120-875: The USC Trojans (also Southern California Trojans ) are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles . While the men's teams are nicknamed the Trojans , the women's athletic teams are referred to as either the Trojans or Women of Troy (the university officially approves both terms). The program participates in the Big Ten Conference and has won 136 team national championships, 112 of which are National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) national championships. USC's official colors are cardinal and gold. The Trojans have
240-662: A .707 winning percentage. A December 1998 SPORT magazine ranking listed USC as the No. 4 all-time college football program of the 20th century. In 2009 ESPN ranked USC the second best program in college football history. The USC football team has been voted National Champions 11 times. USC is also known for its Heisman Trophy winners. USC is second in Heisman winners at 7. Three of the four Heisman winners from 2002 to 2005 were Trojans - Carson Palmer in 2002, Matt Leinart in 2004 and Reggie Bush in 2005. Four other Trojans tailbacks have won
360-469: A 4-time All-American javelin thrower at USC who participated in the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, started the program as an undergraduate and coached through 1983. Fred LaPlante succeeded her from 1984 through 1988. Barbara Edmonson was coach in 1992 through 1994. In 1995, Ron Allice took over as the combined men's and women's coach. College athletics in the United States College athletics in
480-579: A contract with NBC to televise its home football games for $ 15 million a year through 2025. The average revenue per conference in 1999 was $ 13.5 million. Universities spend a very large amount of money on their college organizations in the facilities, coaches, equipment, and other aspects. In most states, the person with the highest taxpayer-provided base salary is a public college football or basketball coach. This figure does not include coaches at private colleges. By 2015, most Division I schools had established single-source contracts, which supply
600-537: A cross-town rivalry in several sports with UCLA . However, USC's football rivalry with Notre Dame predates the UCLA rivalry by three years. The Notre Dame rivalry stems mainly from the annual football game played between these two universities and is considered the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football. The Trojans also enjoy a rivalry with the Stanford Cardinal . The USC Trojans are considered one of
720-515: A fifth-place finish at the NCAA tourney that season, Troy's best placing in 18 years, and then ninth in 1996, 14th in both 1997 and 2003 and sixth in 2005. His 2001 squad won the Pac-10 title, USC's first since 1986, and Troy repeated in 2002. Three USC golfers have won four NCAA individual championships : Scott Simpson in 1976 and 1977, Ron Commans in 1981, and Jamie Lovemark in 2007. Their best team finish
840-463: A former Trojan player, took over for Borelli in 1989. Richard Gallien , a player and coach at Pepperdine, became head coach in 1996. His 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2005 teams advanced to the NCAA quarterfinals and he got to the NCAA semi-finals in 2006. The Trojans have won an unprecedented 26 NCAA titles (including 9 straight, 1935–43) in the 85-year history of NCAA outdoor track, plus 2 indoor NCAA titles and 35 Pacific Coast or Pac-10 crowns, including
960-467: A given season. College athletics has been popular since the 1920s and its popularity has increased as the games are being televised. Also, college sports are important both culturally and economically. Intercollegiate athletics creates a culturally and racially diverse setting for academics and athletics. Economically some schools are benefiting from their athletic programs through ticket sales, merchandise sales, and outside donations. College sports in
1080-540: A long history of successful distance running, including 9 Olympians and NCAA champions Julio Marin and Ole Oleson. In 2018, Michael Norman became the first from USC to win The Bowerman , an award that honors collegiate track & field's most outstanding athlete of the year. Lillian Copeland , who received a B.A. in 1928, competed for the Trojans in track and field. She became an Olympic champion in discus throw, and set world records in discus, javelin, and shot put. She
1200-447: A nominal salary of just $ 1 per year since his trucking business supplied him with a substantial income. He turned down numerous offers of major league coaching positions, including invitations from Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda to join his staff, always rejecting them due to his preference for the college game and his desire to remain close to his family. He retired as the winningest coach in college baseball history with
1320-440: A notable history in baseball: With 12 baseball national championships, the Trojans are far and away the leader in that category (no other school has more than 6). Since starting baseball in 1924, the Trojans have compiled a record of 2,221-1,093-15 (.669) against college opponents, and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships. USC's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , coaching from 1942 to 1986, who led
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#17328517088531440-457: A number of single sport-organizations, including leagues and conferences (see " List of college athletic conferences in the United States "), as well as governing bodies that sponsor collegiate championships (see " Intercollegiate sports team champions "). During the early 1840s, student-athletes contributed actively to all phases of administration and control. Student athletes were involved in
1560-458: A phenomenal coach. He sent more people to the majors than, I think, anyboby else in college history. He's an amazing man. Dedeaux was married to the former Helen L. Jones (1915–2007) for 66 years and they had four children. Dedeaux died in early 2006 at age 91 at Glendale Adventist Medical Center in Glendale , of complications from a stroke five weeks earlier. Six months later on July 4, he
1680-630: A profit around $ 80.5 million. Each year television, advertisements, and licensing revenue also adds to the NCAA profit, but donations, ticket sales, and merchandise sales goes to the school. From marketing and television fees the NCAA gained nearly $ 753.5 million in 2014. In 2010, two of the most profitable college conferences—the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Big Ten—earned over $ 1 billion and $ 905 million, respectively. The University of Texas' football program, which
1800-590: A record of 1,332–571–11 (.699), and for the rest of his life remained an honored annual presence at the College World Series in Omaha. At the 1999 edition, the 50th played in Omaha, he was given a key to the city by the mayor and a one-minute standing ovation by the fans at Rosenblatt Stadium . He was inducted into the American Baseball Coaches Association 's Hall of Fame in 1970, and in 1999
1920-632: A season and advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in the NCAA tournament. The university recently announced major sanctions over player O. J. Mayo 's receipt of improper benefits during the 2007–2008 season. Notably, USC has vacated all regular season wins during that season, dropping their record for the 2007–2008 season to 1-32. In 2021, the Men of Troy made the Elite Eight The USC Trojans women's basketball program, after improving steadily, first reached
2040-407: A serious injury while on the field, the scholarship does not pay for the bill of the surgery. Colleges such as University of Connecticut (UConn), Syracuse University , and Kansas State University have some of the worst graduation rates in the country for their student-athletes. UConn had a 25% graduation rate until recently it rose to 50%. Yet, UConn still receives $ 1.4 million competing in
2160-472: A sophomore in 2006, Annie Park as a freshman in 2013, and Doris Chen as a junior in 2014. Other top individuals have included Marta Figueras-Dotti , Denise Strebig , Kim Saiki, Tracy Nakamura, Jill McGill (the 1993 U.S. Amateur champion), Heidi Voorhees (the 1993 U.S. Amateur medalist), Jennifer Biehn (the 1994 Pac-10 champ), Candie Kung (the 2000 Pac-10 champ), Becky Lucidi (the 2002 U.S. Amateur and 2003 Mexican Amateur champion) and Irene Cho. USC captured
2280-472: A string of 15 straight (1936–55). They have had 39 unbeaten and untied seasons, including a string of 16 in a row (1946–61). Since starting track and field in 1900, USC has compiled a dual-meet record of 410-116-4 (.777). Outstanding coaches include Dean Cromwell (1909–48), who won a record 12 NCAA titles and had a dual meet mark of 109–48–1; Jess Mortensen , who never lost a dual meet (64–0) in 11 years and won 7 NCAA titles; and Vern Wolfe , who retired after
2400-432: A team competition; no pairs); USC won the inaugural NCAA title and defended the championship in 2017. The beach volleyball program's only head coach has been Anna Collier, a former three-sport USC athlete (including indoor volleyball) who has posted a career record of 142–15 (.904) through the 2017 season. Coach Stan Wood (1955–79) compiled a career record of 462–37 (.926) and won 14 conference championships. He also guided
2520-469: A team in each of the three season (i. e., Fall, Winter, Spring). Excluding basketball and football, teams must play 100% of their minimum number of games against Division 1 opponents, and 50% of games above the minimum number must be played against Division I teams. Men's and women's basketball teams must play all but two of their contests against Division 1 opponents, and men must play at least one third of their games in their home arena. In Division I, football
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#17328517088532640-422: A wide variety of intramural sports as well. In 2002, in total, about 400,000 men and women student athletes participated in sanctioned athletics each year. The largest collegiate sanctioning organization is the NCAA, and the sport that most schools participate in is basketball, with 2,197 men's and women's basketball teams at all levels. A close second is cross country (with 2,065 NCAA teams) and baseball/softball
2760-721: A women's division in 1975. In the early 1980s, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics and the National Collegiate Athletic Association began sponsoring intercollegiate championships for women, and, following one year of direct rivalry in the form of competing championship events, the AIAW discontinued operation after the 1981–82 season. Title IX has had a considerable impact on college athletics. Since its passing, Title IX has allowed for female participation to almost double in college sports. Before
2880-522: Is further sectioned into FBS ( NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ), and FCS ( Football Championship Subdivision ). FBS schools must play at least 60% of their games against other FBS opponents, and demonstrate their ability to attract a high level of spectatorship." Additionally, college football bowl eligibility rules mandate that only one win over an FCS team can be counted toward the six required for eligibility; this in turn means that FBS teams typically schedule at most one game against an FCS team in
3000-676: Is generally seen as a substantial roadblock, only because of the differences between big-time men's sports (football/men's basketball) and women's sports, but also because of the gap between those "big two" sports' profit-producing programs and virtually all other collegiate sports, both male and female. Depending on how one views "pay for play," this can be either a positive of negative effect of Title IX. Increases in opportunities for male coaches, however, have resulted from Title IX legislation. Before Title IX, 90 percent of women's intercollegiate teams were coached by women. By 1978, when all educational institutions were required to comply with Title IX,
3120-455: Is given directly to the players. Collegiate athletics entails time-consuming, intense commitment to practice and play. Only some athletic scholarships are "full rides", and many student-athletes are not able to afford dining, entertainment, and even some educational expenses. Outside of summertime, when work is permitted, student-athletes have no extra time for work in addition to practice, training, and classes. Paying student-athletes would give
3240-474: Is not a career or profession, paying college athletes would present issues under Title IX, which requires that institutions accepting federal funds offer equal opportunities to men and women." About one in ten college teams help to generate a large net amount of revenue for their school, but the athletes are not personally rewarded for their contribution. This money is spread through administrators, athletic directors, coaches, media outlets, and other parties. None
3360-714: Is one of college's finest, as witnessed by the program's first-ever NCAA team title in 2003, their second in 2008, and their third in 2013. USC also has had second (twice), third, fourth (twice), fifth, seventh (3 times), ninth, 11th, 12th and 14th-place finishes at the NCAA Championships in the past 21 years. The Women of Troy won the Pac-10 tourney in 1989 and the NCAA Regional in 1999 and 2006. Cathy Bright led USC to 5 Top 10 NCAA finishes in her 12 years as head coach (1982–93). Former Trojan player Renee (Mack) Baumgartner returned as head coach in 1994 and led USC to second place at
3480-575: Is third (1,952). Principles for intercollegiate athletics include "gender equity, sportsmanship, and ethical conduct, sound academic standards, nondiscrimination, diversity within governance, rules compliance, amateurism, competitive equity, recruiting, eligibility, financial aid, playing and practice seasons, postseason competition and contests sponsored by noncollegiate organizations, and the economy of athletic program operations to ensure fair play and equality throughout all college athletic programs and associations." The first organized college sports club
3600-476: Is third place in 1958, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1975, and 2008. The team has won 20 Pac-12 championships: 1962, 1964–1967, 1969, 1971–1973, 1975, 1976 (south division), 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986, 2001–2002, 2007, 2011, and 2018. 1985 U.S. Amateur champion Sam Randolph , who finished as low amateur at the Masters Tournament in 1985 and 1986, was a first-team All-American for the third straight year in 1986 and
3720-462: Is widely recognized as among the greatest records of any coach in the sport's amateur history . Dedeaux was the head baseball coach at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles for 45 seasons, and retired at age 72 in 1986. His teams won 11 national titles ( College World Series ), including a record five straight ( 1970 – 1974 ), and 28 conference championships. Dedeaux
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3840-533: The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where baseball was contested both times as a demonstration sport . The 1964 team played one game as part of the Olympic program, defeating a Japanese amateur all-star team, while the 1984 team finished second in a field of eight teams, winning its first four games and losing to Japan in the final game of the tournament. Dedeaux also served as
3960-409: The 2019 college admissions bribery scandal . Former women's soccer coach Ali Khosroshahin and former assistant women's soccer coach Laura Janke were also indicted, and charged with racketeering . USC sponsors teams in ten men's and thirteen women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The USC Trojans football program started in 1888 and has amassed an all-time win–loss record of 793–313–54, giving the program
4080-707: The NFL Draft , more than any other university. Since 1959, the Trojans have won the conference championship 18 times and tied for the title on 6 other occasions. USC has the nation's best bowl winning percentage (.660) among the 65 schools which have made at least 10 bowl appearances and its 34 Rose Bowl appearances is an all-time best. USC players have been named first team All-American 17 times, with 8 consensus selections and 2 unanimous choices. Football record does "not including 9 overall wins vacated due to NCAA penalty, including 2 vs. UCLA and 1 each vs. WSU, ARIZ, STAN, ORE, CAL, ASU, WASH". The USC Trojans baseball program has
4200-658: The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Individual sports not governed by umbrella organizations like the NCAA, NAIA, and NJCAA are overseen by their own organizations, such as the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association , National Collegiate Boxing Association , USA Rugby , American College Cricket , National Collegiate Roller Hockey Association and Intercollegiate Rowing Association . Additionally,
4320-410: The major leagues and scores more in the minors. The USC Trojans men's basketball program has a long tradition. The men's program is only one of about 48 schools which have more than 1,000 victories in college basketball. Since starting basketball in 1907, the Trojans have compiled a record of 1,357–984 (.580), winning 14 league championships. Recently, the 2007 team set a school record for most wins in
4440-509: The 1920s–1950s there was still not much regulation of sports and the NCAA created the Committee on Infractions to replace the Sanity Code in 1951. This committee was created to give some structure to the recruitment process. The NCAA also wanted to improve competition between schools, so it began dividing schools into divisions by competitive ability in 1956, placing the most competitive programs in
4560-400: The 1980s and 90s college athletics grew along with the revenue because of the game being shown on television. As of the 2017–18 school year, nearly 500,000 students participated in college athletics. There are large amounts of money gained from Division I athletics, but only a small number of schools benefits from their programs. During 2014 the NCAA earned $ 989 million in revenue, with
4680-506: The 1984 season with 7 national titles and a dual meet record of 106-17-1 (.859). Jim Bush , who won 5 NCAA titles while at crosstown rival UCLA, became USC's head coach in 1991. His 1992 Trojans finished third at the NCAAs with only a 6-man team. Ron Allice , who won 11 state titles at Long Beach City College, took over the combined men's and women's programs in 1995 (the men were fourth at the 1995 NCAA meet, 10th in 1996, third in 1997 while winning
4800-492: The 2003 NCAAs), Michelle Ford , Sue Habernigg , Cynthia Woodhead , Sue Hinderaker, Debbie Rudd , Kalyn Keller and diver Blythe Hartley (who won 5 NCAA titles). George Toley (1954–80) guided the Trojans for 26 years before resigning during the 1980 season. His career record was 430-92-4 (.821) with 10 NCAA titles. Dick Leach succeeded Toley and posted a 535-133 (.801) mark in 23 years. His 1991, 1993, 1994 and 2002 teams won
4920-521: The 2003 season, with husband Zenon Babraj serving as director of rowing. At the 1998 NCAA meet, the Women of Troy rowers [Lisa Bartoli (c), Evalina Boteva, Annelisa Gross, Kasey Ryan, Rebecca Moneymaker] captured their first-ever national championship race in the varsity four+. In 2005, USC made its first-ever NCAA Championships appearance as a team, placing 11th. The women's soccer team began competing in 1993 and calls McAlister Field home. Karen Stanley coached
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5040-426: The 2008 NCAA Women's Golf Championship at the par 72, 6,424-yard (5,874 m) University of New Mexico Championship Golf Course. The Trojans won the event by six strokes over UCLA and claimed their first women's golf national championship since 2003. In 2013, they won by 21 strokes over Duke University at the University of Georgia Golf Course (par 72, 6,372-yard (5,827 m)). The women's rowing team, based at
5160-481: The 21st century, the high, rising income paid to some colleges by the media for transmitting games to their television audiences, has led some people to complain that the athletes should share in the colleges income. There are arguments in favor of paying athletes. A few schools benefit from owning their own networks. The University of Texas owns The Longhorn Network and Brigham Young University owns BYUtv. Paying college athletes would present several legal issues for
5280-597: The Brooklyn Dodgers. He played one game, broke his back and that was the end of his career. And I just blanched. I said, 'My God, you're Doc Graham .' He said, 'That's right.' And I said, 'Do you ever think about, "gee, the career I might've had."' And he said, 'Every day.' He said it very quietly. It was very out of character for him and I was so touched by that. And I did look him up in the Baseball Encyclopedia: He did go, I think, 1-for-4 with an RBI. That
5400-588: The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) took place on November 6, 1869, at College Field (now the site of the College Avenue Gymnasium at Rutgers University) in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In addition to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), there are other collegiate multi-sport athletic organizations, some of which also have hundreds of member schools. These include: There are
5520-472: The NCAA and its member institutions. If paid, the athletes would lose their amateur status and become university employees. As employees, these athletes would be entitled the National Labor Relations Act to form or join labor organizations and collectively bargain . Advocacy groups for college players could certify as a union given the revenue involved in college athletics." Collegiate sports
5640-513: The NCAA for accepting free tattoos and selling memorabilia they had earned. However, there are many that argue that student athletes selling of personal and earned memorabilia is their right, with gray-areas where which the NCAA has a hard time justifying their punishments. After a number of efforts to go to trial against the NCAA's incoming revenue, a court date has been set. Former UCLA Bruin Ed O'Bannon along with Oscar Robertson and Bill Russell lead
5760-500: The NCAA meet. Four-time U.S. Olympic coach Mark Schubert , winner of 2 NCAA titles with the Texas women, succeeded Daland (he also served as the head coach of the Women of Troy). His men's teams placed in the Top-10 at the NCAAs 12 times in his 14 years at USC. Dave Salo was named head coach following for Schubert in both roles in 2007. USC has likewise built a successful swimming program on
5880-608: The NCAA tournament, despite the low number of graduates. Paying these athletes would give some incentive to stay and finish college. In 2013, Steve Spurrier , the head football coach of the South Carolina Gamecocks , said that all 28 men's football and basketball coaches in South Carolina's conference, the SEC, favored paying athletes up to $ 300 per game for football players and a little less for basketball players. It would cost
6000-927: The NCAA tourney (his 2002 No. 11-seeded Cinderella team was the lowest seed ever to win the NCAA title and did so a month after Leach announced his retirement) and 8 of his other teams finished fourth or better. He was succeeded by ex-Pepperdine, Fresno State and Long Beach State coach Peter Smith for the 2003 season. His 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 teams have won the National Championship. Overall, USC players have been named to All-American teams 137 times, with many also enjoying successful pro careers, including International Tennis Hall of Famers Stan Smith , Rafael Osuna , Alex Olmedo and Dennis Ralston , as well as Bob Lutz, Raul Ramirez, Butch Walts and Joaquin Loyo Mayo. In 2012, Steve Johnson , Senior, completed his USC career having won 72 consecutive singles matches. Johnson
6120-448: The NCAA, argued that the players should be able to unionize and bargain collectively. The court ruled in the players favor. The court's decision only applied to those football players at Northwestern on a scholarship. Required football practice and playing had reduced the time students could use to pursue their studies. Former player Kain Colter argued that athletic departments should decrease
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#17328517088536240-430: The NCAAs in her first year. Andrea Gaston took over in 1997 (with men's coach Kurt Schuette serving as Director of Golf) and guided USC to 6 NCAA Top 10 finishes, including the 2003 NCAA title. The team has won 8 Pac-12 championships: 1989, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019, 2021 & 2023. Jennifer Rosales won the 1998 NCAA individual title as a freshman, Mikaela Parmlid won as a senior in 2003, Dewi Claire Schreefel as
6360-554: The Pac-10 title), fifth in 1998, third in 1999 (just 4 points from first place), second in 2000 (again just 4 points out of first place), third in 2002, seventh in 2005 and second in 2006 (while winning the NCAA West Regional title). The USC women's track team captured the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation Indoor Track & Field title in 2014. Sherry Calvert was a former head coach. Calvert,
6480-438: The Pac-10 title, seventh in 1998, fifth in 1999 while winning the Pac-10 crown, tied for seventh in 2000 while winning the Pac-10 title, tied for 12th in 2001, tied for 11th in 2002, third in 2003 while winning the Pac-10 title, sixth in 2005 while winning the NCAA West Regional crown and tied for ninth in 2006 while winning the Pac-10 and NCAA West Regional meets). Sixty USC tracksters have won 88 places on U.S. Olympic teams over
6600-410: The SEC about $ 280,000 per year. Jalen Rose has a similar view to Spurrier's, as he believes that student athletes should be given a stipend of $ 2500 per semester. The College Athletes Players Association (CAPA) focuses on the idea of giving compensation to football and basketball players. The CACA has not decided if this will affect sports that do not make money for schools. The NCAA has rejected
6720-505: The Trojans have captured 9 NCAA championships, all under coach Peter Daland , who retired in 1992 after 35 years at Troy. USC swimmers and divers have won 110 NCAA meet individual and relay titles (including Erik Vendt , who won 5 individual titles in the 2000, 2002 and 2003 meets) and have earned All-American honors an amazing 562 times. Under Daland, USC won 17 Pac-10 championships and amassed an impressive dual meet record of 318-31-1 (.917). Three of his last 6 squads had runner-up finishes at
6840-525: The Trojans to an NCAA record 51 consecutive dual match wins from 1956 to 1959. His teams finished third in the NCAA tourney six times. Ron Rhoads, a former USC all-American golfer, coached from 1980 to 1983. Under coach Randy Lein (1984–92), USC continued its success, winning the conference championship in 1986. The 1991 Trojans finished seventh at the NCAAs. Former team captain Jim Empey took over as coach in 1993. Kurt Schuette became coach in 1995 and guided USC to
6960-485: The U.S. took place on November 6, 1869, in New Brunswick, New Jersey , when clubs from Princeton and Rutgers played under rules modified from those of association football. The first intercollegiate rugby game took place on May 15, 1874, at Cambridge, Massachusetts , when Harvard played against McGill University. The first intercollegiate football game between teams from Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) and
7080-455: The USC Boathouse, has been active since the early 1970s, but scholarships were first awarded in 1998 and USC has emerged as one of the nation's top programs. The varsity, junior varsity and novice eight teams train all year long for regattas from coast to coast. George Jenkins guided USC to national prominence during his 9 years as head coach (1994–2002). Kelly Babraj took over as head coach for
7200-442: The United States or college sports in the United States refers primarily to sports and athletic training and competition organized and funded by institutions of tertiary education (universities and colleges) in a two-tiered system. The first tier includes the sports that are sanctioned by one of the collegiate sports governing bodies. The major sanctioning organizations include the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA),
7320-733: The United States is measured by the large number of universities that participate in more than 24 different NCAA sports. This allows more than 460,000 student-athletes, both male and female, to participate in those NCAA sports. Even in the late 1980s, the average Division I program employed over 75 coaches, trainers, and administrative staff as full-time faculty to support their athletic programs. NCAA Division I, II and NAIA schools offer scholarships to well over 200,000 athletes. Every year these D-I, D-II, NAIA schools spend over $ 4 billion in athletic-scholarships. American college sports are popular worldwide with over 20,000 international athletes participating in college athletics. Another reason for
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#17328517088537440-746: The University Division and all others in the College Division. In 1973, the University Division was renamed Division I , and the College Division was split in two on the basis of scholarship policies. College Division schools that wished to continue offering athletic scholarships, or compete in all sports against such schools, were placed in Division II or in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics . Schools that chose not to award athletic scholarships were placed in Division III . Throughout
7560-666: The University of Southern California for three seasons. Dedeaux then played professional baseball briefly in 1935, appearing in two games as a shortstop for the Brooklyn Dodgers late in the season. The following year while playing for Dayton in the Mid-Atlantic League , he cracked a vertebra while swinging in cold weather, ending his season. Dedeaux played parts of two minor league seasons in 1938 and 1939 before retiring from professional baseball. He then turned to coaching in
7680-424: The athletes an incentive to stay in school and complete their degree programs, rather than leave early for the professional leagues. They would be much less tempted to earn money by taking illegal payments and shaving points. By not paying their athletes, colleges avoid paying workmen's-compensation benefits to the "hundreds" of college athletes incapacitated by injuries each year. Furthermore, if an athlete receives
7800-560: The athletic scholarship and transfer rules, prohibitions against agents, limits on due process, failure to deliver on the promise to educate, the unobstructed selling of athlete images, and the like are tools of exploitation that benefit college sport leaders while oppressing those who perform on the field. Because of their demanding schedules, most athletes have no time to make any additional money, making it difficult to help support needy family members. In 2010 ESPN published an article about Ohio State football players that had been sanctioned by
7920-436: The baseball coach and consultant for actors and ballplayers on the 1989 film Field of Dreams . While Dedeaux was critical of the "phoniness that was in baseball movies," an opinion which he acquired while working as an extra in the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story , he accepted the task after reading the original novel Shoeless Joe and brought Buford along to help him coach the cast. Phil Alden Robinson , who directed
8040-405: The cost of attendance. This would scrap the injunction found by U.S. District Court Judge Claudia Wilken that division one football and basketball players could receive up to five thousand dollars a year for playing. The Supreme Court would deny to hear the case on appeal, effectively stopping O'Bannon's fight. In a 2014 court case brought by a few Northwestern University football players against
8160-516: The coveted Heisman Trophy as college football's outstanding player: Mike Garrett in 1965, O. J. Simpson in 1968, Charles White in 1979 and Marcus Allen in 1981. Also notable, USC has 12 players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , more than any other university. USC's record against opponents from the old Pac-10 is 367–153–29 (.695), and the Trojans have winning records against all nine other members. As of 2017, 501 Trojans have been taken in
8280-400: The definition of student-athletes a "employees". Several college athletes have been accused of financial improprieties, including Reggie Bush , Cam Newton , and Johnny Manziel . A USA Today article takes issue with the critics because the terms had been drawn up by the colleges: For college athletes to be held to the terms and conditions of a one-year scholarship that have been set by
8400-434: The different measures of excellence for academics and athletics necessitates compromise by those who are placed in both settings." This policy, attempted by a large number of colleges, works for only a few. College administrators have the challenge of balancing university values while maximizing the revenue generated by their athletic department. To maintain financial sustainability, several athletic directors have stated that
8520-684: The distribution of college athletes by sex since its passing in 1972. The law states that: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance ... In 1975, the final clause of Title IX was signed into law and included provisions prohibiting sex discrimination in athletics. The regulations pertaining to athletics require that an institution which sponsors interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics shall provide "equal athletic opportunity" for members of both sexes. Since
8640-410: The distribution of free allocations to athletics. Furthermore, this movement today focuses on the role of intercollegiate sports in the United States rather than the contributions of the student athlete. Academic curriculum and requirements affect student athletes: "When academic and athletic departments have conflicting aims, problems arise that affect the entire institution. American society values
8760-419: The elimination of men's nonrevenue programs is the only way to balance their athletic budgets. Men's nonrevenue sport teams will likely be facing declining financial support in future generations. " Division I institutions are required to have seven athletic teams for men and seven for women (or six for men and eighth for women). As well, there must be two team sports for each gender, and each gender must have
8880-514: The elitism of academics and athletics in a manner that provokes conflict for participants in both domains. At various colleges, it is believed that academic elitism can be constructed on athletic elitism: Athletic teams aspire to be national champions, while their affiliate academic institutions seek national rankings. However, the means by which coaches and faculty achieve national reputations can create conflict for student athletes attempting to exist in both environments. Although both aspire to excel,
9000-418: The equity between male and female student athletes. Females, regardless of whether an administrator, coach, or athlete, thought there to be less equity than males when it comes to these five factors: program support, financial support, sports offerings, scheduling, and changes in the past two to three years. In regards to the concept of "pay-for-play," (see section below, "Debate over paying athletes") Title IX
9120-435: The film, said the following about Dedeaux: All of the ballplayers in the movie were prepped for the film by Rod Dedeaux. He coached at USC for many years, and is a wonderful man, very full of life, energetic, very supportive, just really was very giving of himself and cheerful all the time, was a great spirit to have around. And one day, we were in between setups and I said, 'Hey, coach, what position did you play?' He said, 'I
9240-535: The first official intercollegiate baseball league was formed. The first intercollegiate cricket match took place in 1860 between Franklin & Marshall College and Millersville State Normal School . Track and field also grew in popularity during this time, and the first intercollegiate track and field event occurred in 1873. This competition featured a two-mile race between athletes from Amherst College, Cornell University , and McGill University of Montreal , Quebec, Canada. The first intercollegiate soccer match in
9360-452: The first tier is characterized by selective participation since only the elite programs in their sport are able to participate; some colleges offer athletic scholarships to intercollegiate sports competitors. The second tier includes all intramural and recreational sports clubs, which are available to a larger portion of the student body. Competition between student clubs from different colleges, not organized by and therefore not representing
9480-439: The importance of college athletics in the U.S. is the important role it plays in the hierarchy of sport organizations. In his article about collegiate sports programs, Thomas Rosandich refers to a "performance pyramid", which shows the general progression of athletic organizations in the United States. At the bottom of this pyramid is youth sports organizations, since these organizations have participation open to nearly everyone. As
9600-406: The increase in student debt and limited academic budgets. As of 2016 only 23 out of 228 Division I programs earned enough money to make up for their extreme spending. Due to donations, 16 of the 23 schools were able to cover their expenses, so truly only 7 of the 228 universities broke even due to their athletic programs. For the other 203 schools that did not break even, they are partially funded by
9720-453: The institutions or their faculties, may also be called "intercollegiate" athletics or simply college sports. Unlike in the rest of the world, in the contemporary United States, many college sports are extremely popular on both regional and national scales, even competing with professional championships for prime-time broadcast , print coverage and for the top athletes. The average university sponsors at least twenty different sports and offers
9840-404: The late 2010s, bat and ball games had started to become highly known and the sport of baseball was starting to become an establishment at U.S. universities. The first intercollegiate baseball game took place in 1859 between Amherst College and Williams College . The popularity of collegiate baseball increased from this point, and by 1870, college teams were playing extensive schedules. In 1879,
9960-429: The law was passed in 1972 fewer than 30,000 girls participated in college sports; as of 2011 more than 200,000 girls participated in college sports. Title IX has been both credited with and blamed for a lot of things that have happened in college athletics since 1972. Studies on the gender equity of sports found on college campuses have provided an examination of how Title IX is perceived. Questions have been raised over
10080-440: The lawsuit . The trial is scheduled to begin during the summer of 2014. Although the NCAA claims that their athletes have amateur status , the organization has made billions of dollars off of merchandise licenses . The NCAA has earned billions from broadcast revenues annually. By selling the image of their players, the NCAA is able to make money from each sport. O'Bannon has stated that some of this revenue should be spread out among
10200-451: The maximum number of hours a player must participate in a sport to remain part of the team and retain a scholarship. As it stands, 50 hours a week is the maximum. On June 21, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the NCAA cannot bar relatively modest payments to student athletes. Rod Dedeaux Raoul Martial "Rod" Dedeaux (February 17, 1914 – January 5, 2006) was an American college baseball coach who compiled what
10320-406: The most successful college athletic programs of all time. In March 2019 USC fired senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel (charged with receiving more than $ 1.3 million in bribes to fabricate athletic credentials of over two dozen students seeking admission to USC) and water polo coach Jovan Vavic (charged with receiving $ 250,000 in bribes) after they were indicted by federal prosecutors in
10440-562: The passing of Title IX, many NCAA institutions have had problems with the compliance of these regulations. To successfully comply with Title IX requirements, NCAA institutions must meet one of the requirements in the "three prong test" as follows: OCR (Office of Civil Rights) is one of the governing bodies that attempts to ensure that title IX is enforced. They have the power to pull federal funding from schools or organizations that are found to be noncompliant with title IX, although this power has never been exercised. The OCR will usually work with
10560-408: The percentage of same-sex coaching had plunged to 58 percent. Although the actual number of female coaches increased between 1979 and 1986, the percentage of female coaches continued to decline over that same period. The all-time low of 47 percent of women coaching female sports was achieved in 1990. In addition, although men have broken into coaching female athletes, female coaches have not experienced
10680-457: The pinnacle of success in women's basketball in 1983 and the Trojans have been near the top almost ever since, winning national championships in 1983 and 1984 and playing in four Final Fours. The Women of Troy have made the NCAA tourney 6 of the past 14 years, including advancing to the regionals 3 times. Lisa Leslie , who became an Olympic and pro star, won the Naismith Award in 1994 (she
10800-508: The players who help bring in this cash to the NCAA. ESPN analyst Jay Bilas showed how a person could search the NCAA website by player name and have the resulting school jersey appear. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit would find that Ed O'Bannon was right in his thesis that the NCAA is taking advantage of a players image. Though the court found this ruling, all that would come of it would be that schools would only have to cover
10920-416: The pyramid progresses, the level of competition increases, while the number of competitors decreases until the highest level of organized sport, professional sports, is reached. In many respects, the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system to the professional level, as the elite college athletes are chosen to compete at the next level. This system differs greatly from nearly all other countries in
11040-466: The rowing team from Harvard at Lake Winnipesaukee , New Hampshire . This marked the beginning of intercollegiate competition and followed by the creation of numerous college athletic organizations. This historic race sparked the venerable rivalry between the two schools, and the Yale-Harvard Regatta is considered the cornerstone of intercollegiate athletic competition in the United States. In
11160-497: The same opportunities to coach male athletes. In 1972, 99 percent of collegiate men's teams were coached by men, and the same is true today. Since the turn of the 21st century, a debate has arisen over whether college athletes should be paid. Although the earliest of star athletes were known to have received a variety of types of compensation (including endorsement fees), benefits to college athletes outside of academic scholarships have largely been prohibited under NCAA governance. In
11280-552: The school or organization that is noncompliant to set up a schedule or plan to follow to become compliant. Research concerning Title IX institutional compliance and gender equity issues has found that: The Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) was founded in 1971, evolving out of the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women founded in 1967. In its peak, the AIAW had almost 1,000 member schools. The National Junior College Athletic Association established
11400-421: The school to 11 of its NCAA crowns, including 5 straight from 1970 to 1974. USC boasts many successful major leaguers such as Ron Fairly , Don Buford , Tom Seaver , Dave Kingman , Fred Lynn , Roy Smalley , Steve Kemp , Mark McGwire , Randy Johnson , Bret Boone , Jeff Cirillo , Barry Zito , Geoff Jenkins , Kent Hadley , Aaron Boone , Jacque Jones and Mark Prior . 100 Trojans have gone on to play in
11520-464: The second round in the NCAA tournament before the 2007–2008 season. The Trojans won the national title on December 9, 2007, with a 2–0 win over Florida State University . Since 2014 the head coach has been Keidane McAlpine . On December 4, 2016, USC defeated West Virginia 3–1 to win their second NCAA Championship. USC forward Katie Johnson was named the outstanding offensive player of the tournament. The type of dominance USC has had in this sport
11640-442: The semi-pro and amateur ranks. Dedeaux invested $ 500 to start a trucking firm, Dart ( D edeaux A utomotive R epair and T ransit) Enterprises, which he built into a successful regional business. When his college coach, Sam Barry , entered the U.S. Navy during World War II, he recommended Dedeaux to take over the team in 1942 for the war's duration. Upon Barry's return in 1946, they served as co-coaches with Dedeaux running
11760-418: The sporting process, made athletic procedures and regulations for universities and also played an important role in determining which sporting events would and would not happen on universities. Today, the kind of involvement on the part of the athlete is virtually unheard of, with the only remnants of student participation in athlete administration being programs in which student governments have some control over
11880-606: The state or student fees. Most of the money that is being spent is used to pay the coaching staff, for the games, and the top-of-the-line facilities. The amount spent on an athlete is seven times more than the average amount spent per student. At big Division I programs, the amount of money that is spent on a football player exceeds $ 90,000. Title IX (of the Education Amendments of 1972 ) — which requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding – has specifically made an impact on
12000-622: The strongest program in collegiate baseball. Prior to his retirement in June 1986 , Dedeaux's teams won ten additional College World Series titles in Omaha , including five straight (1970–74) and six in seven years. No other coach had won more than three titles until 1997. At USC, Dedeaux coached dozens of future major leaguers , including Ron Fairly , Don Buford , Tom Seaver , Dave Kingman , Roy Smalley , Fred Lynn , Steve Kemp , Mark McGwire , and Randy Johnson . Throughout his USC career, he accepted
12120-529: The team each year until Barry finished the basketball season. USC won its first national title in 1948 , over Yale , captained by first baseman George H. W. Bush . The finals were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo, Michigan , settled by a 9–2 win in the third and deciding game. Following Barry's death in September 1950, Dedeaux became the sole coach and proceeded to build on his early success to establish
12240-549: The team for the first three seasons. Jim Millinder took over in 1996 and guided seven of his squads (1998–2003) into the NCAA tourney (USC won the 1998 Pac-10 title). Isabelle Harvey, the 1998 Pac-10 Player of the Year, was USC's first All-American first teamer (in 2000). On December 7, 2007, 2-seed USC defeated 1-seed UCLA by a score of 2–1 to reach the College Cup final for the first time in its history. USC had never previously passed
12360-616: The time, the NCAA considered it an "emerging sport" for women, recognizing it as an official sport but not conducting an official championship. Through the 2015 season, national championship play was conducted by the American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA). The Trojans won an AVCA national team title in 2015, with a USC team claiming the AVCA pairs championship in each of the 2013–2015 seasons. The NCAA began sponsoring an official national championship in 2016 (only
12480-481: The university with apparel for all athletic programs, sometimes including cheerleading squads and dance teams, which compete outside the NCAA structure. The contract deal made college history when the University of Michigan and Nike made a 11-year contract deal for almost $ 200 million. Many athletic programs do not make enough money to cover the cost to maintain those programs, so they use student fees to fund their programs. This could cause some problems because of
12600-483: The very authorities who financially benefit the most and render the athletes involved voiceless in the process is a glaring conflict of interest. In an article by usa today they state "Players in the NCAA's top-tier Division I bowl subdivision say they devote more than 43 hours a week to the sport during the season, and those in a couple of other sports — baseball and men's basketball — approach that commitment, an NCAA study shows." (Wieberg, USA Today ) ... The conditions of
12720-542: The women's side. In fact, the Women of Troy have finished in the top 10 nationally 25 of the last 30 years – including winning the NCAA title in 1997 – and have produced 233 All-Americans in that span. They have won conference championships in 1979, 1980, 1982 and 1985. Among USC's more famous women's swimmers are Kristine Quance (who won 9 NCAA titles), Lindsay Benko (who won 5 NCAA titles), Katinka Hosszú (who won 3 NCAA titles), Kaitlin Sandeno (she won 2 races at
12840-543: The world, which generally have government-funded sports organizations that serve as a feeder system for professional competition. Before 1910 sports were not strictly regulated which caused a number of injuries to the athletes and in some severe cases death. President Roosevelt took action and formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IAA) which is now known as the NCAA. The NCAA was put into place to create rules for intercollegiate sports. During
12960-563: The years, including World War II hero Louis Zamperini . Trojans have won 26 individual Olympic titles and shared in 8 relay wins. Gold medal winners include long jumper Randy Williams , pole vaulter Bob Seagren , sprinter Charles Paddock , sprinter Quincy Watts and hurdler Félix Sánchez . Since 1912, 61 USC track men have equaled or bettered world records, and there have been 110 NCAA outdoor individual or relay winners from Troy—including 2005 and 2006 NCAA high jump champ Jesse Williams (he also won indoors both years). The Trojans also have
13080-521: Was a back-to-back NCAA Singles Champion from 2011 to 2012 and has a career-high ATP ranking of 21. Daniel Cukierman , from November 13, 2019, until the close of competition in 2020, was ranked No. 1 in the US in singles among men's college tennis players in the 2019-20 Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Division I Men's Individual National Rankings. Those national crowns all came under Dave Borelli, who coached USC from 1974 to 1988. In duals, Borelli's record
13200-417: Was a shortstop.' I said, 'Really, could you — were you good?' He got very quiet, and he said, 'I could field the ball.' I said, 'Could you hit?' He said, 'I could hit the ball.' And he was strangely quiet. And I said to him, 'Well, how come you never played in the majors?' And he said, 'I did.' I said, 'Really?' [Dedeaux said] 'Yes, in 1930-something.' I forget what year he said. He was the starting shortstop for
13320-593: Was also the first Trojan woman in Olympics. She joined the USC track & field team in 1924. While at USC, she won every track event she entered. The women's track program at USC has developed into one of the nation's finest. The Trojans have placed in the Top 10 of the NCAA Championships 12 times, including winning the program's first-ever NCAA team title in 2001. The Women of Troy also finished third in 1987, seventh in 1996 (while winning
13440-477: Was best exemplified by Troy's performance in the 1976 Olympic Games, when Trojan swimmers won more golds and more total medals than any country in swimming except the United States. Over the years, USC men's swimmers have made Olympic teams 122 times, winning 38 gold, 23 silver and 18 bronze medals. Gold medal winners have included Lenny Krayzelburg , John Naber , Bruce Furniss , Murray Rose , Wally Wolf , and Oussama Mellouli . Since beginning swimming in 1929,
13560-411: Was formed in 1843 when Yale University created a boat club. Harvard University then followed in their footsteps, creating a similar boat club a year later. These boat clubs participated in rowing races called Regattas. The creation of these organizations set the stage for the first intercollegiate sporting event in the U.S. This event took place in 1852, when the rowing team from Yale competed against
13680-530: Was his lifetime stats. So having him be the man who trained all these fellows, including the kid who plays Doc Graham, was very meaningful to me and I know it was to him, too. It was great to have him around. I think about that often, about what that must have been like, to be good enough to start with a Major League team and for one unlucky moment, not be able to do — the rest of your life takes another turn. What he did with that is, he put all of that emotion — which could have gone into bitterness or regret — into being
13800-940: Was named Coach of the Year six times by the Collegiate Baseball Coaches Association and was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 1970. He was named "Coach of the Century" by Collegiate Baseball magazine and was one of ten initial inductees to the College Baseball Hall of Fame . Dedeaux also coached the United States national team at two different editions of the Summer Olympic Games : Tokyo 1964 and Los Angeles 1984 . Born in New Orleans, Louisiana , Dedeaux moved to Los Angeles and graduated from Hollywood High School in 1931. He played baseball at
13920-845: Was named college golf's Player of the Year. Kevin Stadler was the 2002 Pac-10 Golfer of the Year (USC's first honoree since 1986). Trojan golfers who have found success at the professional level include Al Geiberger (11 PGA Tour wins including 1966 PGA Championship ), Brian Henninger (2 PGA Tour wins), John Jacobs (1 Japan Golf Tour win), Bob McCallister (2 PGA Tour wins), Mark Pfeil (1 PGA Tour win), Sam Randolph (1 PGA Tour win), Tony Sills (1 PGA Tour win), Scott Simpson (7 PGA Tour wins including 1987 U.S. Open ), Craig Stadler (13 PGA Tour wins including 1982 Masters Tournament ), Kevin Stadler (1 PGA Tour win and 1 European Tour win), and Dave Stockton (10 PGA Tour wins including 1970 and 1976 PGA Championships ). The USC women's golf team
14040-461: Was named the Coach of the Century by Collegiate Baseball magazine. USC played its home games at Bovard Field through 1973 , and Dedeaux became known as "The Houdini of Bovard" for the come-from-behind home-field wins by the Trojans. A new baseball field named Dedeaux Field opened in 1974 , named in honor of the active head coach. Dedeaux was the head coach of the United States baseball teams at
14160-435: Was phenomenal: his teams went 300-43 (.875). Five times Trojans have won national singles titles, along with a doubles champ and 74 All-Americans. Prominent USC stars have included Barbara Hallquist , Lea Antonoplis , Sheila McInerney , Stacy Margolin , Anna-Maria Fernandez , Cecilia Fernandez-Parker , Kelly Henry , Beth Herr , Jewel Peterson , Lindsey Nelson , Maria Sanchez , and Sabrina Santamaria . Cheryl Woods,
14280-454: Was the MVP of the first WNBA All-Star Game). Tina Thompson was the No. 1 pick in the 1997 WNBA draft. Cynthia Cooper was twice an Olympian and WNBA MVP . In 2009, USC hired Mary Wooley as their assistant coach for women's basketball. The USC Trojans women's beach volleyball team, a women-only sport at the collegiate level, first became a varsity sport in the 2012 season (2011–12 school year). At
14400-435: Was the most valuable in college sports in the early 2010s, was estimated by Forbes to be worth over $ 133 million in 2013, totaling over $ 1 billion in the previous 10 years. At that time Texas made, on average, $ 93 million a year just from the football program. The two schools that followed Texas, Georgia and Penn State, each made around $ 70 million a year. Another prominent football program, Notre Dame, has
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