Misplaced Pages

#87912

53-444: U-29 had a single hull and was just over 121 feet (37 m) in length. She displaced nearly 265 metric tons (261 long tons) when surfaced and over 300 metric tons (295 long tons) when submerged. Her two diesel engines moved her at up to 9 knots (17 km/h) on the surface, while her twin electric motors propelled her at up to 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h) while underwater. She was armed with two bow torpedo tubes and could carry

106-449: A mine and was beached with heavy damage. She was towed to Trieste for repairs which remained unfinished at the war's end. U-10 was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920. U-10 was a small, coastal submarine that displaced 127 tonnes (125 long tons) surfaced and 142 tonnes (140 long tons) submerged. She featured a single shaft, a single 60 bhp (45 kW) Daimler diesel engine for surface running, and

159-544: A brief time in port, U-29 set out for the Mediterranean again on 17 June. One day out, the U-boat came under attack from an airplane out of Valona , compelling U-29 to crash dive ; none of the three bombs dropped by the aircraft hit their mark. U-29 ' s patrol ended without success when she docked at Cattaro on 6 July. After a return to Pola on 12 July, the U-boat underwent extensive repairs that kept her out of action for

212-434: A crew of 23–24. U-29 was armed with two 45 cm (17.7 in) bow torpedo tubes and could carry a complement of four torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 75 mm/26 (3.0 in) deck gun and an 8 mm (0.31 in) machine gun . After intricate political negotiations to allocate production of the class between Austrian and Hungarian firms, U-27 was ordered from Ganz Danubius on 12 October 1915. She

265-512: A heavy depth charge attack. U-29 was able to make her way back to Cattaro on 8 October. Over the next three weeks, U-29 patrolled between Cattaro and Antivari , Montenegro . After her arrival back at Cattaro on 1 November, U-29 was moored between the coastal battleship Monarch and U-14 . There she remained until she was awarded to France as a war reparation in 1920. U-29 was towed, along with sister boats U-31 and U-41 , from Cattaro for Bizerta for scrapping, but foundered on

318-529: A hull with a circular cross section. This design is the most resistant to compressive stress and without it no material could resist water pressure at submarine depths. A submarine hull requires expensive transverse framing construction , with ring frames closely spaced to stiffen against buckling instability. No hull parts may contain defects, and all welded joints are checked several times using different methods. Typhoon-class submarines feature multiple pressure hulls that simplify internal design while making

371-527: A load of up to four torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 75 mm (3.0 in) deck gun and a machine gun . During her service career, U-29 sank three ships and damaged one warship, sending a combined tonnage of 14,784 to the bottom. U-29 was at Fiume at war's end and was surrendered at Venice in March 1919. She was granted to France as war reparation in 1920, but foundered while under tow to Bizerta for scrapping. Austria-Hungary 's U-boat fleet

424-409: A pressure hull requires a high degree of precision. This is true irrespective of its size. Even a one-inch (25 mm) deviation from cross-sectional roundness results in over 30 percent decrease of hydrostatic load capacity. Minor deviations are resisted by the stiffener rings, and the total pressure force of several million longitudinally-oriented tons must be distributed evenly over the hull by using

477-538: A relatively streamlined superstructure to minimize drag under water. Because of the low submerged speeds of these submarines, usually well below 10 knots (19 km/h), the increased drag for underwater travel by the conventional ship-like outer hull was considered acceptable. Only late in World War II, when technology enhancements allowed faster and longer submerged operations and increased surveillance by enemy aircraft forced submarines to spend most of their times below

530-452: A return to port. Two days later, as she neared Cattaro, U-29 encountered yet another storm, this one again damaging the ship. The beleaguered U-boat headed back to the base at Pula for more repairs, and remained there until early April. On 4 April, U-29 set out from Pula, touched at Cattaro, and continued on into the Mediterranean for her second patrol there. While 25 nautical miles (46 km) from Cape Matapan , Prásil torpedoed and sank

583-399: A single hull with saddle tanks , and was 121 feet 1 inch (36.91 m) long with a beam of 14 feet 4 inches (4.37 m) and a draft of 12 feet 2 inches (3.71 m). For propulsion, she had two shafts, twin diesel engines of 270 bhp (200 kW) for surface running, and twin electric motors of 280 shp (210 kW) for submerged travel. She

SECTION 10

#1732848796088

636-407: A single 120 shp (89 kW) electric motor for submerged travel. U-10 was capable of up to 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph) while surfaced and 5.5 knots (10.2 km/h; 6.3 mph) while submerged at a diving depth of up to 50 metres (160 ft). She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men. U-10 was equipped with two 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes located in

689-513: A stint as commander of U-10 . After assuming command of U-29 , Sterz set sail for Durazzo the same day. The U-boat had encounters with MAS torpedo boats on 9 and 12 September. On the latter date, U-29 had to crash dive to avoid a bombing attack from Allied airplanes. None of the seven bombs hit their mark and U-29 returned to Cattaro on 16 September. Linienschiffleutnant Robert Dürrigl replaced Sterz as commander on 29 September. The Galician Dürrial, like both Stertz and Prásil, had served as

742-648: Is able to dive over 2000 m with its multi-spherical hull. SM U-10 (Austria-Hungary) SM U-10 or U-X was the lead boat of the U-10 class of submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during World War I . She was originally a German Type UB I submarine commissioned into the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) as SM UB-1 . SM UB-1

795-458: Is breached, the crew members in the others are relatively safe if the submarine can be prevented from sinking, and there is less potential for flooding. The dive depth cannot be increased easily. Simply making the hull thicker increases the weight and requires reduction of the weight of onboard equipment, ultimately resulting in a bathyscaphe . This is affordable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines, so their dive depth

848-421: Is especially appropriate for Russian submarine construction, where the light hull is usually made of thin steel plate, as it has the same pressure on both sides. The light hull can be used to mount equipment, which if attached directly to the pressure hull could cause unnecessary stress. The double hull approach also saves space inside the pressure hull, as the ring stiffeners and longitudinals can be located between

901-441: Is generally constructed of thick high-strength steel with a complex stiffening structure and high strength reserve, and is divided by watertight bulkheads into several compartments . The pressure and light hulls are separated by a gap in which numerous steel structural elements connect the light hull and pressure hull and form a three-dimensional structure which provides increased strength and buckling stability. The interhull space

954-421: Is still the main material for submarines today, with 250 to 350 metres (820 to 1,150 ft) depth limit, which cannot be exceeded on a military submarine without sacrificing other characteristics. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with titanium hulls. Titanium has a better strength to weight ratio and durability than most steels, and is non-magnetic. Titanium submarines were especially favoured by

1007-484: Is the only published record of the K.u.k. U-Waffe written by "other ranks". Submarine hull A submarine hull has two major components, the light hull and the pressure hull . The light hull ( casing in British usage) of a submarine is the outer non-watertight hull which provides a hydrodynamically efficient shape. The pressure hull is the inner hull of a submarine that maintains structural integrity with

1060-450: Is used for some of the equipment which can tolerate the high external pressure at maximum depth and exposure to the water. This equipment significantly differs between submarines, and generally includes various water and air tanks. In a single-hull submarine, the light hull is discontinuous and exists mainly at the bow and stern. Pressure hulls have a circular cross section as any other shape would be substantially weaker. The construction of

1113-463: The Mediterranean . The next day, however, the U-boat encountered a severe storm near Lussin that damaged her. Prásil steered the boat into the harbor at Brgulje to wait out the storm. Departing Brgulje on the 25th to resume her journey to the Mediterranean, the submarine developed a leak when performing a test dive. U-29 headed back to Pula for repairs, which lasted until 30 January. On 5 February

SECTION 20

#1732848796088

1166-411: The 27th. On 4 April, U-29 launched a torpedo attack on what was thought to be a cargo ship . In fact, it was the British protected cruiser Edgar which had been hit. Edgar was damaged but did not sink; she suffered no casualties in the attack. The following day Prásil attempted to torpedo a ship in a convoy but missed and was exposed to a depth charge attack by the convoy's escorts. The U-boat ended

1219-423: The 3,125 GRT ship's master captive. Two sources disagree on the number of casualties when Mordenwood went down, but place the number at either 21 or 31. Escorting destroyers launched a depth charge attack on U-29 but did not succeed in damaging the U-boat. Two days later, U-29 launched a torpedo attack on the British steamer Marie Suzanne but did not sink the ship. U-29 arrived at Cattaro on 25 May. After

1272-456: The Allies put together a force to bombard Durazzo. While the second echelon of the attacking force got into position to bombard the town, U-29 and sister boat U-31 maneuvered to attack. While U-31 was able to hit and damage the British cruiser Weymouth , U-29 was blocked by screening ships and herself attacked. The Allied escorts (mainly American submarine chasers ) subjected U-29 to

1325-753: The Austro-Hungarian Navy selected the German Type UB II design for its newest submarines in mid 1915. The Germans were reluctant to allocate any of their wartime resources to Austro-Hungarian construction, but were willing to sell plans for up to six of the UB II boats to be constructed under license in Austria-Hungary. The Navy agreed to the proposal and purchased the plans from AG Weser of Bremen . U-29 displaced 264 metric tons (260 long tons) surfaced and 301 metric tons (296 long tons) submerged. She had

1378-536: The Soviets, as they had developed specialized high-strength alloys, built an industry for producing titanium with affordable costs, and have several types of titanium submarines. Titanium alloys allow a major increase in depth, but other systems need to be redesigned as well, so test depth was limited to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) for the Soviet submarine Komsomolets , the deepest-diving military submarine. Despite its benefits,

1431-411: The U-boat set out for Cattaro , which she reached after three days journey. Prásil took U-29 out of Cattaro on 17 February to begin the delayed patrol in the Mediterranean, but on the 20th encountered another severe storm. Suffering no damage in the tempest, the boat continued on. On 24 February, she had an at-sea rendezvous with U-43 . On 1 March the U-boat's gyrocompass broke down, necessitating

1484-615: The commander of U-10 , but had most recently commanded U-21 . A day after assuming command, Dürrial headed for the Albanian coast in U-29 and patrolled off Durazzo. After the Armistice with Bulgaria on 29 September ended Bulgaria's participation in the war, Durazzo gained importance to the remaining Central Powers as the main port for supplying their forces fighting in the Balkans . Anticipating this,

1537-497: The difference between outside and inside pressure at depth. Modern submarines are usually cigar -shaped. This design, already visible on very early submarines, is called a " teardrop hull ". It is structurally efficient for withstanding external pressure, and significantly reduces the hydrodynamic drag on the sub when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases drag while surfaced. The concept of an outer hydrodynamically streamlined light hull separated from

1590-634: The early morning hours of 10 June. Szent István was hit and sank just after 06:00, and the entire operation was called off. U-29 returned to Cattaro on 12 June. Over the next two months, U-29 operated in the Adriatic out of Cattaro, patrolling off Durazzo and the Albanian coast. While at Cattaro, command of U-29 passed to Linienschiffleutnant Friedrich Sterz on 4 September. The 27-year-old native of Pergine , Tyrolia (in present-day Italy), had previously commanded U-22 and, like Prásil, had also served

1643-487: The front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. German Type UB I submarines were additionally equipped with a 8 mm (0.31 in) machine gun , but it is not clear from sources if U-10 , as a former German boat, was either equipped with one or, if so, retained it in Austro-Hungarian service. In October 1916, U-10 ' s armament was supplemented with a 37-mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) gun. This gun

SM U-29 (Austria-Hungary) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-617: The high costs of titanium submarine construction led to its abandonment as the Cold War ended. There are examples of more than two hulls inside a submarine. The light hull of Typhoon-class submarines houses two main pressure hulls, a smaller third pressure hull constituting most of the sail, two other for torpedoes and steering gear, and between the main hulls 20 MIRV SLBMs along with ballast tanks and some other systems. The Royal Netherlands Navy Dolfijn - and Potvis -class submarines housed three main pressure hulls. The Russian submarine Losharik

1749-447: The hulls. These measures help minimise the size of the pressure hull, which is much heavier than the light hull. Also, in case the submarine is damaged, the light hull takes some of the damage and does not compromise the vessel's integrity, as long as the pressure hull is intact. Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or pressure hull, which withstands the outside pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside. The pressure hull

1802-494: The inner pressure hull was first introduced in the early pioneering submarine Ictineo I designed by the Spanish inventor Narcís Monturiol in 1859. However, when military submarines entered service in the early 1900s, the limitations of their propulsion systems forced them to operate on the surface most of the time; their hull designs were a compromise, with the outer hulls resembling a ship, allowing for good surface navigation, and

1855-407: The main, usually cylindrical, hull section has only a single plating layer. The double hull of a submarine is different from a ship's double hull. The external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull, casing or light hull. It defines the hydrodynamic performance of submarine, which affects the amount of power required to drive the vessel through the water. This term

1908-470: The next nine months. On 16 March 1918, the newly refitted boat sailed from Pola to Cattaro, departing that port for another Mediterranean tour on 25 March. Near Valona the next day, an Italian destroyer attempted to ram U-29 , scraping one of her propellers against U-29 ' s conning tower . The damage done was slight and U-29 continued on into the Mediterranean, weathering a storm in the Ionian Sea on

1961-547: The patrol with no further successes. In June, the Austro-Hungarian Navy planned an assault on the Otranto Barrage , similar to a May 1917 action that evolved into the Battle of Otranto Straits . U-29 was deployed from Cattaro on 9 June in advance of the attack. One of the seven separate groups participating in the attack, the two dreadnoughts Tegetthoff and Szent István , came under attack from Italian MAS torpedo boats in

2014-467: The steamer Dalton , traveling in ballast . U-29 took the master of the 3,486 GRT British ship captive; three other men lost their lives in the attack. Five days later and some 115 nautical miles (213 km) away, U-29 torpedoed Mashobra , a British India Line passenger steamer of 8,173 GRT. The ship, en route from Calcutta to London with a general cargo, was finished off by U-29 ' s deck gun . As with Dalton , Mashobra ' s master

2067-487: The submarine more difficult to detect by active and passive sonar . All small modern submarines and submersibles , as well as the oldest ones, have a single hull. However, for large submarines, the approaches have separated. All Soviet heavy submarines are built with a double hull structure, but American submarines usually are single-hulled. They still have light hull sections in bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide hydrodynamically optimized shape, but

2120-504: The surface, did hull designs become teardrop shaped again, to reduce drag and noise . USS Albacore (AGSS-569) was a unique research submarine that pioneered the American version of the teardrop hull form (sometimes referred to as an "Albacore hull") of modern submarines. On modern military submarines the outer hull (and sometimes also the propeller) is covered with a thick layer of special sound-absorbing rubber, or anechoic plating , to make

2173-409: The vessel much wider than a normal submarine. In the main body of the sub, two long pressure hulls lie parallel side by side, with a third, shorter pressure hull above and partially between them (which protrudes just below the sail), and two other centreline pressure hulls, for torpedoes at the bow, and steering gear at the stern. This also greatly increases their survivability – even if one pressure hull

SM U-29 (Austria-Hungary) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-420: The way. In total, U-29 sank three ships with a combined tonnage of 14,784, and damaged one warship. 3. Josef Guenther Lettenmaier, who served on U 29 as "Maschinenquartiermeister", roughly equivalent to Machinist Mate 2nd Class, documented his experiences in the Austro-Hungarian Navy and aboard U 29 as historical fiction in "Rot-Weiss-Rot zur See", published by Tyrolia Verlag, Innsbruck, 1934. Lettenmaier's book

2279-470: Was laid down on 3 March 1916 at Fiume and launched on 21 October. U-29 underwent diving trials at Fiume and then made her way to Pola on 29 November 1916. There, on 21 January 1917, SM U-29 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy under the command of Linienschiffleutnant Leo Prásil. Prásil, a 29-year-old native of Pola, had previously served as commander of U-10 . U-29 departed on her first patrol on 23 January, destined for duty in

2332-448: Was always bounded by current technology. World War One submarines had their hulls built of carbon steel, and usually had test depths of no more than 100 metres (330 ft). During World War Two, high-strength alloyed steel was introduced, allowing for depths up to 200 metres (660 ft); post-war calculations have suggested crush depths exceeding 300 metres (980 ft) for late-war German Type VII U-boats. High-strength alloyed steel

2385-420: Was apparently too wide, because the captain of H4 observed the torpedoes miss just ahead and just astern of U-10 . On 9 July 1918, U-10 hit an Italian mine near Caorle in the northern Adriatic Sea at position 45°30′N 13°00′E  /  45.500°N 13.000°E  / 45.500; 13.000 , and was beached with heavy damage. Although she was looted by Austro-Hungarian Army troops, she

2438-578: Was assembled in about two weeks. SM UB-1 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Franz Wäger on 29 January. An Austro-Hungarian Navy officer was assigned to the boat for piloting and training purposes. On 26 June 1915, UB-1 sank an Italian torpedo boat 5 PN in the Gulf of Venice . On 4 June 1915, after being disassembled into three sections and transported by rail to Pola for reassembling, UB-1

2491-684: Was capable of 9 knots (16.7 km/h) while surfaced and 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h) while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-29 in Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 , the German UB II boats, upon which the U-27 class was based, had a range of over 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h) surfaced, and 45 nautical miles (83 km) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h) submerged. U-27 -class boats were designed for

2544-647: Was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched in January 1915. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy later that same month and sank an Italian torpedo boat in June. The boat was handed over to Austria-Hungary and commissioned as SM U-10 in July. In May 1917, U-10 was fired upon by a British submarine, but both of the torpedoes that were launched missed. In July 1918, U-10 hit

2597-581: Was familiar to the Austro-Hungarian Navy since the Imperial German Navy had reassembled UB3 , UB 8 , and UB 9 at the Pola Navy Yard . The first boat was bought on April 4, 1915, a "sample" UB 1 boat. This submarine was shipped by rail in sections to Pola , where the sections were riveted together. Though there is no record of how long it took for UB-1 ' s parts to be assembled, a sister boat, UB-3 , shipped from Germany in mid-April 1915,

2650-408: Was handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and commissioned as U-10 under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Karl Edler von Unczowski. British submarine H4 had an encounter with U-10 on 11 May 1917. While cruising off Pola, H4 came across U-10 and fired a spread of two torpedoes at the submarine. The torpedoes were aimed to be 5° apart at a distance of 365 metres (400 yd) which

2703-497: Was largely obsolete at the outbreak of World War I . The Austro-Hungarian Navy satisfied its most urgent needs by purchasing five Type UB I submarines that comprised the U-10 class from Germany, by raising and recommissioning the sunken French submarine Curie as U-14 , and by building four submarines of the U-20 class that were based on the 1911 Danish Havmanden class . After these steps alleviated their most urgent needs,

SECTION 50

#1732848796088

2756-540: Was replaced by a 47 mm (1.9 in) /33 QF gun in November 1917. Construction of UB-1 was started on 1 November 1914 at Germaniawerft in Kiel . After her assembly was complete UB-1 was launched on 22 January 1915. After extended negotiations between Austria-Hungary and Germany, in March 1915 it was decided for Germany to supply five submarines of the UB I type. This model

2809-494: Was taken prisoner. Eight persons died in the attack. U-29 ' s gyrocompass broke down again on 17 April, once again forcing the boat to return for repairs. U-29 ' s second Mediterranean tour ended when Prásil docked the boat at Cattaro on 19 April. U-29 ' s third Mediterranean deployment began on 8 May when she departed Cattaro. After eleven days at sea, Prásil torpedoed the British cargo ship Mordenwood 90 nautical miles (170 km) from Cape Matapan. U-29 took

#87912