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43-721: USS Wild Cat was a captured Confederate schooner acquired by the Union Navy from the prize court during the American Civil War . She was put into service by the Union Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries. Wild Cat —a wooden-hulled schooner captured by the Federal Navy in 1862—served as a tender to warships of

86-655: A Scots word meaning to skip over water, or to skip stones. The origins of schooner rigged vessels is obscure, but there is good evidence of them from the early 17th century in paintings by Dutch marine artists. The earliest known illustration of a schooner depicts a yacht owned by the mayors (Dutch: burgemeesters) of Amsterdam, drawn by the Dutch artist Rool and dated 1600. Later examples show schooners (Dutch: schoeners) in Amsterdam in 1638 and New Amsterdam in 1627. Paintings by Van de Velde (1633–1707) and an engraving by Jan Kip of

129-401: A sloop rig is simpler and cheaper, the schooner rig may be chosen on a larger boat so as to reduce the overall mast height and to keep each sail to a more manageable size, giving a mainsail that is easier to handle and to reef. An issue when planning a two-masted schooner's rig is how best to fill the space between the masts: for instance, one may adopt (i) a gaff sail on the foremast (even with

172-432: A Bermuda mainsail), or (ii) a main staysail, often with a fisherman topsail to fill the gap at the top in light airs. Various types of schooners are defined by their rig configuration. Most have a bowsprit although some were built without one for crew safety, such as Adventure . The following varieties were built: Schooners were built primarily for cargo, passengers, and fishing. The Norwegian polar schooner Fram

215-543: A Defender and demonstrate that it will continue to have qualifying annual regattas on an ongoing basis" and not merely intend to hold its first annual regatta before the envisaged America's Cup match. The New York Supreme Court has also found that the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada are arms of the sea, allowing clubs with regattas on those lakes to be challengers. The challenge document must give dates for

258-554: A brief spell as pilot boat at Charleston, South Carolina , in April, the schooner was transferred to the Union Army on 15 April 1865. Apparently returned to the Navy within three months time, Wild Cat was sold at Charleston on 28 July 1865. Her subsequent fate is unknown. Schooner The name "schooner" first appeared in eastern North America in the early 1700s. The name may be related to

301-415: A common rig, especially in the 19th century. Some schooners worked on deep sea routes. In British home waters, schooners usually had cargo-carrying hulls that were designed to take the ground in drying harbours (or, even, to unload dried out on an open beach). The last of these once-common craft had ceased trading by the middle of the 20th century. Some very large schooners with five or more masts were built in

344-550: A country other than the defender, which is "incorporated, patented, or licensed by the legislature, admiralty or other executive department". The club must hold an "annual regatta [on] an ocean water course on the sea, or on an arm of the sea, or one which combines both". The New York Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals have held that this means the challenging club must in fact "have held at least one qualifying annual regatta before it submits its Notice of Challenge to

387-748: A fleet race between the New York Yacht Club 's America and 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The race was witnessed by Queen Victoria and the future Edward VII and won by America . This is considered to be the first America's Cup race. On 8 July 1857, the surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup to the New York Yacht Club via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup filed with

430-508: A smaller crew for their size compared to then traditional ocean crossing square rig ships, and being fast and versatile. Three-masted schooners were introduced around 1800. Schooners were popular on both sides of the Atlantic in the late 1800s and early 1900s. By 1910, 45 five-masted and 10 six-masted schooners had been built in Bath, Maine and in towns on Penobscot Bay , including Wyoming which

473-466: A tradition of naming the company's blimps after America's Cup yachts, including America , Puritan , Mayflower , Volunteer , Vigilant , Defender , Reliance , Resolute , Enterprise , Rainbow , Ranger , Columbia and Stars & Stripes . The 1988 parody film Return of the Killer Tomatoes included background TV coverage of "Full Contact America's Cup" yacht racing. The 1992 film Wind

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516-407: Is a sailing competition and the oldest international competition still operating in any sport. America's Cup match races are held between two sailing yachts : one from the yacht club that currently holds the trophy (known as the defender) and the other from the yacht club that is challenging for the cup (the challenger). The winner is awarded the America's Cup trophy , informally known as

559-399: Is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it, and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names. All challenges for the America's Cup are made under the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup , which outlines who can challenge for the cup, and what information a challenge must provide to

602-649: Is considered the largest wooden ship ever built. The Thomas W. Lawson was the only seven-masted schooner built. The rig is rarely found on a hull of less than 50 feet LOA , and small schooners are generally two-masted. In the two decades around 1900, larger multi-masted schooners were built in New England and on the Great Lakes with four, five, six, or even, seven masts. Schooners were traditionally gaff-rigged, and some schooners sailing today are reproductions of famous schooners of old, but modern vessels tend to be Bermuda rigged (or occasionally junk-rigged) . While

645-406: Is largely about the America's Cup racing towards the end of the 12-meter era. Although the names have been changed, it is largely about Dennis Conner 's 1980s loss and comeback. The documentary The Wind Gods: 33rd America's Cup (2011) centres around Oracle Team USA's efforts to challenge for the 33rd America's Cup . David Ellison collaborated with American journalist Julian Guthrie on

688-562: The J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by the International America's Cup Class , which was used until 2007. After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup

731-474: The New York Supreme Court . The deed is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. It states that the cup "is donated upon the condition that it shall be preserved as a perpetual challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries", outlines how a foreign yacht club can make a challenge to the holder of

774-621: The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron . The vessel was never labeled, and records of her construction and capture have not been found. Her activities and actual duties during that tour are not described in any detail in the available records, but it is known that she operated from St. Helena, North Carolina , to Port Royal, South Carolina . During that service, she assisted refugees from a plantation attacked by Confederate marauders. On 13 June, Wild Cat sailed up to Hutchinson's Island , off St. Helena Sound , in company with

817-467: The United Kingdom . The winning yacht was a schooner called America , owned by a syndicate of members from the New York Yacht Club (NYYC). In 1857, the syndicate permanently donated the trophy to the NYYC, under a Deed of Gift that renamed the trophy as the 'America's Cup' after the first winner and required it be made available for perpetual international competition. It was originally known as

860-471: The gig from the sloop-of-war USS  Dale , Lt. W. T. Truxtun, commanding, to investigate a large fire ashore. Upon arrival in the vicinity, the Union sailors found the burning Marsh Plantation, set afire by a marauding Confederate band. The Southern troops had plundered the belongings of the poor negroes there, wounding some, generally striking terror into the hearts of the inhabitants. As Wild Cat sailed up

903-457: The "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and

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946-413: The America's Cup attracts the world's top sailors, yacht designers, wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test of sailing skill, boat and sail design, and fundraising and management skills. Competing for the cup is expensive, with modern teams spending more than US$ 100 million each; the 2013 winner was estimated to have spent US$ 300 million on the competition. The most recent 2024 America's Cup

989-642: The Auld Mug, is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co . Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey , bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron 's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight . The cup was originally known as the 'R.Y.S. £100 Cup', awarded in 1851 by the British Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in

1032-400: The Auld Mug. Matches are held several years apart on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years. Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup has the right to challenge the yacht club that currently holds the cup. If the challenging club wins

1075-566: The Thames at Lambeth, dated 1697, suggest that schooner rig was common in England and Holland by the end of the 17th century. The Royal Transport was an example of a large British-built schooner, launched in 1695 at Chatham. The schooner rig was used in vessels with a wide range of purposes. On a fast hull, good ability to windward was useful for privateers, blockade runners, slave ships, smaller naval craft and opium clippers. Packet boats (built for

1118-521: The United States from circa 1880–1920. They mostly carried bulk cargoes such as coal and timber. In yachting, schooners predominated in the early years of the America's Cup . In more recent times, schooners have been used as sail training ships. The type was further developed in British North America starting around 1713. In the 1700s and 1800s in what is now New England and Atlantic Canada schooners became popular for coastal trade, requiring

1161-485: The centre-board nor sliding keel is considered a part of the vessel for any purposes of measurement. As long as these rules are met, the New York Court of Appeals has ruled that the defender may use a boat of a different category to the challenger, such as meeting a challenge in a monohull with a catamaran. Under the deed, the defender and challenger "may by mutual consent make any arrangement satisfactory to both as to

1204-426: The cup and what happens if they do not agree on how the match should be conducted. The deed makes it "distinctly understood that the cup is to be the property of the club [that has most recently won a match for the cup], subject to the provisions of this deed, and not the property of the owner or owners of any vessel winning a match". The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 until 1983 . The NYYC successfully defended

1247-424: The dates, courses, number of trials, rules and sailing regulations, and any and all other conditions of the match, in which case also the ten months' notice may be waived". Since 1958, the practice has usually been for the defender and challenger to agree that the challenger shall be a Challenger of Record, which then arranges a Challenger Series involving a number of other yacht clubs from countries other than that of

1290-714: The defender. The yacht that wins the Challenger Series wins the Herbert Pell Cup and also an associated sponsored cup such as the Prada Cup in 2021 or the Louis Vuitton Cup from 1983 to 2017, and again in 2024. However, if the challenger and defender cannot agree, the deed provides a backstop, requiring a first-to-two match on ocean courses defined in the deed, at a venue selected by the defender, under its rules and sailing regulations so far as they do not conflict with

1333-411: The defender. The deed then allows for most of the arrangements for the match to be made by negotiation and mutual consent, but provides a backstop in the event agreement is not reached. The first valid challenge that is made must be accepted by the defender or it must forfeit the cup to that valid challenger or negotiate other terms. To be eligible, a challenging club must be "an organized yacht Club" of

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1376-582: The fast conveyance of passengers and goods) were often schooners. Fruit schooners were noted for their quick passages, taking their perishable cargoes on routes such as the Azores to Britain. Some pilot boats adopted the rig. The fishing vessels that worked the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were schooners, and held in high regard as an outstanding development of the type. In merchant use, the ease of handling in confined waters and smaller crew requirements made schooners

1419-463: The film; Guthrie later authored The Billionaire and the Mechanic , a non-fiction book detailing the history of Oracle Team USA. In 2021, Australian psychedelic rock band Pond released a single titled America's Cup . The song centres around the gentrification of Western Australia and Fremantle , the host city of the 1987 America's Cup , after Australia's victory of the 1983 America's Cup with

1462-427: The load water line. If it has more than one mast, it must be between 80 and 115 feet (24 and 35 m) on the load water line. These dimensions may not be exceeded by either challenger or defender. The yachts must be propelled by sails only and be constructed in the country to which the challenging and defending clubs belong. Centreboard or sliding keel vessels are allowed with no restrictions nor limitations, and neither

1505-450: The match, it gains stewardship of the cup. From the first defence of the cup in 1870 until the twentieth defence in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970 multiple challengers applied, so a Challenger Selection Series was held to decide which applicant would become the official challenger and compete in the America's Cup match. This approach has been used for each subsequent competition. The history and prestige associated with

1548-426: The proposed races, which must be no less than 10 months from the date the challenge is made, and within date ranges specified for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The challenge document must also provide information on the yacht, including length on load water line; beam at load water line, and extreme beam; and draught of water. If the yacht has one mast, it must be between 44 and 90 feet (13 and 27 m) on

1591-1035: The provisions of the deed, on the dates submitted by the challenger and in yachts meeting the terms of the deed and the challenge notice. Winning clubs [REDACTED] New York Yacht Club : 25–1 [REDACTED] Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron : 5–3 [REDACTED] San Diego Yacht Club : 3–1 [REDACTED] Société Nautique de Genève : 2–1 [REDACTED] Golden Gate Yacht Club : 2–1 [REDACTED] Royal Perth Yacht Club : 1–3 Multiple winning skippers [REDACTED] Peter Burling – Wins 2017, 2021, 2024 – Won 22 / Lost 6 [REDACTED] Russell Coutts – Wins 1995, 2000, 2003 – Won 14 / Lost 0 [REDACTED] Dennis Conner – Wins 1980, 1987, 1988 – Won 13 / Lost 9 [REDACTED] Harold Stirling Vanderbilt – Wins 1930, 1934, 1937 – Won 12 / Lost 2 [REDACTED] Charlie Barr – Wins 1899, 1901, 1903 – Won 9 / Lost 0 [REDACTED] Jimmy Spithill – Wins 2010, 2013 – Won 17 / Lost 23 Reference In 1928, Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began

1634-558: The river, she came in contact with many canoes paddled by panic-stricken former inhabitants of the plantation. Lt. Truxtun soon placed all of the refugees on board Wild Cat and had them transported out of the area. A few days later, while reconnoitering the vicinity, Wild Cat shelled some Confederate raiders spotted near the Ashepoo River . Wild Cat continued to operate in South Carolina 's coastal waters through March 1865. After

1677-469: The trophy 24 times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club , represented by the yacht Australia II . Including the original 1851 victory, the NYYC's 132-year reign was the longest (in terms of time) winning streak in any sport. Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with

1720-632: Was a 7-2 win for Emirates Team New Zealand, making the New Zealand team the only team in the foiling era to win the cup 3 times in a row. The America's Cup is the oldest competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind. The cup itself was manufactured in 1848 and first called the "RYS £100 Cup". It was first raced for on 22 August 1851 around the Isle of Wight off Southampton and Portsmouth in Hampshire , England , in

1763-570: Was held between the defending Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and the Royal Yacht Squadron 's INEOS Britannia from 12 October 2024 in Barcelona , Spain. Both the 37th and 38th America's Cup matches are, or due to be, sailed by AC75 class yachts. On the 19 October 2024, Emirates Team New Zealand won the Americas Cup against challenger of record INEOS Team Britannia in Barcelona, Spain. The final result

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1806-513: Was raced in 90 ft (27 m) waterline multihull yachts in Valencia, Spain. The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America's Cup in AC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans and successfully defended the cup. The 2017 America's Cup match was sailed in 50 ft (15 m) foiling catamarans, after legal battles and disputes over the rule changes. The Cup, also known as

1849-515: Was used by both Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen in their explorations of the poles. Bluenose was both a successful fishing boat and a racer. America , eponym of America's Cup , was one of the few schooners ever designed for racing. This race was long dominated by schooners. Three-masted schooner Atlantic set the transatlantic sailing record for a monohull in the 1905 Kaiser's Cup race. The record remained unbroken for nearly 100 years. America%27s Cup The America's Cup

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