Cris Kobryn (1952) is an American systems engineer and software engineer best known for leading international teams of vendors and users in defining the Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) v1 and v2 standards for software engineering, as well as the Systems Modeling Language ( SysML ) v1 standard for systems engineering. He is the Founder and CTO of PivotPoint Technology Corp. , a systems and software engineering services company that he founded in 2003. [1]
31-641: UML Partners was a consortium of system integrators and vendors convened in 1996 to specify the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Initially the consortium was led by Grady Booch , Ivar Jacobson , and James Rumbaugh of Rational Software. The UML Partners' UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the Object Management Group (OMG) in January 1997. During the same month the UML Partners formed
62-613: A Knowledge-Based Expert System (KBES) toolkit built on top of Harlequin's flagship LispWorks product, which supported rule-based or logic programming (including support for Prolog) and a SQL database interface; 2) Watson, a version of KnowledgeWorks customized for police investigative analysis applications, which was eventually acquired by Xanalys Limited . Kobryn is known as an expert in Model-Based Systems Engineering ( MBSE ) and Model-Driven Development ( MDD ) technologies. In 2003 he founded PivotPoint Technology ,
93-411: A mail message." Artifacts are the physical entities that are deployed on Nodes (i.e. Devices and Execution Environments). Other UML elements such as classes and components are first manifested into artifacts and instances of these artifacts are then deployed. Artifacts can also be composed of other artifacts. The Object Management Group (OMG) has developed a metamodeling architecture to define
124-629: A Semantics Task Force, chaired by Cris Kobryn , to finalize the semantics of the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997. Members of the consortium include: This Unified Modeling Language article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Unified Modeling Language The unified modeling language ( UML )
155-527: A consortium called the UML Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification and propose it to the Object Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example HP , DEC , IBM , and Microsoft ). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During
186-468: A design silver bullet , which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it. It is considered a large language, with many constructs . Some people (including Jacobson ) feel that UML's size hinders learning and therefore uptake. MS Visual Studio dropped support for UML in 2016 due to lack of usage. According to Google Trends UML has been on
217-415: A few that represent different aspects of interactions . These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram: These diagrams may all contain comments or notes explaining usage, constraint, or intent. Structure diagrams represent the static aspects of the system. It emphasizes the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent
248-405: A sequence diagram using tools like Lucidchart, Draw.io, or any UML diagram software. The diagram would have actors on the left side, with arrows indicating the sequence of actions and interactions between systems and actors as described please Sequence diagram drow Sequence diagrams should be drawn for each use case to show how different objects interact with each other to achieve the functionality of
279-521: A steady decline since 2004. Cris Kobryn Kobryn began his software engineering career in the early 1980s specializing in AI programming languages ( Prolog , Lisp , CLOS ) and applications ( knowledge-based expert systems , natural language processing ). He led the applications group at Harlequin Limited in the early 1990s that developed two innovative commercial AI application products: 1) KnowledgeWorks,
310-459: A systems and software engineering services company that focuses on MBSE and MDD technologies. Prior to founding PivotPoint Kobryn held senior technical positions at Telelogic , EDS , MCI Systemhouse , Inference Corporation, Harlequin , and SAIC . Before Kobryn became a software engineer he served as a commissioned officer in both the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Army , and was infantry, armor, airborne and Special Forces qualified. Kobryn
341-456: Is a general-purpose visual modeling language that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML provides a standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into three main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and structure diagrams. The creation of UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It
SECTION 10
#1732848567017372-648: Is a member of the ACM , IEEE , INCOSE and AAAI . He chaired large international teams of vendors and users to specify the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 1.1 and UML 2.0 standards for software engineering, and the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) for systems engineering. In recognition of Kobryn's contributions to the UML, the OMG presented him with its Distinguished Service Award in 2000. In recognition of his contributions to
403-526: Is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases). UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model: UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format. In UML, one of
434-409: Is not a development method by itself; however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development methods of its time, for example, OMT , Booch method , Objectory , and especially RUP it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software. It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram
465-410: The "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to n -ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2. Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages,
496-771: The M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used to describe runtime instances of the system. The meta-model can be extended using a mechanism called stereotyping . This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by Brian Henderson-Sellers and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0". In 2013, UML had been marketed by OMG for many contexts, but aimed primarily at software development with limited success. It has been treated, at times, as
527-669: The SysML, the INCOSE presented him with its Outstanding Service Award in 2006. In 2007 Kobryn received the SD Times 100 award for the Modeling category on behalf of the SysML Partners open source project that he chaired. Kobryn received a BA degree from Colgate University and a BSCS degree from San Diego State University (SDSU). His multi-disciplinary graduate studies at SDSU and UCLA explored
558-552: The UML, called the Meta-Object Facility . MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models. The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes the UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of
589-632: The behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. As an example, the activity diagram describes the business and operational step-by-step activities of the components in a system. Visual Representation: Staff User → Complaints System: Submit Complaint Complaints System → HR System: Forward Complaint HR System → Department: Assign Complaint Department → Complaints System: Update Resolution Complaints System → Feedback System: Request Feedback Feedback System → Staff User: Provide Feedback Staff User → Feedback System: Submit Feedback This description can be used to draw
620-454: The highlights of the history of object-oriented modeling methods and notation. It is originally based on the notations of the Booch method , the object-modeling technique (OMT), and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), which it has integrated into a single language. Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994 and after that, the company became
651-433: The key tools for behavior modeling is the use-case model, caused by OOSE . Use cases are a way of specifying required usages of a system. Typically, they are used to capture the requirements of a system, that is, what a system is supposed to do. UML 2 has many types of diagrams, which are divided into two categories. Some types represent structural information, and the rest represent general types of behavior , including
SECTION 20
#1732848567017682-478: The latest versions of these standards are now: It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language. UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as: Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been extended to a larger set of design documentation (as listed above), and has been found useful in many contexts. UML
713-547: The look-across interpretation introduces several difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to n -ary associations." UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experiences on the usage of its features. Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3
744-406: The same month, the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by Cris Kobryn and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997. After the first release, a task force
775-413: The source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's object-modeling technique (OMT) and Grady Booch 's method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson , the creator of the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995. Under the technical leadership of those three (Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch),
806-445: The standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML. In software engineering, most practitioners do not use UML, but instead produce informal hand drawn diagrams; these diagrams, however, often include elements from UML. UML has evolved since the second half of the 1990s and has its roots in the object-oriented programming methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The timeline (see image) shows
837-411: The structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software architecture of software systems. For example, the component diagram describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components. Behavior diagrams represent the dynamic aspect of the system. It emphasizes what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate
868-401: The use case. In UML, an artifact is the "specification of a physical piece of information that is used or produced by a software development process , or by deployment and operation of a system." "Examples of artifacts include model files, source files, scripts, and binary executable files, a table in a database system , a development deliverable, a word-processing document , or
899-633: Was developed at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996. In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG) and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as the ISO/IEC 19501 standard. Since then
930-732: Was formally released in May 2010. UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011. UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version and was officially released in June 2015. The formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017. There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification: Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were: Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without Superstructure and Infrastructure), and
961-568: Was formed to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5. The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent. As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO ER diagrams , class models are specified to use "look-across" cardinalities , even though several authors ( Merise , Elmasri & Navathe, amongst others ) prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer and Dullea et al. ) have shown that