86-721: The PhilSports Stadium Stampede (also referred to as the ULTRA stampede or the Wowowee stampede ) was a crowd crush that occurred at the PhilSports Stadium (also known as the ULTRA ) in Pasig , Metro Manila in the Philippines on February 4, 2006. It killed 73 people and injured about 400. About 30,000 people had gathered outside the stadium waiting to participate in the first anniversary episode of
172-506: A fluid , with individuals moved about by the pressure of those around them, and shockwaves can pass through the crowd as pressures within the crowd change. This can be highly dangerous, although some people actively seek this experience, such as at rock concerts or football matches, where the excitement, camaraderie, and literally "going with the flow" is for some an essential part of the experience, and activities like dancing and moshing are common. The danger inherent in these conditions
258-419: A body of people becomes dangerously overcrowded. When numbers are up to about five people per square meter, the environment may feel cramped but manageable; when numbers reach between eight and ten people per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and may be swept along against their will by the motion of the crowd. Under these conditions, the crowd may undergo a progressive collapse where
344-407: A crowd can become so packed that people are crushed together to such an extent they can no longer breathe and are asphyxiated. Such crowd crushes can occur when a moving crowd is funneled into a smaller and smaller space, when it meets an obstacle (such as a dead end, or a locked door), or when an already densely packed crowd has an influx of people, causing a pressure wave toward those at the front of
430-473: A crowd has swept over them where they have lain. It is believed that most major crowd disasters can be prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Crushes can be prevented by organization and traffic control, such as barriers. On the other hand, barriers in some cases may funnel the crowd toward an already-packed area, such as in the Hillsborough disaster. Hence barriers can be a solution in preventing or
516-403: A crush is inexperienced security officers who assume that people's behaviour in a dense crowd is voluntary and dangerous, and start applying force or preventing people from moving in certain directions. In the 1989 Hillsborough disaster , some police and stewards were so concerned with what they saw as possible hooliganism that they took actions that actually made matters worse. There is risk of
602-416: A crush when crowd density exceeds about five people per square meter. For a person in a crowd a signal of danger, and a warning to get out of the crowd if possible, is the sensation of being touched on all four sides. A later, more serious, warning is when one feels shock waves travelling through the crowd, due to people at the back pushing forward against people at the front with nowhere to go. Keith Still of
688-820: A fixed rate of 2:1. These were supplemented by banknotes of the Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1908, banknotes of the Philippine National Bank in 1916, and Treasury Certificates of the Philippine Treasury in 1918 backed by United States Government bonds. Only the latter remained legal tender after Philippine independence in 1946. The dimensions of all banknotes issued under the US-Philippine administration , 16 x 6.6 cm, has been used ever since on all Philippine banknotes (except pre-1958 centavo notes), and
774-478: A key factor in causing a crush. One problem is lack of feedback from people being crushed to the crowd pressing behind—feedback can instead be provided by police, organizers, or other observers, particularly raised observers, such as on platforms or horseback, who can survey the crowd and use loudspeakers to communicate and direct a crowd. In some cases it may be possible to take simple measures such as spreading movements out over time. A factor that may contribute to
860-413: A limited supply of dollars at ₱2 per dollar to purchase priority imports was exploited by parties with political connections. Higher black market exchange rates drove remittances and foreign investments away from official channels. By 1962 the task of maintaining the old ₱2 per dollar parity while defending available reserves has become untenable under the new Diosdado Macapagal administration, opening up
946-465: A new decontrol era from 1962 to 1970 where foreign exchange restrictions were dismantled and a new free-market exchange rate of ₱3.90 per dollar was adopted since 1965. This move helped balance foreign exchange supply versus demand and greatly boosted foreign investment inflows and international reserves. However, a weak manufacturing base that can't capture market share in (mostly imported) consumer goods meant that devaluation only fueled inflation, and by
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#17328525307761032-680: A nuisance. Proposals to retire and demonetize all coins less than one peso in value have been rejected by the government and the BSP. In 1852, the Philippines first issued banknotes under El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (the present Bank of the Philippine Islands ) in denominations of 10, 25, 50 and 200 pesos fuertes (strong pesos). By 1903, the American colonial Insular Government issued Silver Certificates in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos, backed by silver coin or U.S. gold at
1118-581: A peso). The absence of officially minted cuartos in the 19th century was alleviated in part by counterfeit two-cuarto coins made by Igorot copper miners in the Cordilleras . A currency system derived from coins imported from Spain, China and neighboring countries was fraught with various difficulties. Money came in different coinages, and fractional currency in addition to the real and the cuarto also existed. Money has nearly always been scarce in Manila, and when it
1204-501: A proper gold standard . The Philippine peso and the Spanish duro (Spain's "peso" or five-peseta coin ) thus went on a fiduciary coin (or fiat coin) standard; while worth more than the Mexican peso due to its scarcity in circulation, both coins traded at a fluctuating discount versus the gold peso. While pre-1877 Mexican pesos were reminted into Philippine 10-, 20- and 50-céntimo coins until
1290-526: A pure nickel 5-piso coin which rarely circulated. In 1983, the Flora and Fauna Series was introduced. It consisted of aluminum 1, 5 and 10-sentimo, brass 25-sentimo, and cupro-nickel 50-sentimo, 1-piso and a new 2-piso coin . From 1991 to 1994 the sizes of coins from 25-sentimo to 2-piso were reduced under the Improved Flora and Fauna Series , and a new nickel-brass 5-piso coin was introduced. In 1995,
1376-611: A relative who died during the incident and shared his/her experiences about what happened before quoting that "life is more important than money". ABS-CBN later thanked their rival network for their prayers and sympathies. Guinness World Records cited this incident as "the greatest death toll in a game show". The incident was dramatized and investigated in the GMA Network -produced docudrama series, Case Unclosed . Crowd collapses and crushes Crowd collapses and crowd crushes are catastrophic incidents that can occur when
1462-511: A stampede. People don't die because they panic. They panic because they are dying". Paul Torrens, a professor at the Center for Geospatial Information Science at the University of Maryland , remarks that "the idea of the hysterical mass is a myth". Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of panic. However, the scientific literature has explained how panic is a myth which
1548-502: Is crowd density rather than crowd size. Crowd collapses and crushes are often reported incorrectly as human stampedes , which typically occur when a large group of people all try to get away from a perceived risk to life. One study has calculated that there were 232 deaths and over 66,000 injuries in the ten years between 1992 and 2002 as a result of such incidents, but crowd scientists believe that such casualties are both vastly under-reported and increasing in frequency. One estimate
1634-550: Is a loaded word as it apportions blame to the victims for behaving in an irrational, self-destructive, unthinking and uncaring manner, it's pure ignorance, and laziness ... It gives the impression that it was a mindless crowd only caring about themselves, and they were prepared to crush people. In virtually all situations it is usually the authorities to blame for poor planning, poor design, poor control, poor policing and mismanagement. Edwin Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at
1720-524: Is a much busier pattern, and widely considered less attractive. In 1942, at the height of the resistance against the Japanese invasion in Corregidor island, US-Philippine forces managed to ship off to Australia most of the gold and significant assets held in reserve by Manila's banks, but they had to discard an estimated ₱ 15 million worth of silver pesos into the sea off Caballo Bay rather than surrender it to
1806-661: Is now probable cause (for the case),” said Dante Jimenez, the chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption (VACC). On January 29, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled with finality dismissing ABS-CBN's case of junking the investigation by the Department of Justice. This meant that the DOJ could now indict all those involved in the crush except for Willie Revillame , the show's host. Pope Benedict XVI expressed sadness over
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#17328525307761892-495: Is that only one in ten crowd injuries occurring in doorbuster sales are reported, while many, if not most, injuries at rock concerts go unreported. The average individual occupies an oval floorspace approximately 30 by 60 cm (1 by 2 ft), or 0.18 square metres (2 sq ft) and at densities of one to two per square metre (0.1 to 0.2/sq ft) individuals can move freely without contact. Even if people are moving quickly, at this density one can avoid obstacles, and
1978-467: Is that the crowd will collapse in on itself or become so densely packed that individuals are crushed and asphyxiated. A crowd collapse occurs when a crowd is so dense that each individual is touching others all around and is, to an extent, supported by those around. This can occur whether the crowd is moving or stationary. If a person then falls, the support to those around is lost, while the pressure from those further out remains, causing people to fall into
2064-533: Is the establishment of the Casa de Moneda de Manila in the Philippines in 1857, the mintage starting 1861 of gold 1, 2 and 4 peso coins according to Spanish standards (the 4-peso coin being 6.766 grams of 0.875 gold), and the mintage starting 1864 of fractional 50-, 20- and 10-céntimo silver coins also according to Spanish standards (with 100 céntimos containing 25.96 grams of 0.900 silver; later lowered to 0.835 silver in 1881). In 1897 Spain introduced 1-peso silver coins with
2150-431: Is the most widespread preferred term over sentimo in other Philippine languages, including Abaknon , Bikol , Cebuano , Cuyonon , Ilocano , and Waray , In Chavacano , centavos are referred to as céns (also spelled séns ). Tagalog language words for the different centavo-denominated coins were more common in the 20th century before the decrease in their use afterwards. The Spanish administration opened
2236-539: Is the official currency of the Philippines . It is subdivided into 100 sentimo , also called centavos . The peso has the symbol "₱", introduced during American rule in place of the original peso sign "$ " used throughout Spanish America . Alternative symbols used are "PHP", "PhP", "Php", or just "P". The monetary policy of the Philippines is conducted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), established on January 3, 1949, as its central bank. It produces
2322-566: Is thought to be from Malay perak (silver), which also has a direct cognate or adaptation in Tagalog/Filipino as pilak . Alternately, it could be from 10 and 5 céntimo coins of the Spanish peseta , known as the perra gorda and perra chica . The Spanish dollar or silver peso worth eight reales was first introduced by the Magellan expedition of 1521 and brought in large quantities after
2408-453: Is used to mislead the attention of the public from the real causes of crowd incidents, such as a crowd crush. In crowd collapse and crush incidents the most common cause of death is asphyxiation , caused either by vertical stacking, as people fall on top of one another, or by horizontal stacking, where people are crushed together or against an unyielding barrier. Victims can also exhibit fractures due to pressure, or trampling injuries, when
2494-537: The New Design coin series was introduced with the aim of replacing and demonetizing all previously issued coin series on January 3, 1998. It initially consisted of copper-plated steel 1, 5 and 10-sentimo, brass 25-sentimo, copper-nickel 1-piso and nickel-brass 5-piso. In 2000, the bimetallic 10-piso coin was added to the series. In 2003, the composition of the 25-sentimo and 1-piso was changed to brass-plated steel and nickel-plated steel, respectively. The current series,
2580-557: The New Generation Currency Series was introduced in 2017, consisting of nickel-plated steel 1, 5 ,25 sentimo and 1, 5 and 10-piso. In December 2019 the bimetallic plated-steel 20-piso coin was introduced, together with a modified nine-sided 5-piso coin issued in response to numerous complaints that the round steel 5-piso coin looked too much like the 1-piso and 10-piso. Denominations worth P0.25 (~$ 0.005) and below are still issued but have been increasingly regarded as
2666-756: The Casa de Moneda de Manila (or Manila mint) in 1857 in order to supply coins for the Philippines, minting silver coins of 10 céntimos , 20 céntimos , and 50 céntimos ; and gold coins of 1 peso , 2 pesos and 4 pesos. The American government minted currency under the Philippine Coinage Act of 1903 in its mints in the United States , in base-metal denominations of half centavo , one centavo and five centavos ; and in silver denominations of 10 centavos , 20 centavos , 50 centavos and 1 peso . They eventually deemed it more economical and convenient to mint coins in
PhilSports Stadium stampede - Misplaced Pages Continue
2752-493: The National Capital Region Police Office , Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Department of Justice, was created to investigate the cause of the crush. According to its findings, Wowowee offered only very few tickets to a very large crowd, which had been waiting for days to gain entry to the stadium. In its statement, the surge was triggered by an ABS-CBN staff member announcing to
2838-715: The Piloncitos , small bead-like gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient peoples of the Philippines, and gold barter rings. The original silver currency unit was the rupya or rupiah, brought over by trade with India and Indonesia. Two native Tagalog words for money which survive today in Filipino were salapi and possibly pera . Salapi is thought to be from isa (one) + rupya which would become lapia when adapted to Tagalog. Alternately, it could be from Arabic asrafi (a gold coin, see Persian ashrafi ) or sarf (money, money exchange). Pera
2924-684: The Second World War , no coins were minted from 1942 to 1943 due to the Japanese Occupation . Minting resumed in 1944–45 for the last time under the Commonwealth. Coins only resumed in 1958 after an issuance of centavo-denominated fractional banknotes from 1949 to 1957. In 1958, the new English coinage series entirely of base metal was introduced, consisting of bronze 1 centavo , brass 5 centavos and nickel-brass 10 centavos , 25 centavos and 50 centavos . The 20-centavo denomination
3010-400: The Spanish dollar coin, most commonly into eight wedges each worth one Spanish real . Locally produced crude copper or bronze coins called cuartos or barrillas (hence the Tagalog/Filipino words cuarta or kwarta , "money" and barya "coin" or "loose change") were also struck in the Philippines by order of the Spanish government, with 20 cuartos being equal to one real (hence, 160 cuartos to
3096-406: The University of Greenwich , England The term " stampede " is usually used in reference to animals that are fleeing a threat. Stampede events that involve humans are extremely rare and are unlikely to be fatal. According to Keith Still, professor of crowd science at Manchester Metropolitan University , "If you look at the analysis, I've not seen any instances of the cause of mass fatalities being
3182-469: The 1565 conquest of the Philippines by Miguel López de Legazpi . The local salapi continued under Spanish rule as a toston or half-peso coin. Additionally, Spanish gold onzas or eight- escudo coins were also introduced with identical weight to the Spanish dollar but valued at 16 silver pesos. The earliest silver coins brought in by the Manila galleons from Mexico and other Spanish American colonies were in
3268-786: The 1883 crush known as the Victoria Hall disaster in Sunderland, England which killed 183 children, a law was passed in England which required all public entertainment venues to be equipped with doors that open outwards—for example, using crash bar latches that open when pushed. Crash bars are required by various building codes . Philippine peso The Philippine peso , also referred to by its Filipino name piso ( Philippine English : / ˈ p ɛ s ɔː / PEH -saw , / ˈ p iː -/ PEE - , plural pesos ; Filipino : piso [ˈpiso, pɪˈso] ; sign : ₱; code : PHP),
3354-536: The 1890s, these coins were continuously smuggled in connivance with Customs officials due to their higher fiat value in the Philippines. After 1898 the United States colonial administration repealed this "fictitious gold standard" in favor of the unlimited importation of Mexican pesos , and the Philippine peso became a silver standard currency with its value dropping to half a gold peso. Concurrent with these events
3440-599: The 19th century. In the 1850s the low price of gold in the international markets triggered the outflow of silver coins. In 1875 the adoption of the gold standard in Europe triggered a rise in the international price of gold and the replacement of gold coins with silver Mexican pesos. As the price of silver fell further, Mexican peso imports were forbidden from 1877, and only Mexican pesos dated 1877 or earlier were legally equivalent to Philippine-minted pesos and peso fuerte banknotes. However, Spain and its colonies failed to establish
3526-488: The BSP's reestablishment in 1993 involved a managed float system with no more fixed parity commitments versus the dollar. The CBP only committed to maintain orderly foreign exchange market conditions and to reduce short-term volatility . Difficulties continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s in managing inflation and keeping exchange rates stable, and was complicated further by the CBP lacking independence in government especially when
PhilSports Stadium stampede - Misplaced Pages Continue
3612-410: The CBP, taking away the rights of the banks such as Bank of the Philippine Islands and the Philippine National Bank to issue currency. The Philippines faced various post-war problems due to the slow recovery of agricultural production, trade deficits due to the need to import needed goods, and high inflation due to the lack of goods. The CBP embarked on a fixed exchange system during the 1950s where
3698-501: The Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, said "Be aware of your surroundings. Look ahead. Listen to the crowd noise. If you start finding yourself in a crowd surge, wait for the surge to come, go with it, and move sideways. Keep moving with it and sideways, with it and sideways." Other recommendations include trying to remain upright, and keeping away from walls and other obstructions if possible. After
3784-450: The Japanese. After the war these assets would be returned to Philippine banks, and most of the discarded pesos would be recovered but in badly corroded condition. The Japanese occupiers of the Philippines then introduced fiat notes for use in the country. Emergency circulating notes (also termed "guerrilla pesos") were also issued by banks and local governments, using crude inks and materials, which were redeemable in silver pesos after
3870-471: The Philippine peso on a fully floating exchange rate system. The market decides on the level in which the peso trades versus foreign currencies based on the BSP's ability to maintain a stable inflation rate on goods and services as well as sufficient international reserves to fund exports. Black market exchange rates as seen in the past are now nonexistent since official markets now reflect underlying supply and demand. The Philippine peso has since traded versus
3956-466: The Philippines became a U.S. Commonwealth in 1935, the coat of arms of the Philippine Commonwealth was adopted and replaced the arms of the U.S. Territories on the reverse of coins while the obverse remained unchanged. This seal is composed of a much smaller eagle with its wings pointed up, perched over a shield with peaked corners, above a scroll reading "Commonwealth of the Philippines". It
4042-580: The Philippines, hence the re-opening of the Manila Mint in 1920, which produced coins until the Commonwealth Era excluding 1 ⁄ 2 centavo and regular-issue 1-peso coins (commemorative 1-peso coins were minted in 1936). In 1937 the eagle-and-shield reverse design was changed into the coat-of-arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines while retaining the legend "United States of America". During
4128-759: The U.S. dollar in a range of ₱24–46 from 1993 to 1999, ₱40–56 from 2000 to 2009, and ₱40–54 from 2010 to 2019. The previous 1903–1934 definition of a peso as 12.9 grains of 0.9 gold (or 0.0241875 XAU) is now worth ₱2,266.03 based on gold prices as of November 2021. The smallest currency unit is called centavo in English (from Spanish centavo ). Following the adoption of the "Pilipino series" in 1967, it became officially known as sentimo in Filipino (from Spanish céntimo ). However, "centavo" and its local spellings, síntabo and sentabo , are still used as synonyms in Tagalog . It
4214-455: The already jampacked queue, hoping that they could squeeze in among the first 300." To control the deluge of people wanting to get in, the network's staff closed the gate, but the rush of people, coupled with the steep incline and uneven surface of the road caused those in front of the mob to stumble and fall, culminating in the crush that caused the majority of the deaths and injuries. It was also reported an "obvious lack of coordination" between
4300-495: The bust of King Alfonso XIII , as well as 5- and 10- céntimo de peseta coins for circulation in the Philippines as 1- and 2- céntimo de peso coins. The Spanish-Filipino peso remained in circulation and were legal tender in the islands until 1904, when the American authorities demonetized them in favor of the new US-Philippine peso. The first paper money circulated in the Philippines was the Philippine peso fuerte issued in 1851 by
4386-442: The central bank of objectives that are inconsistent with keeping inflation stable. The New Central Bank Act (Republic Act No 7653) of June 14, 1993 replaces the old CBP with a new Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas mandated explicitly to maintain price stability, and enjoying fiscal and administrative autonomy to insulate it from government interference. This, along with the further liberalization of various foreign exchange regulations, puts
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#17328525307764472-404: The chance of a crowd-related incident is minimal. Even at three or four people per square meter, the risk is low; however, at densities of five per square meter, it becomes more difficult for individuals to move, and at higher densities of six to seven per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and can be unable to move voluntarily. At this point a crowd can begin to act like
4558-543: The coins bearing the face of Isabel II were nicknamed Isabelinas and that the perra coins were only introduced to the Philippines in 1897. Asserting its independence after the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, the República Filipina (Philippine Republic) under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country's natural resources. The coins were
4644-471: The country's banknotes and coins at its Security Plant Complex, which is set to move to New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac . The Philippine peso is derived from the Spanish peso or pieces of eight brought over in large quantities from Spanish America by the Manila galleons of the period from the 16th century to the 19th. From the same Spanish peso or dollar is derived the various pesos of Spanish America,
4730-574: The country's first bank, the El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II . Convertible to either silver pesos or gold onzas, its volume of 1,800,000 pesos was small relative to about 40,000,000 silver pesos in circulation at the end of the 19th century. A fanciful etymology for the term pera holds that it was inspired by the Carlist Wars where Queen Isabel II was supposedly called La Perra (The Bitch) by her detractors, and thus coins bearing
4816-499: The creation of a gold-standard fund to maintain the parity of the coins so authorized to be issued and authorized the insular government to issue temporary certificates of indebtedness bearing interest at a rate not to exceed 4 percent per annum, payable not more than one year from date of issue, to an amount which should not at any one time exceed 10 million dollars or 20 million pesos. The US territorial administration also issued Culion leper colony coinage between 1913 and 1930. When
4902-451: The crowd gathered at the gate that only the first 300 people in line beneath the covered walkway leading to the stadium would be chosen to participate in the Pera o Bayong portion of the show. This portion, which offered from ₱ 10,000 to ₱50,000 in prizes ( US$ 193 to $ 969 at a rate of $ 1=₱51.70), "excited" the crowd and "incited the people who were outside the official queue to push their way into
4988-877: The crowd. In this situation those entering may be unaware of the effect on those in front and continue to press in. Examples of crushes are the Hillsborough disaster in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England in 1989, the Love Parade disaster in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in 2010, the Astroworld Festival crowd crush in Houston, Texas, and the Itaewon Halloween crowd crush in Itaewon, Seoul, South Korea in 2022. Stampede
5074-601: The dollars of the US and Hong Kong , as well as the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen . Pre-colonial trade between tribes of what is now the Philippines and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter . The inconvenience of barter, however, later led to the use of some objects as a medium of exchange. Gold , which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included
5160-510: The emergency guerrilla notes were considered illegal and were no longer legal tender. Republic Act No. 265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines (now the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) on January 3, 1949, in which was vested the power of administering the banking and credit system of the country. Under the act, all powers in the printing and mintage of Philippine currency was vested in
5246-547: The end of the war. The puppet state under José P. Laurel outlawed possession of guerrilla currency and declared a monopoly on the issuance of money and anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested or even executed. Because of the fiat nature of the currency, the Philippine economy felt the effects of hyperinflation . Combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth military forces including recognized guerrilla units continued printing Philippine pesos, so that, from October 1944 to September 1945, all earlier issues except for
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#17328525307765332-416: The entrance gates. Witnesses and several survivors reported that the crush began when the already impatient crowd continued pushing and shoving, causing one of the barriers used to keep people in queue to collapse. Coincidentally, the gates happened to be on a sloped driveway and when security guards tried to seal the gates further and calm the crowd, the latter continued pushing and shoving as well as shaking
5418-528: The first to use the name centavo instead of céntimo for the subdivision of the peso. The island of Panay also issued revolutionary coinage. After Aguinaldo's capture by American forces in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901, the revolutionary peso ceased to exist. After the United States took control of the Philippines, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act of 1903, established
5504-414: The form of roughly-cut cobs or macuquinas . These coins usually bore a cross on one side and the Spanish royal coat-of-arms on the other. These crudely-made coins were subsequently replaced by machine-minted coins called Columnarios (pillar dollars) or "dos mundos (two worlds)" in 1732 containing 27.07 grams of 0.917 fine silver (revised to 0.903 fine in 1771). Fractional currency was supplied by cutting
5590-461: The former television variety show Wowowee . On February 4, 2006, about 30,000 people had gathered outside the PhilSports Stadium to participate in the first anniversary episode of ABS-CBN early afternoon television game show, Wowowee scheduled at 1 pm. The football stadium was supposed to be the viewing area of people who were not able to enter the basketball arena , where the program
5676-415: The gates until they were forced open. After the gates eventually gave way, people at the front collapsed from exhaustion while others behind them stumbled. The sloped driveway contributed to the worsening of the crush. As a result of the incident, the network ended the show's first iteration and indefinitely postponed the anniversary presentation. The crush killed 73 people and injured around 800 people. It
5762-438: The image of Isabel II were supposedly called perras , which became pera . A less outlandish Spanish origin, if the term is indeed derived from Spanish, could be the Spanish coins of 10 and 5 céntimos de peseta (valued locally at 2 and 1 céntimos de peso ) which were nicknamed perra gorda and perra chica , where the "bitch" or female dog is a sarcastic reference to the Spanish lion. Arguments against either theory are that
5848-476: The incident. Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo Sodano said in a telegram to Pasig Bishop Francisco San Diego that 'the Pope offers his prayers and condolences for all those affected by this terrible accident.' On the first anniversary of the disaster, rather than celebrating the second anniversary of the show, Wowowee offered the last segment of the show to a candlelight vigil lent and moment of silence in
5934-511: The latter incurs fiscal shortfalls. The worst episode occurred when a confidence crisis in the Ferdinand Marcos administration triggered a capital flight among investors between August 1983 to February 1986, nearly doubling the exchange rate from ₱11 to ₱20 per dollar and also doubling the prices of goods. Positive political and economic developments in the 1990s paved the way for further economic liberalization and an opportunity to unburden
6020-407: The network itself led efforts in recovering the dead bodies, providing medical care for the injured, and other related assistance. The victims were also fully assisted by government authorities. ABS-CBN chairman and CEO Eugenio "Gabby" Lopez III , promised to provide aid and financial assistance to the victims and their families. The network also formed 71 Dreams Foundation to assist the relatives of
6106-428: The organizers and relevant government agencies. It said that while ABS-CBN had sought the assistance of Pasig's mayor and police chief, "neither was invited to any of the organizers' production meetings." The National Telecommunications Commission , a government agency that supervises all radio and television broadcasting stations and other telecommunications services, said ABS-CBN could lose its license to operate if it
6192-466: The peso's convertibility was maintained at ₱2 per U.S. dollar by various measures to control and conserve the country's international reserves. This system, combined with other "Filipino First" efforts to curtail importations, helped reshape the country's import patterns and improve the balance of payments. Such restrictions, however, gave rise to a black market where dollars routinely traded for above ₱3 per dollar. The CBP's allocation system which rations
6278-565: The pressure pushes people off their feet, resulting in people being trampled or crushed by the weight of other people falling on top of them. At even higher densities, the pressure on each individual can cause them to be crushed or asphyxiated while still upright. Such incidents are invariably the product of organizational failures, and most major crowd disasters could have been prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Such incidents can occur at large gatherings such as sporting, commercial, social, and religious events. The critical factor
6364-483: The show's promise of instant wealth. At about 6:00 am., organizers of the show began handing out tickets to people in the crowd, many of whom had been camping outside the stadium for days to acquire them. Overhearing the news, people started trying to get ahead of the queue and became agitated. As people in front of the line were given entrance to the stadium, the crowds became more impatient and started pushing forward and shoving, prompting security guards to panic and shut
6450-451: The studio with Revillame giving a short statement and the show ending with Yeng Constantino singing " Hawak Kamay . Simultaneously, the hosts, producers, and the director of Eat Bulaga! , Wowowee ' s rival variety show on GMA Network , offered a minute of silence and prayers for the victims of the crush, which they also did in 2006 in the wake of the incident. A contestant on the show's former segment, "On The Spot Jackpot", had
6536-529: The time the decontrol era ended in 1970 another devaluation to ₱6.43 per dollar was needed. In 1967, coinage adopted Filipino language terminology instead of English, banknotes following suit in 1969. Consecutively, the currency terminologies as appearing on coinage and banknotes changed from the English centavo and peso to the Filipino sentimo and piso . However, centavo is more commonly used by Filipinos in everyday speech. The CBP's final era from 1970 until
6622-459: The unit of currency to be a theoretical gold peso (not coined) consisting of 12.9 grains of gold 0.900 fine (0.0241875 XAU). This unit was equivalent to exactly half the value of a U.S. dollar. Its peg to gold was maintained until the gold content of the U.S. dollar was reduced in 1934. Its peg of ₱ 2 to the U.S. dollar was maintained until independence in 1946. The act provided for the coinage and issuance of Philippine silver pesos substantially of
6708-419: The victims. Some survivors and officials stated in reports that the crush was caused and worsened by bomb jokes and other false alarms shouted by one or more crowd members. A report by BBC and ABC News also theorized the legitimacy of the alleged bomb scares but police and other authorities denied the statements due to insufficient evidence. Task Force Ultra, an inter-agency investigating body consisting of
6794-594: The void. This process is then repeated, causing a bigger void, and will progress until the pressure eases; meanwhile, those who have fallen are at risk of being smothered by the weight of bodies on top or being trampled as the crowd is swept over them. An example of a progressive crowd collapse was the 2015 Mina stampede in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj when over 2,400 people were reported to have died. At even higher densities (up to ten people per square metre (0.93/sq ft))
6880-464: The weight and fineness as the Mexican peso, which should be of the value of 50 cents gold and redeemable in gold at the insular treasury, and which was intended to be the sole circulating medium among the people. The act also provided for the coinage of subsidiary and minor coins and for the issuance of silver certificates in denominations of not less than 2 nor more than 10 pesos (maximum denomination increased to 500 pesos from 1905). It also provided for
6966-401: Was abundant it was shipped to the provinces or exported abroad to pay for exports. An 1857 decree requiring the keeping of accounts in pesos and céntimos (worth 1 ⁄ 100 of a peso) was of little help to the situation given the existence of copper cuartos worth 1 ⁄ 160 of a peso. The Spanish gold onza (or 8- escudo coin) was of identical weight to the Spanish dollar but
7052-570: Was discontinued. In 1967, the Pilipino-language coin series was introduced with the peso and centavo renamed into piso and sentimo . It consisted of aluminum 1-sentimo, brass 5-sentimo, and nickel-brass 10, 25 and 50 sentimo. The 1-piso coin was reintroduced in 1972. In 1975, the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series was introduced. It consisted of aluminum 1-sentimo, brass 5-sentimo, cupro-nickel 10-sentimo, 25-sentimo and 1-piso, and
7138-417: Was earlier thought that 88 people had died, but this was due to double counting by the rescue workers. The majority of the victims were young middle-aged women, but also included elderly people. Senator and Philippine National Red Cross Chairman Richard Gordon said that most of the injured were not in serious condition and many have been treated and released. The Red Cross , ABS-CBN's affiliated NGOs , and
7224-420: Was officially valued at 16 silver pesos, thus putting the peso on a bimetallic standard, worth either the silver Mexican peso (27.07 g 0.903 fine, or 0.786 troy ounce XAG) or 1 ⁄ 16 the gold onza (1.6915 g 0.875 fine, or 0.0476 troy ounce XAU), with a gold–silver ratio of 16. Its divergence with the value of gold in international trade featured prominently in the continued monetary crises of
7310-458: Was proven that the network was "delinquent" in providing enough measures to protect those who went to the venue. The commission said it would compose an inquiry as to whether ABS-CBN violated a 1985 circular that requires TV networks "not to commit any act that would be detrimental to public health, public welfare or public safety." In October 2006, relatives of the victims announced that a class suit would be filed against ABS-CBN and its CEO. “There
7396-488: Was to be staged. The size of the crowd was significantly larger than the usual 5,000 who attended previous recordings which were held at ABS-CBN studios. It was the show's first anniversary event, and there were prizes awaiting to be offered including jeepneys , taxis and a top prize of one million pesos . According to a Philippine Daily Inquirer report, most of the victims were from the poorest parts of Metro Manila and nearby provinces, generally jobless and attracted by
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