The Uberi were a Celtic tribe dwelling near the source of the Rhône river , in the modern-day Canton of Valais ( Switzerland ), during the Iron Age and the Roman period .
23-746: Along with the Nantuates , Veragri and Seduni , the Uberi were part of the Vallenses, a group of tribes living between Lake Geneva and the Pennine Alps . They are mentioned as Uberi in Pliny the Elder 's Naturalis Historia (1st c. AD). The Uberi dwelled near the source of the Rhône river, in the upper part of the modern Canton of Valais . Their territory was located north of
46-580: A legion , which was called legatus legionis . Julius Caesar made wide use of this title throughout the Gallic Wars . Initially, only conflicts on foreign ground had demanded the presence of legati, but the beginning of the Social War in 90 BC saw them being increasingly deployed in Italia. There were two main positions. The legatus legionis was an ex- praetor given command of one of Rome's legions, while
69-522: A legate under his first cousin, Gaius Julius Caesar ). Diplomats and envoys sent by Rome were also given the title of legate. The rank of legate existed as early as the Samnite Wars , but it was not until 190 BC that it started to be standardized, meant to better manage the higher numbers of soldiers the Second Punic War had forced to recruit. The legate of a Roman Republican army was essentially
92-513: A subsection of the Lepontii. Archaeological evidence from the site of Gamsen-Waldmatte in Brig-Glis indicate that the Uberi were only partially Romanized . Nantuates The Nantuates or Nantuatae ( Gaulish : Nantuatis , 'those of the valley') were a Gallic tribe dwelling around present-day Massongex , in the modern Canton of Valais ( Switzerland ) and adjacent areas of France , during
115-411: A supreme military tribune , drawn from among the senatorial class of Rome (usually a consul or proconsul ), who acted as a second-in-command to the magistrate in charge of the force. This role was usually played by either seasoned generals or ambitious young senators; the latter option eventually displaced the military tribune as a path to gain recognition. The legate was officially assigned by
138-777: Is named after the tribe. The Nantuates dwelled in the upper Rhône valley, between Lake Geneva and Saint-Maurice , near the Great St Bernard Pass trade route, where they organized trade between Lake Geneva and the Italian Peninsula. Their territory was located northeast of the Allobroges , north of the Veragri , east of the Seduni , and south of the Helvetii . After the Roman conquered
161-483: The Tabula Peutingeriana (5th c. AD). The ethnonym Nantuates is a latinized form of Gaulish Nantuatis , which literally means 'those of the valley', that is 'the people of the valley'. It derives from the stem nantu - ('valley, stream'; cf. Middle Welsh nant 'valley, water-course, stream', Old Cornish nans 'vallis') extended by the suffix - ates ('belonging to'). The modern town of Nantua
184-577: The Alpes Graiae et Poeninae by Claudius (41–54 AD), with the creation of a single civitas ( civitas Vallensium ) shared with the other Vallensian tribes. They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium . The Uberi had close links with the nearby and larger Lepontii . According to Pliny, they were actually
207-540: The Iron Age and the Roman period . Along with the Veragri , Seduni and Uberi , they were part of the Vallenses, a group of tribes living between Lake Geneva and the Pennine Alps . They are mentioned as Nantuates ( var. nantuatis , antuatis ), Nantuatibus and Nantuatium by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Nantuates by Pliny (1st c. AD), Nantoua͂tai (Ναντουᾶται) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as Nantuani on
230-525: The Roman–Seleucid War , or as a trusted man of action, as in the case of Lucius Quinctius Flamininus and his brother Titus in their campaigns. After the changes in the army of the late Republic around the 1st century BCE (often referred to as the " Marian reforms ", although the accuracy of this designation is disputed), the figure of the legate as a major second-in-command was eliminated. Multiple legati were assigned to every army, each in command of
253-468: The Seduni , west of the Lepontii , east of the Nantuates , and south of the Helvetii . After the Roman conquered the region in 16–15 BC, their territory was initially administered in common with the province of Raetia et Vindelicia under a legatus , when they likely had their own civitas within the administrative region of Vallis Poenina . They later lost their autonomy following their integration into
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#1732855676385276-556: The Senate , the republic's highest governing body. An appointment was generally only done after consulting with the magistrate in command, hoping to pair a commander and a lieutenant who could work together without trouble. This was established to avoid clashes of leadership like that of the consuls Varro and Paulus in Cannae . The legate often acted as a military consultant or adviser, like Scipio Africanus did for his brother Lucius during
299-400: The legatus pro praetore was an ex- consul given the governorship of a Roman province , with the magisterial powers of a praetor, which in some cases included command of four or more legions. A legate was entitled to twelve lictors , who carried out punishments with fasces (bundled rods). A legatus legionis could order capital punishment . From Augustus onwards, the emperor gave
322-437: The Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium . Legatus A legate ( Latin : legatus , Classical Latin: [ɫeːˈɡaːtʊs] ) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman army , equivalent to a high-ranking general officer of modern times. Initially used to delegate power, the term became formalised under Augustus as
345-504: The Emperor, making him the most powerful person in Rome. The Legatus legionis would delegate duties to his command staff, who would then carry out his orders. A legatus was one of the most respected military ranks in Rome. The legate could be distinguished in the field by his elaborate helmet and body armour, as well as a scarlet paludamentum (cloak) and cincticulus (a waist-band tied around
368-579: The legate served as the provincial governor, while in provinces with multiple legions each legion had a legate and a separate provincial governor who had overall command. A legate held full power over his legion. Consul militaris held control of all legions under the Emperor, who held entire control of Rome during the time of the Roman Empire. After the Roman Republic, all of the Senate's controls shifted to
391-417: The officer in command of a Roman legion . From the times of the Roman Republic, legates received large shares of the military's rewards at the end of a successful campaign. This made the position a lucrative one, so it could often attract even distinguished consuls or other high-ranking political figures within Roman politics (e.g., the consul Lucius Julius Caesar volunteered late in the Gallic Wars as
414-509: The other Vallensian tribes. Their pre-Roman chief town, known as Tarnaiae (modern Massongex ), was occupied since at least 50 BC. Named after the Celtic god Taranis , it probably hosted a sanctuary dedicated to the deity, later identified with Jupiter in Roman times through interpretatio romana . The city flourished in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, with thermal baths, warehouses, and numerous workshops and shops. They are mentioned by Pliny
437-420: The region in 16–15 BC, their territory was initially administered in common with the province of Raetia et Vindelicia under a legatus , when they had their own civitas within the administrative region of Vallis Poenina . Their political role declined following their integration into the Alpes Graiae et Poeninae by Claudius (41–54 AD), with the creation of a single civitas ( civitas Vallensium ) shared with
460-420: The republican title of 'proconsul', while those appointed by the Emperor bore a title which explicitly referred to their dependence on him, namely legatus , or deputy". Legatus was also a term for an ambassador of the Roman Republic who was appointed by the Senate for a mission ( legatio ) to a foreign nation, as well as for ambassadors who came to Rome from other countries. The concept remains today as
483-456: The title of legatus legionis to senior commanders (former military tribunes ) of a legion, except in Egypt and Mesopotamia where the legions were commanded by a praefectus legionis of an equestrian rank. The legatus legionis was under the supreme command of a legatus Augusti pro praetore of senatorial rank. If the province was defended by a single legion, the legatus Augusti pro praetore
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#1732855676385506-471: The waist in a bow). The senatorial legatus legionis was removed from the Roman army by Gallienus , who preferred to entrust the command of a legionary unit to a leader chosen from within the equestrian order who had a long military career. The title has other uses from the period of Augustus onwards, following the constitutional resettlement of 27 BC "that senatorial governors in the People's provinces bore
529-406: Was also in direct command of the legion. This post was generally appointed by the emperor . The person chosen for this rank was a former tribune , and although the emperor Augustus set a maximum term of command of two years for a legatus , subsequent emperors extended the tenure to three or four years, although the incumbent could serve for a much longer period. In a province with only one legion,
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