korlát . Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209. Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych. Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery", according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . The boyars offered
1000-521: A donation letter of Stephen I, Bishop of Zagreb in 1215. Along with Archbishop John and several Hungarian suffragans, Berthold participated in the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215. Returning Hungary, Berthold ordered a compulsory reading of the hagiography of Saint Stephen I of Hungary (written by Hartvik ) in the churches of his archdiocese and his suffragans' sees with the pope's permission in
1125-472: A group of lords led by Peter, son of Töre dared a raid into a queen's hunting camp in the Pilis Mountains and murdered Gertrude and several of her courtiers, while Berthold – who was physically abused by the rebels – narrowly escaped his life with Leopold VI of Austria , according to the interpretation of historian Gyula Pauler. Only the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle confirms Berthold's presence during
1250-454: A hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody. Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec , then in Esztergom . Alexander of
1375-408: A legitimate son of Andrew. Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch . The year of Andrew's birth is not known, but modern historians agree that he was born around 1177, considering that Margaret , who was born in 1175 or 1176, was his elder sister, which, however, is far from certain. Andrew was first mentioned in connection to his father's invasion of
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#17328488392581500-464: A military campaign to Galicia–Volhynia , he appointed his wife Queen Gertrude and Berthold as regents in early September 1213 during his absence. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. Berthold's undue preference at the instigation of his sister disgusted the Hungarian magnates . On 28 September 1213, while the king marched into Galicia–Volhynia,
1625-407: A new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters. He distributed large portions of the royal domain—royal castles and all estates attached to them—as inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable." His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During
1750-515: A new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216. Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored. That same year, Andrew met Stephen Nemanjić , Grand Prince of Serbia , in Ravno (now Ćuprija , Serbia). He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with Henry , Latin Emperor of Constantinople , who
1875-420: A peace treaty in late 1233. Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice d'Este on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage. John, Bishop of Bosnia , put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg. Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against
2000-608: A poisoned drink" is reliable, Andrew's inactivity was because of illness. Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though Raoul of Merencourt , Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , threatened him with excommunication. Andrew first visited Tripoli and participated in the marriage of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan on 10 January. From Tripoli, he travelled to Cilicia , where he and Leo I of Armenia betrothed Andrew's youngest son, Andrew , and Leo's daughter, Isabella . Andrew proceeded through
2125-421: A prelate – he studied among ordinary students exposing his incomplete knowledge and demonstrating his unworthiness for the archbishopric. According to the pope, the archiepiscopal see was in a more severe status than if it had been a sede vacante . Pope Innocent instructed Berthold to return to Kalocsa, where he can discreetly begin his theological studies, otherwise he threatened to deprive him of his office. In
2250-537: A reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200. Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, Berthold, Duke of Merania , owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy, in what is now Slovenia . When Emeric's son, Ladislaus , was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered. Pope Innocent confirmed
2375-422: A successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise
2500-622: A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa. Berthold considered the settlement of the knights along the Southern Carpathians would have been a defense factor for his ecclesiastical province, which contributes to the political strengthening of Kalocsa in the conflict of jurisdiction against Esztergom. Berthold also sought to establish a separate Roman Catholic diocese for the Transylvanian Saxons and to launch missions in order to convert
2625-573: A suffragan. Consequently, Pope Innocent refused his election in April 1207, citing the violation of the canon of the Third Council of the Lateran . Upon the request of the king and the cathedral chapter ( postulatio ), however, the pope confirmed Berthold as Archbishop of Kalocsa in December 1207. The pope entrusted his papal legate Cardinal Gregorius de Crescentio to deal with the issue. Nevertheless, Berthold
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#17328488392582750-559: Is a chapel which is completely adorned with frescoes by Vitale da Bologna (1349). The cathedral also houses an important museum of religious decorative arts, the Museo del Duomo di Udine . 46°03′44″N 13°14′13″E / 46.06222°N 13.23694°E / 46.06222; 13.23694 Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia) Berthold ( German : Berthold von Andechs-Meran , Hungarian : Merániai Bertold , Italian : Bertoldo di Andechs-Merania ; c . 1182 – 23 May 1251)
2875-464: Is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event. Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223. This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him. In his Diploma Andreanum of 1224, Andrew confirmed
3000-577: Is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders. Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanád and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222. The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade. If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis
3125-506: The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, Roman Igorevich , soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance. Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops. Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns— Split and Omiš —and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207. Taking advantage of
3250-563: The Cumans . In this endeavor, he attempted to transform the provostship of Szeben (present-day Sibiu, Romania ), which was established around 1189 in order to represent the Transylvanian Saxons and was not subject of the Diocese of Transylvania, into a bishopric within the ecclesiastical authority of Kalocsa. However, Pope Innocent III refused this plan; the pope argued that step would violate
3375-626: The Duchy of Merania . During his patriarchy, he led several successful campaigns to consolidate his power against the County of Gorizia , Treviso and the rebellious Istria . He formed an alliance with Padua and the Republic of Venice in this process. He expanded the walled area of his capital, Cividale . Berthold secured his position being a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II against
3500-667: The Duchy of Styria in 1236. They captured their own niece Agnes , Frederick's wife during the siege of Riegersburg Castle . Berthold was present in Vienna in early 1237, when the emperor obtained the title of King of the Romans for his 9-year-old son Conrad . In 1238 Agnes is found together with her uncle Berthold on the occasion of the colonization of the Michelstetten monastery in Carniola by Dominican nuns from Vienna (later Berthold mediated
3625-759: The Holy Crown to Austria . According to the Annals of Admont, "some bishops and nobles" escorted them, breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border. Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI of Austria, but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205. Andrew sent Bishop Peter of Győr to Austria, who successfully recovered the Holy Crown. John, Archbishop of Kalocsa , crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205. Andrew introduced
3750-503: The Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that " now ... the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary." In 1209, Zadar , which had been lost to the Venetians , was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, Domald of Sidraga , but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later. Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210. Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling
3875-505: The Hont-Pázmány clan freed him in early 1204. It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent. Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August. As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csák to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore,
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4000-458: The Pilis Hills on 28 September. When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, Peter, son of Töre . However, Peter's accomplices, including Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán , did not receive severe punishments. A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son,
4125-487: The Principality of Halych in 1188. That year, Béla III invaded Halych upon the request of its former prince, Vladimir II Yaroslavich , who had been expelled by his subjects. Béla forced the new prince, Roman Mstislavich , to flee. After conquering Halych, he granted it to Andrew. Béla also captured Vladimir Yaroslavich and imprisoned him in Hungary. After Béla's withdrawal from Halych, Roman Mstislavich returned with
4250-663: The Seldjuk Sultanate of Rum before arriving in Nicaea (now İznik , Turkey). His cousins (the sons of his uncle, Géza) attacked him when he was in Nicaea. He arranged the marriage of his oldest son, Béla, to Maria Laskarina , a daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris . When he arrived in Bulgaria, Andrew was detained until he "gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage" to Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria , according to Thomas
4375-568: The Szepesség region (now Spiš , Slovakia). Gertrude's youngest brother, Berthold , had been Archbishop of Kalocsa since 1206; he was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. According to historian Gyula Kristó, the anonymous author of The Deeds of the Hungarians referred to the Germans from
4500-556: The Templar prior of Vrana . In July 1217, Andrew departed from Zagreb , accompanied by Dukes Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I of Merania . His army was so large—at least 10,000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymen—that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later. The ships transported them to Acre , where they landed in October. The leaders of
4625-472: The consecration of udvornici , castle folk and other serfs in early 1222. However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina. An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius. Actually, the royal servants —who were landowners directly subject to
4750-844: The imperial diet at Ravenna and hosted another one in Cividale in 1231–1232. Berthold hosted the negotiations between Frederick II and his rebellious son Henry (VII) in the spring of 1232. When Frederick II, Duke of Austria invaded the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1233, Berthold joined his army alongside his brothers and other imperial lords. Following the defeat of Henry, Frederick II entrusted Berthold to transport his captured son to Rocca San Felice in Apulia in 1235. After Emperor Frederick ostracized Frederick II, Duke of Austria from his realm due to his involvement in Henry's rebellion, brothers Berthold and Ekbert invaded
4875-470: The treasurer , was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards. However, royal revenues had significantly diminished. Upon the advice of the treasurer, Denis, son of Ampud , Andrew imposed new taxes and farmed out royal income from minting, salt trade and custom duties. The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber. However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary. Andrew signed
5000-559: The 11-year-old Béla to Steyr in the Duchy of Austria . Other historians identified this castle with Stein (" Stahin ") in the Holy Roman Empire (today Kamnik, Slovenia ). Following the death of Wolfger von Erla in January 1218, some members of the local cathedral chapter postulated Berthold as Patriarch of Aquileia , while others supported the election of Ulrich, a canon of the aforementioned chapter. Pope Honorius III investigated
5125-528: The 14th century. It has reliefs portraying the Redemption and pointed internal arches. The other one is known as Portale dell'Incoronazion , and was also executed by a German sculptor in 1395–1396. It has figures of saints and, one the upper tympanum , scenes of the Life of Jesus. The interior has a nave and two aisles separated by pillars. At the sides are four chapels communicating with each other. In contrast with
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5250-459: The Archdeacon. Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218. Andrew's "crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor", according to historian Thomas Van Cleve. Oliver of Paderborn , James of Vitry and other 13th-century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade. Stephen Donnachie says that "...from examining Honorius’s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and
5375-458: The Berthold as early as January 1241. Soon, the advancing Mongols invaded Hungary then raided the Holy Roman Empire . Berthold gathered his troops and participated in the defense along the Austrian border, with several other lords and prelates. Berthold fled to Apulia in the spring of 1242. Together with the emperor, Berthold urged the newly crowned Pope Innocent IV to launch a crusade against
5500-914: The Cumans at Vidin . Andrew granted the Barcaság (now Țara Bârsei , Romania) to the Teutonic Knights . The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism. A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211. Andrew and his allies—Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princes—sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich. Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212. She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych. He captured Volodislav Kormilchich,
5625-555: The Duke. The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield. The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus. That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near Lake Balaton , and Andrew fled to Austria. During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia. A papal legate mediated
5750-495: The Hungarians from Halych. Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary" to appease Andrew, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, Géza ; they lived in "Greek land" (the Byzantine Empire ). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210. In
5875-828: The Italian cities of the Lombard League . He attended the papal coronation of Frederick II with the escort of 2,000 knights in Rome in November 1220. Berthold escorted the emperor to the Holy Land in the Sixth Crusade (1228–1229). He took part in the re-consecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in 1229. German historian Edmund von Oefele argued during the fierce conflict between
6000-569: The Mongols. Innocent entrusted the patriarch to lead a crusade into Hungary in July 1243. He was mandated with the same task in the First Council of Lyon in 1245, but in the end no campaign took place in either case. When negotiations with the emperor about the elevation of Vienna to a bishopric and of Austria (including Styria) to a kingdom were initiated by Duke Frederick in 1245, who succeeded in gaining
6125-574: The Patriarchate had a flourishing economy and cultural life, supported by a good road network. Udine in central Friuli , which had been a favourite residence of Berthold and his successors since the mid-13th century and soon became a large city. Berthold granted the right to hold trade fairs to Udine. During Berthold's rule, the Friulian parliament began to evolve out of ad hoc patriarchal councils of increasingly greater size, convoked first in 1231 to obtain
6250-509: The Romanesque-Gothic exterior, the Baroque interior has monumental dimensions and contains many works of art by Maffeo Verona , Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Pomponio Amalteo , and Ludovico Dorigny . The painter Pellegrino da San Daniele contributed to the altarpiece of Saint Joseph and the organ doors. On the ground floor of the bell tower (built from 1441 over the ancient baptistry )
6375-610: The abolition of the Duchy of Merania, Berthols established large-scale domains to the patriarchate, for instance Windischgrätz (present-day Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia ). Berthold died in Aquileia on 23 May 1251. He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta . With Berthold's death, his line of the counts of Andechs became extinct. He was also the last in a long line of German Patriarchs of Aquileia. His successor Gregorio di Montelongo had led
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#17328488392586500-507: The agreement, Varaždin and Bodrog counties also belonged to his suzerainty. He cooperated with the Frankopans , Babonići , and other local lords. Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations, including their uncle comes Andrew and Macarius Monoszló . The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule. Taking advantage of Miroslav of Hum 's death, Andrew invaded Hum and occupied at least
6625-505: The archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials. Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull. In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to
6750-563: The armed conflicts along the Hungarian-Austrian border. As part of the treaty, Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary. Andrew made his oldest son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania . Béla's former duchy was given to Andrew's second son, Coloman, in 1226. Duke Béla started expanding his suzerainty over the Cumans , who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains. Andrew launched
6875-466: The assassination. Despite the doubtful authenticity of the chronicle's report, historian Tamás Körmendi accepted the information on Berthold's presence, since a letter of Pope Innocent III to Archbishop John of Esztergom in January 1214 refers to the assault on Berthold. According to the pope's letter, during the rebellion many clergy and monks in the Archdiocese of Kalocsa suffered physical insult and material damage. Innocent instructed John to excommunicate
7000-403: The assistance of Rurik Rostislavich , Prince of Belgorod Kievsky . They tried to expel Andrew and his Hungarian retinue, but the Hungarians routed the united forces of Mstislavich and Rostislavich. A group of local boyars offered the throne to Rostislav Ivanovich, a distant cousin of the imprisoned Vladimir Yaroslavich. Béla III sent reinforcements to Halych, enabling Andrew's troops to repel
7125-425: The attacks. Andrew's nominal reign remained unpopular in Halych, because the Hungarian soldiers insulted local women and did not respect Orthodox churches. Consequently, the local boyars allied themselves with their former prince, Vladimir Yaroslavich, who had escaped from captivity and returned to Halych. Duke Casimir II of Poland also supported Vladimir Yaroslavich, and they expelled Andrew and his retinue from
7250-482: The authorization of the Holy See. Andrew died on 21 September, and was buried in Egres Abbey . Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was born around 1185, according to historian Gyula Kristó. Their first child, Mary , was born in 1203 or 1204. She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Andrew's eldest son, Béla , was born in 1206. He later succeeded his father as king. Béla's younger sister, Elisabeth ,
7375-582: The barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216. Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the Fifth Crusade . He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army. He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom, and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to Pontius de Cruce ,
7500-429: The bishop's act at the Holy See. Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234. However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary. Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by
7625-418: The brothers. In contrast, historian Gergely Kiss considered the ecclesiastical punishments to Berthold and Ekbert were connected to the strained foreign relations between Hungary and Austria. According to a papal letter from 1229, Berthold visited the Hungarian royal court to dissuade Andrew II from participating in the conspiracy against Frederick II. In October 1234, Pope Gregory IX requested Berthold to seek
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#17328488392587750-405: The case and declared and invalidated the postulation and the result of the election, citing a violation of canon law. He placed the task under his own authority and appointed Berthold as Patriarch of Aquileia on 27 March 1218. His transfer from Kalocsa to Aquileia took months. In July 1218, Pope Honorius instructed Archbishop and Patriarch-elect Berthold to consecrate "a bishop of Cumania". However,
7875-432: The cathedral chapter of the Archdiocese of Bamberg in 1203, due to the intercession and influence of his elder brother Ekbert , the local bishop. Berthold served in this capacity until 1205. Berthold followed his sister Gertrude to the Hungarian court under King Andrew II , who in the first half of 1206 had his brother-in-law nominated Archbishop of Kalocsa, succeeding John . The cathedral chapter elected him under
8000-411: The child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy. Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varaždin in October 1203. In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade. [All]
8125-401: The church hierarchy in Hungary against John, who this time was a defender of the interests of Esztergom. In response to Berthold's attacks, Archbishop John requested Pope Innocent to confirm his dignity's right of the coronation of the Hungarian monarch in 1209. Nevertheless, Berthold achieved partial success; a proposal for the compromise settlement of the resurgence of the quarrel was made by
8250-428: The complaint of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom, refused to countersign the document on 12 February 1212, referring to its "harmful consequences" for the Kingdom of Hungary. Berthold had important role in the settlement of the Teutonic Order to Transylvania in 1211. The area Burzenland ( Hungarian : Barcaság ), granted to the Teutonic Order by Andrew II in that year, belonged to the Diocese of Transylvania ,
8375-429: The consent of his former brother-in-law Andrew II for the Teutonic Order's return to Transylvania (the knights were expelled from Hungary a decade earlier, who had attempted to eliminate Andrew's suzerainty in Burzenland) or at least compensate them for their losses. In 1238 Berthold moved the capital of the ecclesiastical state from Cividale to Udine , where he gave orders to erect a cathedral . Under his leadership,
8500-437: The coronation was not vitally urgent. Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority", according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon . King Emeric died on 30 November 1204. Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus's regent, but subsequently he counted his regnal years from
8625-545: The crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed. Steven Runciman , Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June. According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay , as emperor. Nonetheless,
8750-424: The crusade included John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , Leopold of Austria, the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers , the Templars and the Teutonic Knights . They held a war council in Acre, with Andrew leading the meeting. In early November, the Crusaders launched a campaign for the Jordan River , forcing Al-Adil I , Sultan of Egypt , to withdraw without fighting; the crusaders then pillaged Beisan . After
8875-440: The crusaders returned to Acre, Andrew did not participate in any other military actions. Instead, he collected relics , including a water jug allegedly used at the marriage at Cana , the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret the Virgin , the right hands of the Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew and a part of Aaron's rod . If Thomas the Archdeacon's report of certain "evil and audacious men" in Acre who "treacherously passed him
9000-419: The document attached the collection of tithe after the coinage to Esztergom, but John had to waive his all right (i.e. superintendence over the royal churches, abbeys and provostries, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials) in the territory of the church province of Kalocsa, in accordance with the proposal. The theses of the document was promoted by Andrew II himself too. However Pope Innocent, upon
9125-467: The domains of two noblemen, Simon Kacsics and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude. In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla. Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom , made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims. Pope Gregory IX authorized
9250-457: The duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia. Andrew employed Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s. Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians. Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and their right to be exclusively judged by church courts , but also prohibited
9375-412: The early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of Saxons , Vlachs , Székelys and Pechenegs " commanded by Joachim , Count of Hermannstadt , (now Sibiu , Romania) to assist Boril of Bulgaria 's fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains. Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and Barancs (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric. Andrew's army defeated
9500-639: The eight-year-old Béla , but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214. Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, Coloman , to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, Salomea . Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede Przemyśl to Leszek of Poland. The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured Przemyśl . Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary. A new officer of state,
9625-525: The emperor and Pope Gregory IX , his loyalty to Frederick earned him a papal excommunication in 1229, which nevertheless was revoked two years later upon the intercession by King Andrew II of Hungary (other historians have differing views on the cause of excommunication, see below). As representative of the emperor, Berthold acted as one of the testimonies of the Treaty of San Germano in July 1230, where Frederick and Pope Gregory IX concluded peace. He also attended
9750-599: The emperor over the years, even after his nephew Otto II died in 1248, which resulted the expiration of the Duchy of Merania. In his later years, Berthold tried to arbitrate between the emperor and the pope, though ultimately to no avail. Berthold entered into a defense alliance with the neighboring city-states of Brescia , Mantua and Ferrara in order to repel a possible punitive campaign of Frederick II. The emperor entrusted Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia to confiscate all of Berthold's possessions in Styria and Carinthia. Following
9875-620: The episcopal armies of Győr and Veszprém . However, Berthold took with him the treasures of his late sister, worth a total of 7,000 marks , which aroused the wrath of Andrew II, who complained this to the pope and threatened to indemnify the royal treasury from the proceeds of the archdiocese. The case may have been settled soon, because Bertold was able to return to Hungary in the first half of 1214. Although Berthold returned to Hungary in 1214, King Andrew II certainly learning from previous experiences, no longer gave him as much political influence or territorial power as before. Berthold confirmed
10000-422: The establishment of the short-lived Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania did not happen until a decade later under the guidance of Archbishop Robert of Esztergom. Berthold's appointment as Patriarch of Aquileia marked a significant advance in his church career, through which he was able to represent the interests of his family even more, as the patriarchate located in northeastern Italy, near their imperial fiefdom of
10125-482: The façade was replaced by the smaller current one. At the beginning of the 18th century, a radical transformation project involving both the exterior and the interior was undertaken at the request and expense of the Manin family. The designer was architect Domenico Rossi , the work being finished in 1735. The church has two main portals, one of which, called Portale della Redenzione , executed by an unknown German master in
10250-420: The financial and military support of the Friulian barons in the near continual wars of patriarchs with their neighbours. Berthold granted various tax exemptions to the nobility of Friuli since 1245. Berthold sought to prevent the expansion of the cruel warlord Ezzelino III da Romano , who tried to expand his influence over Aquileia (or Friuli), despite the fact that both Berthold and Ezzelino were strong pillars of
10375-402: The funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords. It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as Duke of Slavonia , which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century. Andrew also formed an alliance with Duke Leopold VI of Austria , and they plotted against Emeric. Their united troops routed
10500-603: The land between the Cetina and Neretva rivers sometime before May 1198. He styled himself, "By the grace of God, Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum" in his charters. Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác , and many other prelates and lords. For instance, incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to
10625-424: The loss of royal revenues. He was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria ". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities , but was repelled by the local boyars and neighboring princes. He participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure. When the servientes regis , or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew
10750-543: The magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for battle. ... [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found
10875-526: The model of French cathedrals with ambulatory . The walls of the existing 11th-century cathedral were not used in the walls of the new church. Based on the consistency reflected in the stone carvings from the new building, art historian Imre Takács envisioned a rapid, almost campaign-like construction, which may prove that the renovation of the cathedral can be linked to the contemporary church policy rivalry between archbishops John of Esztergom and Berthold of Kalocsa. Berthold judged over various lawsuits involving
11000-526: The monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal army—assembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss Julius Kán and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the Golden Bull of 1222 . The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ispáns . The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as
11125-456: The most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary. After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality. Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213. During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in
11250-508: The other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter. The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the Hungarian nobility . The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's Magna Carta – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215. A significant difference between them
11375-426: The papal curia, Andrew’s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed, even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity." When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues." A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary. Andrew
11500-441: The perpetrators. In addition, the pope also sent a letter to the "dukes of Poland" not to give any refuge to the perpetrators who might flee abroad. When Andrew II heard of Gertrude's murder, he returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of Peter, son of Töre. Upon the request of Andrew II, bishops Peter of Győr and Robert of Veszprém escorted the unpopular and endangered Berthold until the Austrian border in late 1213, protected by
11625-499: The pope to absolve their maternal uncle from the excommunication. Gregory IX could not refuse the petition of what he described as "among the Christian rulers especially kind kings", though he had one condition, namely, that Berthold should appear before the papal court personally. The case of Berthold, however, did not come to a rapid conclusion despite Gregory's promise. The pope entrusted his subdeacon, Gregorio di Montelongo , to absolve
11750-503: The pope's special authorization. Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich, he continued his negotiations with the papal legate. On 20 August 1233, in the forests of Bereg , he vowed that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues. Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September. Andrew and Frederick II, Duke of Austria , signed
11875-694: The possessions – Sala (present-day Diakovce, Slovakia ) and Dinnye – of the Pannonhalma Abbey in the period between 1211 and 1214. He also acted as an arbiter in the lawsuit between Bishop Robert of Veszprém and Uros of Pannonhalma regarding the collection right of tithes in Somogy County . As an unusual phenomenon in Hungary, Queen Gertrude applied for and received a share in the government system. Her favoritism towards her German entourage were aggrieved numerous Hungarian barons, who feared to permanently lose their court positions and influence. Berthold
12000-660: The pressure of the Hungarian royal couple. Andrew II sent a letter to the Holy See in order to request the papal confirmation of his election. However, the appointment was not acknowledged by Pope Innocent III ; according to his letter to King Andrew II in June 1206, the pope initiated an investigation on Berthold's age and education under the direction of Eberhard von Regensberg , Archbishop of Salzburg . The process revealed that Berthold may have been 25 years of age or slightly older and did not have an adequate education of canon law to become
12125-416: The previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues. This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ispáns , or heads, of the counties —who were appointed by the monarchs—had been based. During his reign, Andrew
12250-603: The principality in August 1189 or 1190. Andrew returned to Hungary after his defeat. He did not receive a separate duchy from his father, who only gave him some fortresses, estates and money. According to historian Attila Zsoldos, these landholdings laid in Slavonia . On his deathbed, Béla III, who had pledged to lead a crusade to the Holy Land , ordered Andrew to fulfill his vow. Andrew's father died on 23 April 1196, and Andrew's older brother, Emeric , succeeded him. Andrew used
12375-459: The privileges of the " Saxons " who inhabited the region of Hermannstadt in southern Transylvania (now Sibiu , Romania). The following year, he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights, who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty. The Knights were forced to leave Barcaság and the neighboring lands. Andrew's envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June, which ended
12500-583: The privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise. Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania , was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. The veneration of their daughter, Elizabeth of Hungary , was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew's lifetime. After Andrew's death, his sons, Béla and Coloman , accused his third wife, Beatrice d'Este , of adultery and never considered her son, Stephen , to be
12625-639: The pro-Emperor Ghibelline party. Berthold was present in the Siege of Brescia in October 1238, where the Guelphs forced Frederick II to lift the siege. When Pope Gregory excommunicated the emperor in early 1239, Berthold was hesitant to announce the ecclesiastical censure in his patriarchate. Therefore, Berthold was excommunicated too. Berthold allied with Ezzelino in their joint campaign against Treviso, which rebelled against Frederick's rule. Berthold's nephews, King Béla IV of Hungary and Duke Coloman of Galicia requested
12750-568: The relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric's death. Instead, Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey . He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance, who deposited it in the Stephanites ' convent in Esztergom prior to that, in addition to the denial of her dower . Queen Constance fled from Hungary, taking her son and
12875-674: The rights of the Bishop of Transylvania, which obviously means that the new bishopric would have united all the German churches in Transylvania and the provostship of Szeben, which would have been the basis of the planned bishopric, was under the spiritual jurisdiction of either the Apostolic See or the Archbishop of Esztergom. Berthold possibly rebuilt the Kalocsa Cathedral into Gothic style on
13000-569: The royal army at Mački , Slavonia, in December 1197. Under duress, King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage , as most historians believe. In contrast, historian György Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew's dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia and that Andrew used the title of duke without his brother's approval. In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins, granted land and confirmed privileges. In accordance with
13125-735: The rule over the March of Carniola from the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The Austrian duke would have put Anselinus, Berthold's natural son, at the head of this new fiefdom. However, the Austrian–Bohemian and Austrian–Hungarian conflicts (the latter caused Frederick's death in 1246) prevented the implementation of this plan. During the First Council of Lyon, Frederick II was excommunicated again. To get rid of his predicament and his fear of excommunication and political isolation, Berthold reconsidered his political allegiance and became increasingly distant from
13250-589: The same time, the pope rebuked King Andrew for misleading him with his "urgent requests" when, yielding to pressure, he appointed an uneducated man to be the "bishop of bishops" (i.e. archbishop). Shortly after his return to Hungary in 1209, Berthold followed the path of his predecessor, John, and questioned the primacy jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Esztergom , considering his archiepiscopal see as coequal. Taking advantage of his royal family connections, he sought to extort concessions and privileges for himself within
13375-473: The same year. Pope Honorius III , in 1216, confirmed Berthold's right to freely appoint rectors of those churches , which have no pastoral duties. The Hungarian monarch commissioned him to oversee the delivery of salt to the canons of Zagreb in Szeged in 1217. Before launching the Fifth Crusade , Andrew II entrusted his eldest son and heir Béla to Berthold in the first half of 1217. Berthold took his nephew,
13500-667: The story made a decisive contribution to making the story rooted in the Hungarian chronicle and historiographical tradition and, subsequently, the Hungarian-language literature and culture. The chronicle of the family monastery, the Dießen Abbey took over the story, but it denies the responsibility of Gertrude, as well as three Bavarian authors in the 15th-century, namely Andreas of Ratisbon 's Chronkon universale , Ulrich Onsorg's Chronicon Bavariae and Veit Arnpeck 's Chronicon Baioariorum . All four works agree that Berthold forced
13625-443: The throne in 1205. According to historian László Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I , started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary. Andrew introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite
13750-440: The throne to Mstislav Mstislavich , Prince of Novgorod , if he could overthrow Benedict. Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict. Queen Gertrude's two brothers, Ekbert of Bamberg , Bishop of Bamberg , and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of Philip , King of the Germans . Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in
13875-581: The throne. Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231. Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop, who soon suspended the interdict. Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without
14000-438: The time of his brother's death, showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III's reign. Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus, also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade, to secure the incomes of Emeric's widow and Ladislaus III's mother, Constance of Aragon , and to keep royal property intact. The pope's letters suggest that serious tensions burdened
14125-513: The title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities. After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, Vladimir Igorevich , seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother. They fled to Leszek I of Poland , who suggested that they visit Andrew. However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him" on behalf of Romanovich, according to
14250-519: The wedding between Agnes and her second husband Ulrich of Sponheim ). Even after his appointment as patriarch, Berthold remained in contact with the Kingdom of Hungary. According to historian Gábor Barabás, Pope Gregory IX rebuked him in June 1229, as he hindered King Andrew II from fulfilling the promise of leading a crusade to the Holy Land . The pope sent a letter with a similar content and tone to Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, Berthold's brother too. Pope Gregory temporarily even suspended and excommunicated
14375-448: Was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary , who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188. Andrew's rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead
14500-453: Was also referred to as ispán of Bács and Bodrog counties in 1213. The influence of Berthold and his kinship shows, when provost Adolph was granted royal donation of lands upon the intercession of Gertrude and his brothers in 1209. It is plausible that Andrew II sent the provost to Altenburg to convince Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor of the brothers' innocence in the case of the assassination of Philip of Swabia . When Andrew II prepared
14625-492: Was born in 1207. She married Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia . She died in 1231 and was canonized during Andrew's life. Andrew's second son, Coloman, was born in 1208. His third son, Andrew, was born around 1210. Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period. Two years after his first wife was murdered, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay, who was born around 1198. Their only child, Yolanda ,
14750-618: Was compiled by a Hungarian cleric in Klosterneuburg Abbey , Lower Austria around 1270. Its text was utilized by the Dominican Annals of Vienna (" Annales Praedicatorum Vindobonensium ") at the end of the 13th century, but Berthold is anachronistically styled as Patriarch of Aquileia. The 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle (" Chronicon Pictum ") took over the story too, claiming that one of Gertrude's brothers raped Bánk's wife, but does not mention Berthold by name. The involvement of
14875-467: Was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 , confirming their privileges. This led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary . His Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates . Andrew pledged to respect
15000-422: Was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage. In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman. Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter. In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla,
15125-420: Was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych. He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206. Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich , Prince of Chernigov , and his allies on behalf of Daniel Romanovich , the child-prince of Halych, and Lodomeria . Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw. Andrew adopted
15250-513: Was styled as archbishop-elect until 1212. It is plausible he turned 30 that year, which was a condition for the election of a bishop, and Pope Innocent III sent his pallium shortly thereafter. Following his confirmation, Berthold immediately left behind his archdiocese in order to study at the University of Vicenza . The pope was outraged at this decision. His letter to Andrew II in January 1209 says that Berthold caused public outrage, because – as
15375-724: Was the count of Andechs (as Berthold V ) from 1204, the archbishop of Kalocsa from 1206 until 1218, and the patriarch of Aquileia from 1218 until his death. He was born around 1182, as a younger son of the Bavarian count Berthold IV of Andechs , who was elevated to a duke of Merania by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1183. His mother was Agnes of Rochlitz , a member of the Saxon Wettin dynasty . Among his siblings were Duke Otto I of Merania , French queen Agnes , Hungarian queen Gertrude , and Saint Hedwig of Silesia . Berthold, chosen for an ecclesiastical career, became provost at
15500-426: Was the main beneficiary in this political situation. Despite his ecclesiastical career, he also held secular dignities, which was not a widespread practice in Hungary at that time. Replacing Bánk Bár-Kalán , Berthold served as Ban of Slavonia from 1209 to 1212. He was styled as " Dalmacie Croacieque dux " in this capacity in 1211. Thereafter, Berthold was made Voivode of Transylvania , serving from 1212 to 1213. He
15625-462: Was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, Yolanda de Courtenay . Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217. Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, Sava , dissuaded him, according to both versions of the Life of Sava . In July 1216, the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade. Andrew, who had postponed
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