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111-617: The National Autonomous University of Mexico ( Spanish : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , UNAM ), is a public research university in Mexico . It has several campuses in Mexico City, and many others in various locations across Mexico, as well as a presence in nine countries. It also has 34 research institutes, 26 museums, and 18 historic sites. A portion of Ciudad Universitaria (University City), UNAM's main campus in Mexico City ,
222-603: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Secretariat of Public Education From Misplaced Pages,
333-855: A campus in Taxco , in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, focusing in Spanish language and Mexican culture for foreigners, as well as locations in the upscale neighborhood of Polanco in central Mexico City. The university has extension schools in the United States, and Canada, focusing on the Spanish language, English language, Mexican culture, and, in the case of UNAM Canada, French language: UNAM San Antonio, Texas ; UNAM Los Angeles, California ; UNAM Chicago, Illinois ; Gatineau , Quebec; and Seattle, Washington. It operates Centers for Mexican Studies and/or Centers of Teaching for Foreigners in Beijing, China (jointly with
444-588: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
555-467: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
666-476: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
777-415: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
888-477: A new grading system. The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school. The striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university. The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education ; the university rector became the final authority, eliminating much of
999-498: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1110-599: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1221-518: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
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#17328561816561332-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
1443-660: Is UNAM's main campus, located within the Coyoacán borough in the southern part of Mexico City. The construction of UNAM's central campus was the original idea of two students from the National School of Architecture in 1928: Mauricio De Maria y Campos and Marcial Gutiérrez Camarena. It was designed by architects Mario Pani , Armando Franco Rovira, Enrique del Moral , Eugenio Peschard , Ernesto Gómez Gallardo Argüelles, Domingo García Ramos , and others such as Mauricio De Maria y Campos who always showed great interest in participating in
1554-640: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of
1665-467: Is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed and decorated by some of Mexico's best-known architects and painters. The campus hosted the main events of the 1968 Summer Olympics , and was the birthplace of the student movement of 1968 . All Mexican Nobel laureates have been alumni of UNAM. In 2009, the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities. More than 25% of
1776-527: Is considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement. San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school, and after the Reform War , it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School , which was closely linked to the founding of UNAM. This school, and the building, closed completely in 1978, then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1994, administered jointly by UNAM,
1887-522: Is consistently ranked as the best university in Mexico by most academic rankings, as well as one of the top 10 in Latin America. World rankings tend to position it within the 100 to 300 range. UNAM has excelled in many areas of research. For instance, it was recognized by UNESCO as producing globally some of the most impactful research on Artificial Intelligence. It has also consistently secured top positions in
1998-449: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
2109-740: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
2220-636: Is likely also the Mexican institution, whether public or private, with the greatest infrastructure and investment in basic research. For instance, some studies have attributed to it more than 50% of Mexico's scientific production, followed by several prominent public universities (e.g., CINVESTAV/IPN, UAM, UdeG, UANL), public hospitals, and research centers directly affiliated with the National Council of Science and Technology. In recent years, it has attracted students and hired professional scientists from all over
2331-606: Is more than 40 years old and has each year more than 100,000 attendants. The House of the Lake, in Chapultepec Park , is a place devoted to cultural activities, including dancing, theater, and ballet. It also serves as a meeting place for university-related organizations and committees. Opened in 2021, with the sponsorship of Carlos Slim , the museum hosts a number of permanent exhibits which consist mostly on samples of local flora and fauna from Mexico. This museum and cultural center
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#17328561816562442-654: Is organized in schools or colleges , rather than departments . Both undergraduate and graduate studies are available. UNAM is also responsible for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (ENP) (National Preparatory School), and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH) (Science and Humanities College), which consist of several high schools , in Mexico City . Counting ENES, CCH, FES (Facultad de Estudios Superiores), higher-secondary , undergraduate and graduate students, UNAM has over 324,413 students, making it one of
2553-721: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
2664-806: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
2775-804: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
2886-652: The Apertura , and the Clausura in 2004. Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The Pumas CU represents UNAM in college football since 1927. Is one of the most successful football programs in Mexico. The team maintains an historic fierce rivalry with the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) football program, the " Águilas Blancas " (White Eagles), due to both of them being
2997-670: The Beijing Foreign Studies University ); Madrid, Spain (jointly with the Cervantes Institute ); San Jose, Costa Rica (jointly with the University of Costa Rica ); London, United Kingdom (with King's College London ); Paris, France (jointly with Paris-Sorbonne University ); and Northridge, California, United States (jointly with California State University Northridge ). Under the care of the School of Engineering, UNAM ,
3108-609: The Constitution of Mexico are observed and completed, and to prescribe the norms to which the incorporation of particular schools in the national educational system should adjust Exercising supervision and vigilance that proceeds in the seminaries that impart education in the Republic, pursuant to Article 3 of the Constitution To systematically organize, administer and enrich the general or specialized libraries that are sustained by
3219-647: The Fine Arts , Business , Political Science , Jurisprudence , Engineering , Medicine , Normal , and the National Preparatory schools; its first rector was Joaquin Eguía y Lis. The new university's challenges were mostly political, due to the ongoing Mexican Revolution and the fact that the federal government had direct control over the university's policies and curriculum; some resisted its establishment on philosophical grounds. This opposition led to disruptions in
3330-592: The Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (Acatlán, Aragón, Cuautitlán, Iztacala, and Zaragoza), as well as many others in several locations across Mexico (in Santiago de Querétaro , Morelia , Mérida , Sisal , Ensenada , Cuernavaca , Temixco and Leon ), mainly aimed at research and graduate studies. Its School of Music, formerly the National School of Music, is located in Coyoacán. Its Center of Teaching for Foreigners has
3441-743: The National School of Nursing and Obstetrics , and the National School of Social Work . The Open University and Distance Education System or "Sistema de Universidad Abierta y Educación a Distancia" (SUAyED) is an alternative to the university's on-campus education. The open education programs require on-campus assistance at least one in every 15 days, usually on Saturdays (semi-presence). The distance education programs are entirely online using content provided through online platforms where students, teachers, and peers communicate online. About 32,000 of UNAM's students are enrolled in open or distance programs. SUAyED offers bachelor and postgraduate degrees. UNAM
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3552-550: The Porfirio Díaz regime, who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th-century precursor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico , which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip II on behalf of Charles I of Spain and brought to a definitive closure in 1865 by Maximilian I of Mexico . Instead of reviving what he saw as an anachronistic institution with strong ties to
3663-482: The Roman Catholic Church , he aimed to merge and expand Mexico City's decentralized colleges of higher education (including former faculties of the old university) and create a new university, secular in nature and national in scope, that could reorganize higher education within the country, serve as a model of positivism and encompass the ideas of the dominant Mexican liberalism. The project initially unified
3774-465: The Secretariat of Public Education ( in Spanish Secretaría de Educación Pública , SEP ) is a federal government authority with cabinet representation and the responsibility for overseeing the development and implementation of national educational policy and school standards. Its headquarters has several buildings distributed throughout the country, but its main offices, initially confined to
3885-557: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
3996-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4107-608: The Tlatelolco massacre , the police action resulted in many dead, wounded, and detained. Protests continued on after that. Only ten days later, the 1968 Olympic Games opened at the University Stadium. The university was shut down for the duration. The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas, to decentralize the system. There were some minor student strikes, mostly concerning grading and tuition. The last major student strike at
4218-534: The United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which
4329-517: The foundational myth of Tenochtitlan ). In the central part of the shield is the map of Latin America , which goes from the northern border of Mexico to Cape Horn. Framing this map is the phrase "For my people the spirit shall speak." In the upper part of the seal there is a ribbon that says "National Autonomous University of Mexico". The motto that animates the National University, "For my people
4440-401: The world's largest universities . UNAM has a set of schools covering different academic fields such as "engineering" or "law". All of UNAM's schools offer undergraduate and graduate studies (master's degrees and PhDs). However, the schools that UNAM calls "national schools" only offer undergraduate studies, as this type of school is mainly focused on practical experience. This is the case of
4551-475: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
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4662-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
4773-574: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
4884-1395: The Cloister of Sor Juana Government buildings Library of the Congress of Mexico Old Customs Building Palace of the Marqués del Apartado Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation Religious buildings Church of Jesus Nazareno Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa" Church of San Hipólito Church of Santa Inés Convent of La Merced Convent of San Francisco Convent of Santa Inés Corpus Christi Church Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71 Iglesia de San Bernardo La Enseñanza Church La Santísima Church Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church Regina Coeli Convent Church Royal Convent of Jesús María and Our Lady of Mercy Santa Teresa la Antigua Santa Veracruz Monastery Santo Domingo Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús Valvanera Cathedral Museums Caricature Museum Casa Talavera Cultural Center Centro Cultural de España Colegio de San Ildefonso Franz Mayer Museum House of
4995-656: The Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City. Formerly the School of Engineering, it has three floors, and hosts the International Book Expo ("Feria Internacional del Libro" or "FIL") and the International Day of Computing Security Congress ("DISC"). It also has a permanent exhibition of historical books, mostly topographical and naturalist works of 19th-century Mexican scientists, in
5106-639: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
5217-558: The First Print Shop in the Americas Interactive Museum of Economics José Luis Cuevas Museum Museo de Arte Popular Museo de Charrería Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público Museo del Estanquillo Museo Mural Diego Rivera Museo Nacional de Arte Museo Nacional de la Estampa Museo Nacional de las Culturas Museum of Light Museum of Mexico City Palace of
5328-577: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
5439-427: The Inquisition Palacio de Minería San Pedro y San Pablo College Palaces Borda House Casa de los Azulejos Palace of Iturbide Palacio de Bellas Artes Palacio de Correos de México Palacio de la Autonomía Palacio del Marqués del Apartado Historic houses House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina House of the Marquis of Uluapa Houses of
5550-441: The Institute of Ecology, the Institute of Physics, Institute of Renewable Energies, the Institute of Cell Physiology, the Institute of Geophysics, the Institute of Engineering, the Institute of Materials Research, the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and the Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute . Research centers tend to focus on multidisciplinary problems particularly relevant to Mexico and
5661-426: The Mayorazgo de Guerrero Saint Augustine House Tlaxcala House Traditional markets Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market Ciudadela Market La Merced Market San Juan Market Streets Avenida Bucareli Avenida Juárez Calle de República de Argentina Calle de República de Guatemala Madero Street Parks and plazas Alameda Central Garden of
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#17328561816565772-560: The National Council for Culture and Arts and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City. The museum has permanent and temporary art and archaeological exhibitions, in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by José Clemente Orozco , Diego Rivera and others. The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City . The Chopo University Museum possesses an artistic architecture, large crystal panels and two iron towers designed by Gustave Eiffel . It opened with part of
5883-409: The Old Dominican Convent of the Holy Incarnation in the oldest borough of Mexico City , have extended to the House of the Marqués de Villamayor, (also known as the Casa de los adelantados de Nueva Galicia , built in 1530), the Old House of don Cristóbal de Oñate, a three-time governor and general captain of New Galicia (also built in 1530), and the Old Royal Customs House (built in 1730–1731). Some of
5994-424: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
6105-1212: The President's Cabinet v t e Departments of the Government of Mexico Agriculture and Rural Development Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development Civil Service Communications and Transportation Culture Economy Energy Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Public Credit Foreign Affairs Health Interior National Defense Navy Labor and Social Welfare Public Education Security and Civilian Protection Tourism Welfare Attorney General v t e Historic center of Mexico City Zócalo and immediate vicinity Administrative buildings Metropolitan Cathedral Cruz de Mañozca Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas Monument to Pope John Paul II Nacional Monte de Piedad National Palace Old Portal de Mercaderes Templo Mayor Schools and colleges Academia Mexicana de la Historia Academy of San Carlos Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas El Colegio Nacional University of
6216-419: The Secretariat or that form part of its dependencies To promote the creation of institutes of scientific and technical research and the establishment of laboratories, observatories , planetariums , and also centers that are required for the development of primary, secondary, moral, technical, and superior education; to orient, in coordination with the appropriate dependencies of the federal government and with
6327-424: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
6438-1582: The Triple Alliance Plaza Garibaldi Tlaxcoaque Transportation Mexico City Metrobús Line 4 Allende metro station Bellas Artes metro station Hidalgo metro station Isabel la Católica metro station Merced metro station Pino Suárez metro station San Juan de Letrán metro station Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station Other Barrio Chino Chapultepec aqueduct Edificio Miguel E. Abed Hospital de Jesús Nazareno Hospital San Hipólito Teatro de la Ciudad Teatro Fru Fru Torre Latinoamericana Authority control databases [REDACTED] International ISNI VIAF 2 FAST National United States France BnF data Spain Portugal Norway Vatican 2 Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii Other IdRef Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_Public_Education&oldid=1256315128 " Categories : Cabinet of Mexico Education in Mexico Ministries of education Education ministers Buildings and structures in Mexico City Government agencies established in 1921 1921 establishments in Mexico Historic center of Mexico City Neoclassical architecture in Mexico Lists of government ministers of Mexico Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description
6549-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
6660-399: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
6771-483: The biggest public universities in the country. UNAM's volleyball team, Pumas, has had great success on a national and international level. The manager for Mexico's representative volleyball team is from Pumas, and several players representing Mexico are also UNAM students and alumni. They played in the Olympics at Rio. The university logo was designed by José Vasconcelos in 1920, a prolific ideologue of pan-American identity and Mexican culture in particular. As rector of
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#17328561816566882-547: The buildings were decorated with mural paintings by Diego Rivera and other notable exponents of the Mexican muralist movement of the twentieth century, David Alfaro Siqueiros , Raul Anguiano , and Manuel Felguerez . Secretariat functions [ edit ] Creation and maintenance of state public schools in Mexico City , excluding those that are dependents of other dependencies Ensuring all requirements related to preschool, primary, secondary, technical, and normal education (i.e., teacher education) as established by
6993-566: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
7104-436: The collection of the now-defunct Public Museum of Natural History, Archeology and History, which eventually became the National Museum of Cultures . It served the National Museum of Natural History for almost 50 years, and is now devoted to the temporary exhibitions of visual arts. The Museo Experimental El Eco is one of the two buildings by German modern artist Mathias Goeritz and an example of Emotional architecture. Goeritz
7215-466: The confusing overlap in authority. During the early 1930s, the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gómez Morín . The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities, which Gómez Morín, many professors, and Catholics opposed as an infringement on academic freedom. Gómez Morín with the support of the Jesuit -founded student group, the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos, successfully fought against socialist education. UNAM supported
7326-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
7437-417: The conviction that our race will elaborate a culture of new tendencies, of spiritual and free essence", explained the "Master of America" when presenting the proposal. Later, he would specify: "I imagined the university shield that I presented to the Council, roughly and with a legend: 'For my people the spirit shall speak', pretending to mean that we woke up from a long night of oppression" On April 20, 1974,
7548-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
7659-409: The country, using scientific internships to encourage research in the country. UNAM currently installed its first supercomputer Sirio (Cray Y/MP) in 1991. Since 2013 it operates a supercomputer named Miztli (HP) for scientific research. UNAM's football club, Club Universidad Nacional , participates in Liga MX , the top division of Mexican football. The club became two-time consecutive champions of
7770-417: The developing world, most notably, the Center for Applied Sciences and Technological Development, which focuses on connecting the sciences to real-world problems (e.g., optics, nanosciences ), and Center for Energy Research, which conducts world-class research in alternative energies . All research centers are open to students from around the world. The UNAM holds a number of programs for students within
7881-444: The effect of preserving the integrity, the maintenance, and the conservation of historic and artistic treasures of the cultural patrimony of the country To conserve, protect, and maintain archaeological, historical, and artistic monuments that conform the cultural patrimony of the nation, attending the legal dispositions in these matters To orient the artistic, cultural, recreational, and sport-related activities that are realized by
7992-3278: The federal public sector To maintain a national data base of the works protected by copyright and trademarks through disconcerted institutes To regulate sports , the people involved, and the application of their rules in the nation List of secretaries [ edit ] President Álvaro Obregón (1921–1924): José Vasconcelos Calderón (1924–1924): Bernardo J. Gastélum President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928): José Manuel Puig Casauranc (1928–1928): Moisés Sáenz President Emilio Portes Gil (1928–1930): Ezequiel Padilla President Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1930): Aarón Sáenz (1930–1930): Carlos Trejo Lerdo de Tejada (1930–1931): José Manuel Puig Casauranc (1931–1932): Narciso Bassols President Abelardo L. Rodríguez (1932–1934): Narciso Bassols (1934–1934): Eduardo Vasconcelos President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934–1935): Ignacio García Téllez (1935–1939): Gonzalo Vázquez Vela (1939–1940): Ignacio Beteta President Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–1941): Luis Sánchez Pontón (1941–1943): Octavio Véjar Vázquez (1943–1946): Jaime Torres Bodet President Miguel Alemán (1946–1952): Manuel Gual Vidal President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–1958): José Ángel Ceniceros President Adolfo López Mateos (1958–1964): Jaime Torres Bodet President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–1970): Agustín Yáñez President Luis Echeverría (1970–1976): Víctor Bravo Ahuja President José López Portillo (1976–1977): Porfirio Muñoz Ledo (1977–1982): Fernando Solana Morales President Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1985): Jesús Reyes Heroles (1985–1988): Miguel González Avelar President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1992): Manuel Bartlett Díaz (1992–1993): Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (1993–1994): Fernando Solana Morales (1994–1994): José Ángel Pescador President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–1995): Fausto Alzati (1995–2000): Miguel Limón Rojas President Vicente Fox (2000–2006): Reyes Tamez Guerra President Felipe Calderón (2006–2009): Josefina Vázquez Mota (2009–2012): Alonso Lujambio (2012): José Ángel Córdova Villalobos President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2015): Emilio Chuayffet (2015–2018): Aurelio Nuño Mayer President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018–2021): Esteban Moctezuma (2021–2022): Delfina Gómez Álvarez (2022–2024): Leticia Ramírez Amaya President Claudia Sheinbaum (2024–present): Mario Delgado Sources [ edit ] ^ "Historia de la Secretaría de Educación Pública" . gob.mx (in Spanish). Secretaría de Educación Pública. See also [ edit ] Education in Mexico Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa [ es ] (ILCE) External links [ edit ] Official Secretariat of Public Education website Official site of
8103-661: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
8214-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
8325-500: The former library of the School of Engineers. It also contains several exhibitions related to mining, the prime engineering occupation during the Spanish colonization. It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of Mexican architecture of its period, conceived by Manuel Tolsa during de Spanish colonial rule in a neoclassical style (18th century). It hosts every year one of Mexico's top book fairs, known in Spanish as Feria Internacional del Libro de Palacio de Mineria . Which
8436-1049: The 💕 Part of the cabinet of Mexico For the building, see Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters . Secretariat of Public Education Secretaría de Educación Publica [REDACTED] Logo during the 2024 administration [REDACTED] Main headquarters of the Secretariat of Public Education Secretariat overview Formed 3 October 1921 ; 103 years ago ( 1921-10-03 ) Preceding Secretariat Secretariat of Public Instruction Jurisdiction Government of Mexico Headquarters República de Argentina #28, Centro Histórico , Mexico City . C.P. 06020 Secretariat executive Mario Delgado , Secretary Key document Reglamento Interior Website gob.mx/sep [REDACTED] Mexican flag and banners [REDACTED] Murals by Diego Rivera In Mexico,
8547-480: The function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government, including that of President Díaz. Internally, the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence, Luis Cabrera Lobato . By July of that year, a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly created Free School of Law . In 1914 initial efforts to gain autonomy for
8658-584: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
8769-514: The international robotics competition RoboCup, often claiming first places. The university houses many of Mexico's premiere research institutions. UNAM is currently recognized as one of the most international research universities in Latin America. Despite the low percentage of funding invested in research and development in Mexico, the UNAM stands out as a research-oriented university with international competitiveness across all fields of knowledge. The UNAM
8880-576: The language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
8991-535: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
9102-526: The main campus against the police actions on the main campus and in the center of the city. The protests grew into a student movement that demanded the resignation of the police chief, among other things. More protests followed in September, gaining frequency and numbers. During a meeting of the student leaders, the army fired on the Chihuahua building in Tlatelolco , where the student organization supposedly was. In
9213-686: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
9324-711: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
9435-636: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
9546-529: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
9657-551: The project. Architects De Maria y Campos, Del Moral, and Pani were given the responsibility as directors and coordinators to assign each architect to each selected building or constructions which enclose the Estadio Olímpico Universitario , about 40 schools and institutes, the Cultural Center, an ecological reserve, the Central Library , and a few museums. It was built during the 1950s on an ancient solidified lava bed to replace
9768-514: The public and private entities, the development of scientific and technological research To confer scholarships so that students of Mexican nationality can do research or complete foreign study programs To re-validate studies and titles, and to concede authorization for the exercise of the capacities that they accredit To formulate the catalog of national historic patrimony To organize, sustain, and administer historic, archaeological and artistic museums, painting galleries and art galleries, to
9879-640: The recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools, which validated their educational function. UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution, the Universidad Iberoamericana , in 1943. However, UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana in later years, opposing the establishment of majors in industrial relations and communications. In 1943 initial decisions were made to move
9990-423: The scattered buildings in downtown Mexico City , where classes were given. It was completed in 1954, and is almost a separate region within Mexico City, with its own regulations, councils, police, transportation and even a supermarket. In June 2007, its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria , was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Apart from University City (Ciudad Universitaria), UNAM has several campuses in
10101-562: The spirit shall speak", reveals the humanistic vocation with which it was conceived. The author of this famous phrase, José Vasconcelos , assumed the rectory in 1920, within the framework of the Latin American University Reform, and at a time when the hopes of the Mexican Revolution were still alive; There was a great faith in the homeland, and the redemptive spirit extended into the environment. It "means in this motto
10212-482: The strike. In 2009 the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities and began the celebration of its centennial anniversary with several activities that will last until 2011. The UNAM has actively included minorities into different educational fields, as in technology. In 2016, the university adopted United Nations platforms throughout all of its campuses to support and empower women. "Ciudad Universitaria" (University City)
10323-441: The summer, violent outbreaks occurred on a number of the campuses of the university's affiliated preparatory schools; police took over several high school campuses, with injuries. Students at UNAM, along with other Mexico City universities, mobilized in what has come to be called Mexico 68 , protests against the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, but also a whole array of political and social tensions. During August 1968, protests formed on
10434-528: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
10545-619: The then rector Guillermo Soberón Acevedo presented the new sport's emblem of the UNAM in the Auditorium of the Faculty of Sciences. The university commissioned the design to Manuel Andrade Rodríguez, as part of the renovation of the General Directorate of Sports and Recreation Activities. The image was chosen among 16 works, and required more than 800 sketches. Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano )
10656-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
10767-737: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
10878-490: The total scientific papers published by Mexican academics come from researchers at UNAM. UNAM was founded in its modern form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a secular alternative to its predecessor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (the first Western-style university in North America, founded in 1551). The university was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra , then minister of education in
10989-426: The university failed. In 1920, José Vasconcelos became rector. In 1921, he created the school's coat-of-arms: the image of an eagle and a condor surrounding a map of Latin America, from Mexico's northern border to Tierra del Fuego , and the motto, "The Spirit shall speak for my people". Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, the second wave of student strikes opposed
11100-496: The university from the various buildings it occupied in the city center to a new and consolidated university campus; the new Ciudad Universitaria (lit. University City) would be in San Ángel , to the south of the city. The first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences, the first building of Ciudad Universitaria . President Miguel Alemán Valdés participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952. The University Olympic Stadium
11211-426: The university occurred in 1999–2000 when students shut down the campus for almost a year to protest a proposal to charge students the equivalent of US$ 150 per semester for those who could afford it. Referendums were held by both the university and the strikers, but neither side accepted the others' results. Acting on a judge's order, the police stormed the buildings held by strikers on 7 February 2000, putting an end to
11322-489: The university, he expressed the importance of ending the oppression and the bloody confrontations of yesteryear, with the new battlefields being those of culture and education, as means to achieve a new era of unification of Latin Americans. He imprinted this vision in the university seal, featuring a Mexican eagle and an Andean condor , forming a double-headed eagle supported by an allegory of volcanoes and cacti (a reference to
11433-581: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
11544-480: The world, most notably from Europe, other countries in Latin America, India, and the United States, creating a unique and diverse scientific community. Scientific research at UNAM is divided between colleges, institutes, centers, and schools, and covers a range of disciplines in Latin America. Some notable UNAM institutes include the Institute of Astronomy, the Institute of Biotechnology, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences,
11655-633: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
11766-754: Was a close collaborator of architect Luis Barragán and author of several public sculptures including the Torres de Satélite. The building was acquired and renovated by the National University in 2004 and since 2005 it exhibits contemporary art and a yearly architecture competition Pabellón Eco. The National Astronomical Observatory is located in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir mountain range in Baja California , about 130 km south of United States-Mexican border . It has been in operation since 1970, and it currently has three large reflecting telescopes. UNAM
11877-630: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
11988-604: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
12099-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
12210-528: Was inaugurated on the same day. In 1957 the Doctorate Council was created to regulate and organize graduate studies. Another major student strike, again over examination regulations, occurred in 1966. Students invaded the rectorate and forced the rector to resign. The Board of Regents did not accept this resignation, so the professors went on strike, paralyzing the university and forcing the Board's acceptance. In
12321-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
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