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39-557: Throughout 1835, relations between the United States and France reached an all-time low. Andrew Jackson had America's ambassador to France travel aboard a gunboat and after negotiations broke down had the American ambassador recalled back to the United States and forced the French ambassador to leave. President Jackson and the French government traded threats and insults throughout the duration of

78-402: A 51st state is admitted, it will receive senators in classes 1   and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators. Because each state is represented by 2 senators, regardless of population, each class varies in electorate and populace. Since the early 19th century, it so happens class   2 senators cumulatively co-represent 50–60% of the population; senators from each of

117-665: A Democrat from 1839 to 1855, serving seven terms in the House. Boyd County, Kentucky is named in his honor. Born to the wife of part-time delegate Abraham Boyd in Trigg County , Kentucky, he was raised and educated to some minimal extent in Trigg County. In 1832, Boyd married fellow Trigg County native Alice C. Bennett. In 1850, the widower married a widow from Pennsylvania, Anna L. Dixon. Boyd moved to Calloway County to farm in 1826. The next year he became Calloway County's delegate in

156-457: A general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . There were four plural districts, the 8th, 17th, 22nd & 23rd had two representatives each, the 3rd had four representatives. | class="col-break " | There were two plural districts, the 2nd had two representatives, the 4th had three representatives. Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . The count below reflects changes from

195-477: A class 2 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Class 3 consists of: States with

234-451: A class 3 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Nevada , New Hampshire , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . This table

273-867: A new state joins the union (as mentioned above), or when there is a special election to fill a vacant seat. Special elections have no bearing on when the term for that seat ends, and a senator elected in a special election will serve the remainder of the term, until the next regularly scheduled election, not affecting which class that seat falls within. Class 1 consists of: States with a class 1 senator: Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Class 2 consists of: States with

312-745: A time. With senators being elected to fixed terms of six years, the classes allow about a third of the seats to be up for election in any presidential or midterm election year instead of having all 100 be up for election at the same time every six years. The seats are also divided in such a way that any given state 's two senators are in different classes so that each seat's term ends in different years. Class 1   and class 2 consist of 33 seats each, while class   3 consists of 34 seats. Elections for class   1 seats took place in 2024, and elections for classes   2 and 3 will take place in 2026 and 2028, respectively. The three classes were established by Article   I , Section 3, Clause   2 of

351-452: A vacancy, usually either due to the incumbent resigning or dying while in office, may happen in any given year regardless of the seat's class. A senator's description as junior or senior senator is also not related to their class. Rather, a state's senior U.S. senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate , which is mostly based on length of service. The U. S. Constitution sets

390-444: Is re-sorted every two years so that the next scheduled election year appears at the top. The following table lists the senators by party by class.     Democrat    Independent who caucuses with Democrats     Republican    Not up for election The following table lists the senators by state and by class, including the states' Cook Partisan Voting Index ratings, which indicate

429-427: Is to promote stability in the Senate, and encourage senators to deliberate measures over time, rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years. At the same time, it provided for more frequent elections as opposed to waiting every six years, to prevent senators from permanently combining for "sinister purposes". The three classes of the Senate are specified by Article   I, Section   3 of

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468-685: The Civil War . Governor Beriah Magoffin , who supported slavery , secession , and states' rights , became increasingly unpopular and distrusted as he sought to keep Kentucky on a neutral course between the Union and the Confederate States of America . Unionists held a two-thirds majority in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly in the summer of 1861 and frequently overrode Magoffin's vetoes. By August 1862, Magoffin made it clear that he

507-532: The Kentucky House of Representatives , and served alongside his father (who represented Trigg County) in 1828–1829. In 1831 Boyd moved back to Trigg County and its voters elected him to represent them in the state House. In 1833, Boyd lost his first campaign for the United States House of Representatives . In 1835 he was elected to the House and served there until 1837, when a Whig landslide resulting from

546-690: The Panic of 1837 cost him his seat. Kentucky voters of the First Congressional District soon returned Boyd to the House, and he would serve from 1839 through 1855. He was a strong supporter of President Andrew Jackson . Boyd played a key role in maneuvering the annexation of Texas through Congress during the term of President John Tyler in 1845. Boyd was also important in getting the Compromise of 1850 , chiefly credited to Henry Clay , passed through Congress. Largely though his prominence in shepherding

585-500: The Seventeenth Amendment required direct popular election of senators). When a new state is admitted to the Union , its two senators are placed into separate classes. Which two classes are determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible, so that the largest class never differs by more than one senator from the smallest class. A random draw determined which new senator enters which of

624-485: The U.S. Constitution . The actual division was originally performed by the Senate of the 1st Congress in May 1789 by lot . Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two Senate seats were assigned to two different classes by a random draw, while keeping the three classes as close to the same number as possible. The classes only apply to the regular fixed-term elections of the Senate. A special election to fill

663-457: The House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . The 4th district was a plural district with two representatives. Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on

702-408: The House, he was mentioned as a candidate for Vice President of the United States at the 1856 Democratic National Convention but was never officially nominated; the eventual nominee was fellow Kentuckian John C. Breckinridge . Kentucky voters elected Boyd the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1859, but he died after less than four months in office. This became significant with the onset of

741-486: The Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate, and Mr. Dalton, in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them, beginning with number one: And that, when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in

780-509: The Senate divided the members into three classes: Thursday, May 14, 1789. The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution, reported: Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senators be divided into three classes: That three papers of an equal size, numbered 1, 2, and 3, be, by

819-603: The U.S. Constitution: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year. The allocation took place in May 1789, several weeks after

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858-571: The United States and France. In a series of popular outbursts in July 1836, effigies of Louis Philippe I were burnt in Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama and Mississippi . In October 1836, it became known the French were "backing down," celebrations that were "overtly triumphant" and "distinctly anti-French" were held throughout Kentucky , Tennessee , North Carolina , Georgia , Alabama and Mississippi during

897-501: The beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders. Linn Boyd Linn Boyd (November 22, 1800 – December 17, 1859) (also spelled "Lynn") was a prominent US politician of the 1840s and 1850s, and served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855. Boyd was elected to the House as a Jacksonian from Kentucky from 1835 to 1837 and again as

936-430: The classes selected to be expanded. This means at least one of any new state's first pair of senators had a term of more than 2 and up to 6 years and the other had a term that was 2 or 4 years shorter. New York, which held its first Senate elections in July 1789, was the first state to undergo this process after the original May 1789 draw by the Senate of the 1st Congress . Among the new senators, Philip Schuyler drew

975-509: The compromise to passage, Boyd was elected Speaker of the House in 1851 and held that office until 1855. While in the House, he sufficiently impressed his colleague Charles S. Benton that he named his son, the future inventor and businessman Linn Boyd Benton , after him. While still in Congress, Boyd declined a nomination for Governor of Kentucky in 1848 and was replaced by Lazarus W. Powell . In 1852, he moved to Paducah . After leaving

1014-449: The first Senate assembled. Only twenty senators from ten states were present; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and New York, because of its late ratification, had not yet selected its senators. To decide on how to implement the division into classes, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth , Carroll , and Few . In accordance with their recommendation, on May 14

1053-433: The fixed term of senators to six years and staggers their elections into three cycles, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. This allows at least some Senate elections to be held during any presidential or midterm election year, as the U.S. President is elected to a fixed term of four years and members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected to fixed terms of two years. The objective

1092-427: The foregoing classes, but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers. On the next day, May 15, the term expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots . Lot 1 was drawn by Dalton, 2   by Wingate, and 3   by Langdon. Upon the expiration of a senator's term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator (based on election by the state legislatures until

1131-590: The government of the United Kingdom sought to intervene, the same twenty Congressmen signed a letter stating that they welcomed the "wholesome and moderating influence" of British Prime Minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne , British foreign secretary Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston and the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg , who

1170-437: The last two weeks of October 1836. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the " Changes in membership " section. National Republicans held the Senate in the first Congressional session; Jacksonians flipped the Senate before the start of the second Congressional session and held that Senate majority for

1209-540: The letter referred to as "our thoughtful cousins." The same document referred to the France's leader Louis Philippe I as "dastardly and pusinallimous." Senators Bedford Brown , Robert J. Walker , Felix Grundy , John Pendleton King and Alfred Cuthbert all wrote to President Jackson saying that they felt the same way as the aforementioned twenty members of the house "with respects to our relations with Britain and France" and "any potential war" that might break out between

24th United States Congress - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-465: The lot for class   1 (whose term would end in 1791) while Rufus King drew class   3 (whose term would end in 1795). This made class   1 have 8 senators while classes 2   and 3 had 7 senators each. North Carolina was then assigned classes 2   and 3 after holding its first Senate elections in November 1789, making all three classes have 8 seats each. When the newest state, Hawaii,

1287-422: The names in the list below are Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1838; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1840; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1836. | class="col-break " | The names of members of

1326-411: The other 2 classes: 70–75% of the U.S. population. Because each state has 2 senators, the sum of these figures is 200%, not 100%. Several of the most populous states, such as California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, have their senators in classes 1   and 3, provoking this imbalance. The only times when both of a state's Senate seats are up for election in the same year are either when

1365-568: The remainder of the Congressional term. During this congress two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Arkansas and Michigan. During this congress one House seat was added for each of the new states of Arkansas and Michigan. This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding

1404-698: The year. In this conflict, President Jackson got support from many members of the House of Representatives. In late November 1835, Linn Boyd , Albert G. Hawes , Richard M. Johnson , John E. Coffee , Seaton Grantland , Charles Eaton Haynes , Jabez Young Jackson , George Welshman Owens , Thomas Glascock , William Schley , Reuben Chapman , Joshua L. Martin , Joab Lawler , Jesse Atherton Bynum , Jesse Speight , James Iver McKay , Micajah Thomas Hawkins , William Montgomery , Henry William Connor and James Rogers (congressman) all put in writing that if President Jackson were to formally declare war on France he would have their full support. Shortly after this when

1443-461: Was admitted in 1959, its first Senate elections had candidates run either for "seat A" or "B". The new senators, Hiram Fong and Oren E. Long , in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate , drew lots to determine which of the two would join class   1 (whose term would end in five-and-a-half years), and which would join class   3 (whose term would end in three-and-a-half years). If

1482-520: Was buried at Paducah's Oak Grove Cemetery. Oaklands, a spacious brick home he had built in Paducah in 1852, no longer exists except as a street name. Classes of United States senators The 100 seats in the United States Senate are divided into three classes for the purpose of determining which seats will be up for election in any two-year cycle, with only one class being up for election at

1521-487: Was willing to resign the governorship. However, due to Linn Boyd's death, the person next in line to become Governor of Kentucky was Speaker of the Senate John F. Fisk , whom Magoffin thought unacceptable. After Fisk resigned as Speaker and was replaced by James F. Robinson , Magoffin resigned. Thus, Robinson became governor, and Fisk was reinstalled as Speaker of the Senate. Boyd died in Paducah on December 17, 1859. He

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