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58-581: The United States Foreign Service is the primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government , under the aegis of the United States Department of State . It consists of over 13,000 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S. citizens abroad. Its current director general is Marcia Bernicat . Created in 1924 by

116-573: A Senior Foreign Service with a rank structure equivalent to general and flag officers of the armed forces and to the Senior Executive Service . It enacted danger pay for those diplomats who serve in dangerous and hostile surroundings along with other administrative changes. The 1980 Act also reauthorized the Board of the Foreign Service, which "shall include one or more representatives of

174-432: A candidate is put on the register, they can remain for 18 months. If they are not hired from the register within 18 months, their candidacy is terminated. Separate registers are maintained for each of the five generalist career cones as well as the 23 specialist career tracks. Technically, there are many registers (one for each Foreign Service specialty and then one for each generalist cone). The rank-order competitiveness of

232-433: A candidate's eligibility being terminated. It can be difficult for a candidate to receive a top-secret clearance if they have extensive foreign travel, dual citizenship, non-United States citizen family members, foreign spouses, drug use, financial problems or a poor record of financial practices, frequent gambling, and allegiance or de facto allegiance to a foreign state. Additionally, it can be difficult for anyone who has had

290-594: A candidate's probability of success. Step 1 for a generalist is the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). For a specialist, it is an application on USAJobs . Before taking the FSOT, applicants must submit six personal narratives. The FSOT itself is a written exam consisting of four sections: job knowledge, English expression, situational judgement, and a written essay. Specialists fill out applications tailored to their particular knowledge areas. Given how varied

348-478: A handful of cases of FSOs on consular assignments selling visas for a price. Members of the Foreign Service must agree to worldwide availability, that is, they must be willing to be deployed anywhere in the world based on the needs of the service. In practice, they generally have significant input as to where they will work, although issues such as rank, language ability, and previous assignments will affect one's possible onward assignments. All assignments are based on

406-492: A salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed. Lucile Atcherson Curtis was the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service. Specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923 (the U.S. did not establish the unified Foreign Service until 1924, at which time diplomatic and consular Officers became Foreign Service officers). The Rogers Act of 1924 merged

464-520: A seven-point scale; these individual scores are then aggregated. At the end of the day, a candidate will be informed if their score met the 5.25 cutoff score necessary to continue their candidacy. This score becomes relevant again after the final suitability review. Successfully passing the oral assessment/FSOA earns a candidate a conditional offer of employment. Candidates must then obtain a Class 1 (worldwide available) medical clearance, top secret security clearance, and suitability clearance. Depending upon

522-605: A significant health problem to receive a Class 1 medical clearance. The Foreign Service rejected all candidates with HIV until 2008 when it decided to consider candidates on a case-by-case basis. The State Department said it was responding to changes in HIV treatment, but the policy change came after a decision by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Taylor v. Rice that suggested

580-463: A source of friction. The Foreign Service Act of 1946 also repealed as redundant the 1927 and 1930 laws granting USDA and Commerce representatives abroad diplomatic status, since at that point agricultural and commercial attachés were appointed by the Department of State. The 1946 Act replaced the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, a body concerned solely with administering the system of promotions, with

638-665: Is difficult, as diplomacy tends to establish the concept of recognition upon an assumed sovereignty over geographical territory; the SMOM, in this case, receives diplomats at its headquarters in Rome, as all permanent missions to the SMOM are jointly accredited as permanent missions to the Holy See. In relation, many more non-state international organizations, such as the IFRC / ICRC , maintain permanent non-voting observer status to intergovernmental bodies such as

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696-440: Is the tendency of the resident in-country staff of an organization to regard the officials and people of the host country as "clients." This condition can be found in business or government. A hypothetical example of clientitis would be an Foreign Service officer (FSO), serving overseas at a U.S. embassy, who drifts into a mode of routinely and automatically defending the actions of the host country government. In such an example,

754-419: Is three weeks long. Depending upon the specialty, employees will then undergo several months of training before departing for their first assignment. Members of the Foreign Service are expected to serve much of their career abroad, working at embassies and consulates around the world. By internal regulation, the maximum stretch of domestic assignments should last no more than six years (extensions are possible at

812-734: The Bureau of Global Talent Management . As the head of the bureau, the director general held a rank equivalent to an assistant secretary of state . Three of the last four directors general have been women. On September 15, 1789, the 1st United States Congress passed an act creating the Department of State and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the Great Seal of the United States . Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided ambassadors and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while

870-538: The Rogers Act , the Foreign Service combined all consular and diplomatic services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the United States secretary of state is authorized to assign diplomats abroad. Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral examinations . They serve at any of

928-645: The United Nations General Assembly , appointing individual representatives to the observer office. This government -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lucile Atcherson Curtis Curtis, née Atcherson, was born on October 11, 1894, in Columbus, Ohio . She attended Columbus School for Girls and completed her coursework there at the age of 14. Curtis graduated from Smith College in 1913 and later did graduate and research work at Ohio State University and

986-599: The United States Agency for International Development . The Foreign Service is managed by a director general who is appointed by the president of the United States , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The director general is traditionally a current or former Foreign Service officer (FSO). Congress created the position of director general through the Foreign Service Act of 1946 . Between 1946 and 1980,

1044-513: The United States diplomatic missions around the world, including embassies , consulates , and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the Department of State , headquartered at the Harry S Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. ; the Department of Agriculture ; the Department of Commerce ; and

1102-637: The University of Chicago . She supported women's suffrage , joining a five thousand woman march through Columbus, Ohio, in 1912 in support of a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote. She later became the first Columbus woman to join the National Women's Party and helped organize the Ohio Suffrage Association . In 1917 Curtis volunteered overseas with the American Fund for

1160-484: The Board of Examiners for an oral assessment based on those skills. This stage of the assessment process also varies for generalists and specialists. For specialists, there is a structured oral interview, written assessment, and usually an online, objective exam. For generalists, the FSOA consists of a case-management exercise, group exercise, and structured interview, The various parts of the oral assessment/FSOA are scored on

1218-420: The Board of the Foreign Service, which was responsible more broadly for the personnel system as a whole, and created the position of director general of the Foreign Service . It also introduced the "up-or-out" system under which failure to gain promotion to higher rank within a specified time in class would lead to mandatory retirement, essentially borrowing the concept from the U.S. Navy. The 1946 Act also created

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1276-519: The Consular Service provided consuls to assist United States sailors and promote international trade and commerce . Throughout the nineteenth century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private business or by collecting fees. This

1334-536: The Department of Agriculture (specifically the Foreign Agricultural Service , though the secretary of agriculture has also authorized the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to use the system as well), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID, Commerce, and Agriculture senior career FSOs can be appointed to ambassadorships, although the ranks of career ambassadors are in

1392-464: The Department of Agriculture in addition to the existing FSOs of the Department of State, U.S. Information Agency, and U.S. Agency for International Development. The Foreign Service Act of 1980 is the most recent major legislative reform to the Foreign Service. It abolished the Foreign Service reserve category of officers, and reformed the personnel system for non-diplomatic locally employed staff of overseas missions (Foreign Service Nationals). It created

1450-633: The Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. In 1946 Congress at the request of the Department of State passed a new Foreign Service Act creating six classes of employees: chiefs of mission , Foreign Service officers , Foreign Service reservists, Foreign Service staff, "alien personnel" (subsequently renamed Foreign Service nationals and later locally employed staff), and consular agents. Officers were expected to spend

1508-775: The Department of State, the United States Information Agency , the United States Agency for International Development , the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Management and Budget, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and such other agencies as the President may designate." This board is charged with advising "the Secretary of State on matters relating to

1566-661: The Division of Latin-American Affairs. But after women's and political groups supported her with letters and telegrams, the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations recommended her appointment overseas and the Senate approved it in 1923. Lucile thus became a U.S. diplomat based in Bern, Switzerland, officially titled "third secretary of the legation" in Bern. After serving in Switzerland, Lucile

1624-666: The FSOT score." The most qualified candidates are invited to participate in the Foreign Service Officer Assessment (FSOA). Formerly known as the oral exam and administered in person in Washington, D.C. and other major cities throughout the United States , the FSOA is now conducted entirely online. Specialists also undergo a QEP, but their essays are collected as part of the initial application on USAJobs. Foreign Service specialist (FSS) candidates are evaluated by subject matter experts for proven skills and recommended to

1682-560: The Foreign Service Act. The evaluation process for all Department of State Foreign Service officers and specialists can be broadly summarized as: Initial application, Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP), oral assessment/Foreign Service Officer Assessment, clearances and final suitability review, and the register. All evaluation steps for generalist and specialist candidates are anchored using certain personality characteristics. For generalists there are 13, for specialists there are 12. Familiarity with these characteristics dramatically improves

1740-405: The Foreign Service lifestyle. For both employees and their families, the opportunity to see the world, experience foreign cultures firsthand for a prolonged period, and the camaraderie amongst the Foreign Service and expatriate communities in general are considered some of the benefits of Foreign Service life. Some of the downsides of Foreign Service work include exposure to tropical diseases and

1798-473: The Foreign Service). In addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1, 1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No. II. The agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to

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1856-606: The Foreign Service, and the latter to manage the examination process. In 1927, Congress passed legislation affording diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce (until then known as " trade commissioners "), creating the Foreign Commerce Service . In 1930 Congress passed similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture , creating the Foreign Agricultural Service . Though formally accorded diplomatic status , however, commercial and agricultural attachés were civil servants (not officers of

1914-699: The French Wounded; in 1918 she was transferred to its new civilian division, called the American Committee for Devastated France , which sought to rebuild eleven villages and give medical and social services. Lucile was eventually transferred to Paris to become director of personnel there for the Committee, and in December 1919, she was given the Medaille de la Reconnaissance Francaise for her work. In 1920 she became

1972-578: The Middle East) where assignments are unaccompanied. The children of Foreign Service members, sometimes called Foreign Service brats , grow up in a unique world, one that separates them, willingly or unwillingly, from their counterparts living continuously in the United States of America . While many children of Foreign Service members become very well developed, are able to form friendships easily, are skilled at moving frequently, and enjoy international travel, other children have extreme difficulty adapting to

2030-683: The Service, including furtherance of the objectives of maximum compatibility among agencies authorized by law to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system and compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel system and the other personnel systems of the Government." The Foreign Service Act, 22 U.S.C.   § 3903 et seq . , defines the following members of the Foreign Service: Additionally, diplomats in residence are senior Foreign Service officers who act as recruiters for

2088-509: The United States Foreign Service. They operate in designated regions and hold honorary positions in local universities. While employees of the Department of State make up the largest portion of the Foreign Service, the Foreign Service Act of 1980 authorizes other U.S. government agencies to use the personnel system for positions that require service abroad. These include the Department of Commerce ( Foreign Commercial Service ),

2146-515: The assignment to countries with inadequate health care systems, and potential exposure to violence, civil unrest and warfare. Attacks on US embassies and consulates around the world—Beirut, Islamabad, Belgrade, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam , Baghdad, Kabul, and Benghazi, among others—underscore the dangers faced. Foreign Service personnel stationed in nations with inadequate public infrastructure also face greater risk of injury or death due to fire, traffic accidents, and natural disasters. For instance, an FSO

2204-493: The ban on HIV-positive applicants would not survive a lawsuit challenging it. Once an applicant passes the security and medical clearances, as well as the Final Review Panel, they are placed on the register of eligible hires, ranked according to the score that they received in the oral assessment/FSOA. There are factors that can increase a candidate's score, such as foreign language proficiency or veteran's preference . Once

2262-474: The bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service. Reserve officers often spent the bulk of their careers in Washington but were available for overseas service. Foreign Service staff personnel included clerical and support positions. The intent of this system was to remove the distinction between Foreign Service and civil service staff, which had been

2320-426: The candidate's specific career track, they may also require eligibility for a top secret sensitive compartmented information (TS/SCI) clearance. Once a candidate's clearance information has been obtained, a final suitability review decides if this candidate is appropriate for employment in the Foreign Service. If so, the candidate's name is moved to the register. Failure to obtain any of these clearances can result in

2378-592: The department rotates FSOs every two to three years to avoid it. During the Nixon administration, the State Department's Global Outlook Program (GLOP) attempted to combat clientitis by transferring FSOs to regions outside their area of specialization. Robert D. Kaplan writes that the problem "became particularly prevalent" among American diplomats in the Middle East because the investment of time needed to learn Arabic and

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2436-410: The diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, the former to advise the secretary of state on managing

2494-413: The director general was designated by the secretary of state . The first director general, Selden Chapin , held the position for less than six months before being replaced by Christian M. Ravndal , who held the position until June 1949. Both men were career FSOs. Beginning on November 23, 1975, under a departmental administrative action, the director general has concurrently held the title of director of

2552-431: The first woman to apply to be tested to join what became the U.S. Foreign Service. Although she passed, and in 1922 President Warren G. Harding nominated her as the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service, the Senate did not approve her appointment because its members did not think it was appropriate for a young single woman to travel overseas as a diplomat. She worked in the Department of State then, mostly in

2610-471: The large number of diplomatic postings where it was spoken meant diplomats could spend their entire career in a single region. Diplomatic service Diplomatic service is the body of diplomats and foreign policy officers maintained by the government of a country to communicate with the governments of other countries. Diplomatic personnel obtain diplomatic immunity when they are accredited to other countries. Diplomatic services are often part of

2668-531: The larger civil service and sometimes a constituent part of the foreign ministry . Some intergovernmental organizations, such as the European Union , and some international non-state organizations, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , may also retain diplomatic services in other jurisdictions. For non-state organizations, the reciprocation of diplomatic recognition by other jurisdictions

2726-420: The needs of the service, and historically it has occasionally been necessary for the department to make directed assignments to a particular post in order to fulfill the government's diplomatic requirements. This is not the norm, however, as many Foreign Service employees have volunteered to serve even at extreme hardship posts, including, most recently, Iraq and Afghanistan. FSOs must also agree to publicly support

2784-474: The officer has come to view the officials and government workers of the host country government as the persons he is serving. Former USUN ambassador and White House national security advisor John Bolton has used this term repeatedly to describe the mindset within the culture of the US State Department . The State Department's training for newly appointed ambassadors warns of the danger of clientitis, and

2842-410: The policies of the United States government. The State Department maintains a Family Liaison Office to assist diplomats, including members of the Foreign Service and their families, in dealing with the unique issues of life as a U.S. diplomat, including the extended family separations that are usually required when an employee is sent to a danger post. Clientitis (also called clientism or localitis)

2900-454: The rank of Career Minister, accorded to the most senior officers of the service, and established mandatory retirement ages. The new personnel management approach was not wholly successful, which led to an effort in the late 1970s to overhaul the 1946 act. During drafting of this act, Congress chose to move the commercial attachés back to Commerce while preserving their status as Foreign Service officers , and to include agricultural attachés of

2958-587: The register is only relevant within each candidate's career field. Successful candidates from the register will receive offers of employment to join a Foreign Service class. Generalists and specialists attend separate orientation classes. Generalist candidates who receive official offers of employment must attend a six-week training/orientation course known as A-100 at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) in Arlington, Virginia. Specialist orientation at FSI

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3016-655: The six-year limit for medical reasons, to enable children to complete high school, etc.; the eight year limit is difficult to pierce and is reserved for those who are deemed "critical to the service" and for those persons at the deputy assistant secretary level). By law, however, Foreign Service personnel must go abroad after ten years of domestic service. The difficulties and the benefits associated with working abroad are many, especially in relation to family life. Dependent family members generally accompany Foreign Service employees overseas. This has become more difficult in regions marked by conflict and upheaval (currently many posts in

3074-675: The specialties are, applications vary. Candidates are asked to rate their own levels of experience, citing examples and references who can verify these claims. The applicant's entire package (including their personal narratives) is then reviewed by the Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP). In July 2022, the State Department eliminated the minimum passing score for the FSOT; the QEP now uses a holistic approach to candidate evaluation, scoring "each candidate based on educational and work background, responses to personal narrative questions, and

3132-423: The vast majority of cases drawn from the Department of State, with a far smaller sub-set drawn from the ranks of USAID mission directors. The total number of Foreign Service members, excluding Foreign Service nationals, from all Foreign Service agencies (State, USAID, etc.) is about 15,600. This includes: The process of being employed in the Foreign Service is different for each of the five categories as defined in

3190-516: Was an arrangement challenged in the first professional survey of the service, David Baillie Warden 's pioneering work On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments (1813). As acting consul in Paris, Warden had found himself being treated by American merchants as no more than a hireling agent. In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received

3248-464: Was assigned to the U.S. Legation in Panama in early 1927. In summer 1927, she wrote a letter to the legation's personnel chief asking when she would be promoted and noting that men had been promoted ahead of her; soon after this, the personnel board gave its members a bleak summary of her work, stating in part, "Her sex [is] a handicap to useful official friendships." She resigned later that year, although it

3306-508: Was not because of her lack of promotion but because she disliked Panama and was in a serious relationship with her future husband. In 1978, the State Department had a day honoring Lucile and diplomat Clifton Reginald Wharton Sr. Columbus, Ohio celebrated a day in her honor the same year. On January 6, 1928 Lucile married George Morris Curtis with whom she had two children; Charlotte Curtis and Mary Curtis Davey. Lucile Atcherson Curtis died on March 6, 1986. Lucile's papers are held at

3364-408: Was one of the first identified victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . For members of the Foreign Service, maintaining a personal life outside of work can be exceptionally difficult. In addition to espionage, there is also the danger of personnel using their position illegally for financial gain. The most frequent kind of illegal abuse of an official position concerns consular officers. There have been

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