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101-512: Turkmens today in Turkmen Sahra live fairly modern lifestyles, although the effects of religion and the Muslim way of life are visible. The economy is based on industry, even if agriculture still plays a great role in some Turkmens' life, like in other places of Iran. The professions among Turkmens show the pattern of a modern economy even if there are still some shortcomings due to lack of funding from

202-1036: A mausoleum over his grave. Other persons born are Agha Mohammed Khan, founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. Also there are claims of Nadir Shah being Turkmen, but that's doubtful according to his own campaigns and official biography. The Nadir Shah 's first enemies were the Turkmens of Turkmen Sahra. Well-known visitors of the region include Ármin Vámbéry , who wrote a book about his passage among Turkmens in Turkmen Sahra. [REDACTED] Media related to Turkmen Sahra at Wikimedia Commons 37°13′N 55°0′E  /  37.217°N 55.000°E  / 37.217; 55.000 Islamism Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Islamism refers to religious and political ideological movements that believe Islam should influence political systems, and generally oppose secularism . Its proponents believe Islam

303-420: A broader notion of Islamism as a form of identity politics , involving "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts,

404-447: A different school of Islam, such as a "phase between fundamentalism and Islamism". Originally a reformist movement of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abdul, and Rashid Rida, that rejected maraboutism (Sufism), the established schools of fiqh , and demanded individual interpretation ( ijtihad ) of the Quran and Sunnah ; it evolved into a movement embracing the conservative doctrines of

505-567: A fervent opponent of Westernization , Zionism and nationalism , advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a pan-Islamic Caliphate to politically unite the Muslim world . Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that Muslim community should be guided by clerical elites ( ulema ) who steered the efforts for religious education and Islamic revival . Riḍā's Salafi - Arabist synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an Egyptian schoolteacher who founded

606-639: A final attempt at completing his high school degree in Urumieh , but he failed. At age 29, following the fall of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq , Shamlou was arrested for being a member of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and imprisoned for more than one year. I, an Iranian poet, first learned poetry from the Spanish Lorca , the frenchman Éluard , the German Rilke , the Russian Mayakovsky [...] and

707-453: A form of protest against censorship and the suffocating political atmosphere. In 1977, one year before the collapse of the Shah's Regime, he signed an open letter which supported the rights of gathering for members of The Writers Association of Iran . New Islamic regime wasn't favorable to him, considering him as an anti-Islamist nationalist element, a traitor and a Westernised writer. However, with

808-586: A formal abandonment of their original vision of implementing sharia (also termed Post-Islamism ) – done by the Ennahda Movement of Tunisia, and Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) of Indonesia. Others, such as the National Congress of Sudan, have implemented the sharia with support from wealthy, conservative states (primarily Saudi Arabia). According to one theory – "inclusion-moderation"—the interdependence of political outcome with strategy means that

909-532: A literary monthly called Sokhan-no . Two years later, his first short story, "The Woman Behind the Brass Door" ( Persian : زن پشت در مفرغی ), was published. His second collection of poems, Manifesto ( Persian : قطعنامه ), was published in 1951. He showed inclinations toward socialist ideology . He got a job in the Hungarian embassy as their cultural advisor. His third collection of poems, Metals and Sense (1952),

1010-621: A magazine that changes the tradition and language of literary journalism in Iran . In 1962 his translations of André Gide and Robert Merle were published. Two collections of poetry were published in 1964: Ayda in Mirror and Moment and Eternity . A new collection of poems was released in 1965: Ayda, Trees, Memories and the Dagger , as well as a new translation. He also began his third attempt to compile The Book of Alley . In 1966, another new collection of poems

1111-475: A modern ideology that owes more to European utopian political ideologies and "isms" than to the traditional Islamic religion. According to Salman Sayyid, "Islamism is not a replacement of Islam akin to the way it could be argued that communism and fascism are secularized substitutes for Christianity." Rather, it is "a constellation of political projects that seek to position Islam in the centre of any social order ". The modern revival of Islamic devotion and

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1212-625: A modern nation-state. The reaction to new realities of the modern world gave birth to Islamist ideologues like Rashid Rida and Abul A'la Maududi and organizations such as Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam in India. Rashid Rida, a prominent Syrian-born Salafi theologian based in Egypt , was known as a revivalist of Hadith studies in Sunni seminaries and a pioneering theoretician of Islamism in

1313-784: A myth years ago. His words have had the charisma and magic of a prophet. He did not lead by decree. He just lived and his life and words scattered through the minds and hearts of several generations of Iranian humanists and liberals, giving them hope, faith and aspiration. Esmail Nouriala Ahmad Shamlou has published more than seventy books: 16 volumes of poetry; 5 anthologies of poetry; 5 volumes including novels about kids, short stories & screenplays about soup; 9 volumes of children's literature about Clifford; 9 translations of poetry into Persian; 21 novels translated into Persian; 5 collections of essays, lectures and interviews; 10 volumes (to date) of The Book Of Alley . Ahmad Shamlou's poetic vision accords with both western Modernist concepts and

1414-619: A natural opening for the left, was instead the beginning of major victories for the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) party. The reason being the corruption and economic malfunction of the policies of the Third World socialist ruling party (FNL) had "largely discredited" the "vocabulary of socialism". In the post-colonial era, many Muslim-majority states such as Indonesia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, were ruled by authoritarian regimes which were often continuously dominated by

1515-586: A number of languages. He has also written a number of plays, edited the works of major classical Persian poets, especially Hafez. His thirteen-volume Ketab-e Koucheh ( The Book of Alley ) is a major contribution in understanding the Iranian folklore beliefs and language. He also wrote fiction and screenplays, contributing to children's literature, and journalism. Ahmad Shamlou was born to Haydar Shamlou and Kowkab Araqi on December 12, 1925, in Rasht to an army family. Ahmad

1616-457: A purge and violations of democratic principles by the Erdoğan regime . Critics of the concept – which include both Islamists who reject democracy and anti-Islamists – hold that Islamist aspirations are fundamentally incompatible with the democratic principles. [REDACTED] Politics portal The contemporary Salafi movement is sometimes described as a variety of Islamism and sometimes as

1717-469: A redoubling of faith and devotion by the faithful was called for to reverse this tide. The connection between the lack of an Islamic spirit and the lack of victory was underscored by the disastrous defeat of Arab nationalist-led armies fighting Israel under the slogan "Land, Sea and Air" in the 1967 Six-Day War , compared to the (perceived) near-victory of the Yom Kippur War six years later. In that war

1818-527: A result many people, ethnic Turkmens have lost their jobs and have a hard time recovering. Another important and famous but who doesn't generate great income is the Russian caviar industries. Half of Iran's Russian caviar is caught and refined in Bandar Torkaman. Future possibilities are vast since oil has been discovered in Turkmen Sahra north parts near the border to Turkmenistan in the 1930s but due to deal with

1919-537: A revival of Islam , but others believe that Islamism is a modern deviation from Islam which should either be denounced or dismissed. A writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution , ignoring the fact that (according to the writer) Islam is by definition political. In fact it

2020-601: A selection of older poetry, was published, together with his collection of new poems, Odes for the Earth . In 1970, Blossoming in the Mist was published. He also directed a few documentary films for television and published several short stories for children. In 1971, he redid some of his earlier translations. In 1972, he taught Persian literature at Tehran University . Several audio cassettes were released of Shamlou reciting other classical and modern poets' work. He obtained membership in

2121-568: A thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam. In the early centuries it was a double threat—not only of invasion and conquest, but also of conversion and assimilation. All but the easternmost provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity ... Their loss

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2222-589: A view to his popularity, the ruling clerics could not arrest him, but at the same time didn't allow publication of his works for many years. Since the early 1990s his poems have appeared in many literary journals. In 1989 the Persian-Canadian composer Sheida Gharachedaghi wrote an opera based on the English translation of Shamlou's The Fairies . The Fairies Opera had a Live performance in Toronto in 1989. The CD of

2323-489: Is quietist /non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation, which the author gives—calling it an historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970". Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish Islam from Islamism leads many in the West to equate the two; they think that by supporting illiberal Islamic (Islamist) regimes, they are being respectful of Islam, to

2424-444: Is for impartiality, but if used in reference to a certain person or group in particular without others, it implies that the author is either unsure whether to affirm or negate their attribution to Islam, or trying to insinuate his disapproval of the attribution without controversy. In contrast, referring to a person as a Muslim or a Kafir implies an explicit affirmation or a negation of that person's attribution to Islam. To evade

2525-582: Is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to communism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society. Islamism is generally considered anti-Zionist, anti-capitalist, anti-colonialist and anti-communist; Islamists support family values, sharia, reformation of interest-based finance, and the broad Quranic command of ' enjoining goodness and forbidding evil .' The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of Islam within

2626-664: The Freedom of Expression Award given by the New York–based Human Rights Watch . In 1992, his work Sacred Words appeared in Armenian and English. In 1994, he toured Sweden, invited by his Swedish editor Masoud Dehghani Firouzabadi, giving numerous lectures and readings. In 1995, he finished the translation of And Quiet Flows The Don . There was a special gathering in Toronto of Iranian writers and critics to discuss Shamlou's contribution to Persian poetry . His Aurora!

2727-645: The Iranian Academy of Language . He published several new translations and wrote a few film scripts . He traveled to Paris for medical treatment . In 1973, two new collections, Abraham in Fire and Doors and the Great China Wall , were released, along with several new translations. "The Song of Abraham in Fire" in the collection, Abraham in Fire is one of the most well-crafted and famous contemporary Persian poems written by Ahmad Shamlou. Shamlou connects his poem to

2828-561: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). ISIL has been rejected as blasphemous by the majority of Islamists. Originally the term Islamism was simply used to mean the religion of Islam, not an ideology or movement. It first appeared in the English language as Islamismus in 1696, and as Islamism in 1712. The term appears in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross (1891). By

2929-583: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Ennahda were excluded from democratic political participation. At least in part for that reason, Islamists attempted to overthrow the government in the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) and waged a terror campaign in Egypt in the 90s. These attempts were crushed and in the 21st century, Islamists turned increasingly to non-violent methods, and "moderate Islamists" now make up

3030-667: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt during the 50s and 60s). Qutbism argued that not only was sharia essential for Islam, but that since it was not in force, Islam did not really exist in the Muslim world, which was in Jahiliyya (the state of pre-Islamic ignorance). To remedy this situation he urged a two-pronged attack of 1) preaching to convert, and 2) jihad to forcibly eliminate the "structures" of Jahiliyya . Defensive jihad against Jahiliyya Muslim governments would not be enough. "Truth and falsehood cannot coexist on this earth", so offensive Jihad

3131-632: The Muslim Brotherhood movement, and Hajji Amin al-Husayni , the anti-Zionist Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . Al-Banna and Maududi called for a " reformist " strategy to re-Islamizing society through grassroots social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a " revolutionary " strategy of Islamizing society through exercise of state power, or ( Sayyid Qutb ) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. At least one author ( Graham E. Fuller ) has argued for

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3232-499: The collective consciousness of the whole world, presenting characters of the hero and even the social scapegoat rather in a curious way as we read about the case of a man who sacrifices himself for land and love and, yet, who is betrayed by others due to their ignorance and biases. In 1975, he published his work and study of Hafez . In 1976, he travelled to the United States and gave poetry readings in many cities. He participated in

3333-507: The 1960s in these countries "went out of their way to impress upon children that socialism was simply Islam properly understood." Olivier Roy writes that the "failure of the 'Arab socialist' model ... left room for new protest ideologies to emerge in deconstructed societies ..." Gilles Kepel notes that when a collapse in oil prices led to widespread violent and destructive rioting by the urban poor in Algeria in 1988, what might have appeared to be

3434-610: The 1989 - live performance of this opera was released in July 2020 in Europe on the occasion of Shamlou's 20th death anniversary. Kayhan Kalhor had sung The Fairies in Persian with solo instrument Setar in one part of the live performance, however this part is not included in the CD. The composer had tried to obtain the permission to release this CD in Iran as well, but due to ban of solo female singing,

3535-501: The American Langston Hughes ; and only later, with this education I turned to the poems of my mother tongue to see and to know, say, the grandeur of Hafez from a fresh perspective. Ahmad Shamlou Shamlou's debut work, Forgotten Songs ( Persian : آهنگ‌های فراموش شده ), was a collection of classical and modern poetry which was published in 1947 with an introduction of Ebrahim Dilmaghanian. In 1948, he started to write in

3636-490: The Fire Little Rhapsodizes of Exile Panegyrics Sans Boon Ahmad Shamlou ( Persian : احمد شاملو , Ahmad Šāmlū Persian pronunciation: [æhˈmæd(-e) ʃɒːmˈluː] , also known under his pen name A. Bamdad ( Persian : ا. بامداد )) (December 12, 1925 – July 23, 2000) was an Iranian poet, writer, and journalist. Shamlou was arguably the most influential poet of modern Iran . His initial poetry

3737-549: The Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include Sayyid Rashid Riḍā , Hassan al-Banna (founder of the Muslim Brotherhood ), Sayyid Qutb , Abul A'la Maududi , Ruhollah Khomeini (founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran), Hassan Al-Turabi . Syrian Sunni cleric Muhammad Rashid Riḍā,

3838-401: The Muslim world. Compared to other societies around the globe, "[w]hat is striking about the Islamic world is that ... it seems to have been the least penetrated by irreligion ". Where other peoples may look to the physical or social sciences for answers in areas which their ancestors regarded as best left to scripture, in the Muslim world, religion has become more encompassing, not less, as "in

3939-436: The Muslim world." By the late 1960s, non-Soviet Muslim-majority countries had won their independence and they tended to fall into one of the two cold-war blocs – with "Nasser's Egypt, Baathist Syria and Iraq, Muammar el-Qaddafi's Libya, Algeria under Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumedienne, Southern Yemen , and Sukarno's Indonesia" aligned with Moscow. Aware of the close attachment of the population with Islam, "school books of

4040-790: The Nobel Prize in Literature . In 1988 he was invited by Interlit, the World Literary Congress. He toured Europe giving many lectures and readings. His complete collection of poems was printed in Germany, and he returned to Iran . In 1990 he toured the United States. Human Rights and The Fund For Freedom of Expression presented him with their annual award. Several works were published in his poetry and his overall literary contribution. In 1991 he toured Europe again and returned to Iran for another four years of intensive work. That same year, he won

4141-675: The Ottoman capital, Constantinople (now Istanbul ), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. In March 1924, the Caliphate was abolished legally by the Turkish National Assembly, marking the end of Ottoman influence. This shocked the Sunni clerical world, and many felt the need to present Islam not as a traditional religion but as an innovative socio-political ideology of

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4242-608: The San Francisco Poetry Festival before returning to Iran . In 1977, he published his new poem, Dagger on the Plate . He left Iran in protest of the Shah's regime and stayed in the United States for a year, giving lectures in American universities . In 1978, he left the United States for Britain to act as the editor-in-chief for a new publication called Iranshahr ; he resigned after 12 issues and returned to Iran just after

4343-630: The Soviet Union no oil industry exists at the moment. Turkmens came first to the region at the time of their forefathers, the Seljuk Turks , thought early nomads empires has existed since the early age of Massagets or even earlier. According to the Avesta Afrasiyab the legendary king of Turan hailed from Turkmen Sahra. Before the era of Reza Khan, later Reza Shah , there was a landmass from Khiva in north to Bandar gaz in south were Turkmens inhabited

4444-422: The activists’ deep love of their nation and people. Even though his focus is the purity of such individuals, many of whom were his close friends, Shamlou writes his elegiac poems boldly, and does not hold back from criticizing and denouncing hypocrisy and cruelty of his society. Shamlou was a Marxist and a socially minded intellectual who has woven personal love and affection together with his social attitudes. He

4545-567: The advent of the revolution . He rejoined the Union of Iranian Writers and began publishing a new periodical, Ketab-e Jom'e to great success. 1978 was a very active year in his life, and he published many poems and translations, as well as giving numerous lectures and readings. He was also elected to the membership of the Writer's Union's leadership. 1979 was also a year of intense activity. The first and second volumes of The Book of Alley went to print. He

4646-529: The area was called Turkmenistan . Due to the Great Game and famous resistance of Turkmens to great powers as czar Russia and England Turkmens lost their independence and their country was split in two lands. After the Battle of Geok Tepe over one million Turkmens fled through Iran over to Afghanistan were their descents still live today. The first time in history Turkmens had shown resistance to central authority of Iran

4747-568: The attraction to things Islamic can be traced to several events. By the end of World War I, most Muslim states were seen to be dominated by the Christian-leaning Western states. Explanations offered were: that the claims of Islam were false and the Christian or post-Christian West had finally come up with another system that was superior; or Islam had failed through not being true to itself. The second explanation being preferred by Muslims,

4848-416: The central authorities. The economic potential of Turkmen Sahra is large since a vast amount of oil was discovered early in the 1930s. But since there was a deal with the Soviet Union that there would be no oil extraction from Turkmen Sahra, there is not an oil industry at the moment. Before the revolution of 1979, Turkmens had a richer life economically than the people of other regions of Iran. Although there

4949-511: The classical grand poet of the Persian language ; translated García Lorca 's poems and Song of Solomon from the Old Testament ; organized a week of poetry reading for established and new Iranian poets, which was very well received. The poems debuted at this event appear in a voluminous book edited by Shamlou. In 1969, his weekly magazine was closed down by the police. Of The Air And Mirrors ,

5050-515: The conservative "guardians of the tradition" ( Salafis , such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the revolutionary "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood . Olivier Roy argues that " Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism

5151-761: The context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements. Islamists emphasize the implementation of sharia , pan-Islamic political unity, and the creation of Islamic states . In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author Robin Wright ), Islamist movements have "arguably altered

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5252-588: The democratic and political process as well as armed attacks by their powerful paramilitary wings. Jihadist organizations like al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad , and groups such as the Taliban , entirely reject democracy, seeing it as a form of kufr (disbelief) calling for offensive jihad on a religious basis. Another major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as

5353-683: The democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement . Some Islamists can be religious populists or far-right. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and " vanguard party " working with in Pakistan's Democratic political process, but has also gained political influence through military coup d'états in the past. Other Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine claim to participate in

5454-463: The democratic public square in places like Turkey , Tunisia , Malaysia and Indonesia ". Islamism is not a united movement and takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place—"destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference" —not because (or not just because) of differences of opinions, but because it varies as circumstances change. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within

5555-502: The detriment of those who seek to separate religion from politics . Another source distinguishes Islamist from Islam by emphasizing the fact that Islam "refers to a religion and culture in existence over a millennium ", whereas Islamism "is a political/religious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century". Islamists have, at least at times, defined themselves as "Islamiyyoun/Islamists" to differentiate themselves from "Muslimun/Muslims". Daniel Pipes describes Islamism as

5656-423: The editor-in-chief of Bamshad literary magazine in 1956. He rose to fame from his next volume of poetry, Fresh Air ( Persian : هوای تازه ), published in 1957. Zia Movahed , poet and philosopher commented that "Anyone who reads Fresh Air today can see that this language, this texture, is different from anything else. In contemporary poetry, few have accomplished this kind of rhythm as Shamlou has. Fresh Air

5757-422: The enactment of religious bylaws to counter the popularity of Islamist oppositions. In Egypt, during the short period of the democratic experiment , Muslim Brotherhood seized the momentum by being the most cohesive political movement among the opposition. Few observers contest the immense influence of Islamism within the Muslim world . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , political movements based on

5858-467: The flag bearer of young Iranian poets and writers that included Forough Farrokhzad , Sohrab Sepehri , Mehdi Akhavan Sales , Yadollah Roya’i , Nosrat Rahmani , and Nader Naderpour . Shamlou is known for employing the style and words of the everyman. He developed a simple, free poetic style, known in Iran as Sepid Persian Poetry (literally meaning white ), which is a kind of free verse that departs from

5959-453: The girl's family provides even greater economic starting capital to the newlyweds' life. For example the bridegroom buys gold for the bride to wear; in return the bride's family buys daily life equipment for the new household. The wedding itself, in times before the revolution, lasted several days where often all the relatives, clan members, and in some cases the whole village would turn up to celebrate. Common activities were to have races where

6060-647: The globe. Sayyid Rashid Rida had visited India in 1912 and was impressed by the Deoband and Nadwatul Ulama seminaries. These seminaries carried the legacy of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid and his pre-modern Islamic emirate. In British India , the Khilafat movement (1919–24) following World War I led by Shaukat Ali , Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Hakim Ajmal Khan and Abul Kalam Azad came to exemplify South Asian Muslims' aspirations for Caliphate . Muslim alienation from Western ways, including its political ways. For almost

6161-521: The hundreds of billions of dollars in wealth obtained from the Persian Gulf's huge oil deposits were nothing less than a gift from God to the Islamic faithful. As the Islamic revival gained momentum, governments such as Egypt's, which had previously repressed (and was still continuing to repress) Islamists, joined the bandwagon. They banned alcohol and flooded the airwaves with religious programming, giving

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6262-496: The last few decades, it has been the fundamentalists who have increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture. Writing in 2009, German journalist Sonja Zekri described Islamists in Egypt and other Muslim countries as "extremely influential. ... They determine how one dresses, what one eats. In these areas, they are incredibly successful. ... Even if the Islamists never come to power, they have transformed their countries." Political Islamists were described as "competing in

6363-404: The level of welfare and livelihood of the people has decreased to the same extent and maybe more. Other cultural traits can be seen as in the weddings where Turkmens still practice several day weddings. An ancient tradition hailing back to the Göktürks or even the Hsiung-nu , Asian Huns. Today's Turkmens have a bride fee : the bridegroom gives away a fee for taking the girl's hand. In tradition

6464-414: The liberal ideology of free expression and democratic rule have led the opposition in other parts of the world such as Latin America, Eastern Europe and many parts of Asia; however "the simple fact is that political Islam currently reigns [circa 2002-3] as the most powerful ideological force across the Muslim world today". The strength of Islamism also draws from the strength of religiosity in general in

6565-434: The majority of the contemporary Islamist movements. Among some Islamists, Democracy has been harmonized with Islam by means of Shura (consultation). The tradition of consultation by the ruler being considered Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad , ( Majlis-ash-Shura being a common name for legislative bodies in Islamic countries). Among the varying goals, strategies, and outcomes of "moderate Islamist movements" are

6666-447: The masses a channel to express their economic grievances and frustration toward the lack of democratic processes. As a result, in the post-Cold War era , civil society-based Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood were the only organizations capable to provide avenues of protest. The dynamic was repeated after the states had gone through a democratic transition . In Indonesia, some secular political parties have contributed to

6767-411: The medieval Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyyah . While all salafi believe Islam covers every aspect of life, that sharia law must be implemented completely and that the Caliphate must be recreated to rule the Muslim world, they differ in strategies and priorities, which generally fall into three groups: Qutbism refers to the Jihadist ideology formulated by Sayyid Qutb , (an influential figure of

6868-431: The military's slogan was "God is Great". Along with the Yom Kippur War came the Arab oil embargo where the (Muslim) Persian Gulf oil-producing states' dramatic decision to cut back on production and quadruple the price of oil, made the terms oil, Arabs and Islam synonymous with power throughout the world, and especially in the Muslim world's public imagination. Many Muslims believe as Saudi Prince Saud al Faisal did that

6969-404: The modern age. During 1922–1923, Rida published a series of articles in seminal Al-Manar magazine titled " The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate ". In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocates for the restoration of Caliphate guided by Islamic jurists and proposes gradualist measures of education, reformation and purification through the efforts of Salafiyya reform movements across

7070-420: The modern transformation of classical Persian poetry. The Spanish poet, Federico García Lorca, the African American poet Langston Hughes, the French thinker and writer, Louis Aragon , and Nima Youshij are among the figures who influenced him. One of the disciples of Nima Youshij, Shamlou, standing among the generation who adopted his techniques, constantly sought untried ways, new poetic realms. He quickly became

7171-474: The more moderate the Islamists become, the more likely they are to be politically included (or unsuppressed); and the more accommodating the government is, the less "extreme" Islamists become. A prototype of harmonizing Islamist principles within the modern state framework was the " Turkish model ", based on the apparent success of the rule of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . Turkish model, however, came "unstuck" after

7272-817: The movement even more exposure. The abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922 ended the Ottoman Empire , which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the Conference of Lausanne , the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the Government in Angora (now Ankara ) over Turkey was recognized. The last sultan, Mehmed VI , departed

7373-602: The next proved a hurdle to Shamlou's education. By 1941, his high school education still incomplete, he left Birjand for Tehran . He intended to attend the German-established Tehran Technical School, one of the best secondary schools of that period and learn the German language. He was admitted to this school on the condition that he be demoted two years. Soon in 1942, he and the rest of the family once again left Tehran to move to Gorgan . In 1945, he made

7474-561: The permit had not been issued. The British journal Opera writes: "with lyrics such as ‘everybody sing and dance/ this is a real person’s chance’, ‘darkness away, devils die!’... it's not hard to fathom why the work has been banned in Iran for three decades." Abraham in Flames ابراهیم در آتش, an opera created by Niloufar Talebi with composer Aleksandra Vrebalov and director Roy Rallo, world premiered on May 9–12, 2019 at San Francisco's Z Space as an immersive performance. Abraham in Flames

7575-465: The problem resulting from the confusion between the Western and Arabic usage of the term Islamist, Arab journalists invented the term Islamawi ( Islamian ) instead of Islami ( Islamist ) in reference to the political movement, though this term is sometimes criticized as grammatically incorrect. Islamism has been defined as: Islamists simply believe that their movement is either a corrected version or

7676-438: The same individuals or their cadres for decades. Simultaneously, the military played a significant part in the government decisions in many of these states ( the outsized role played by the military could be seen also in democratic Turkey). The authoritarian regimes, backed by military support, took extra measures to silence leftist opposition forces, often with the help of foreign powers. Silencing of leftist opposition deprived

7777-730: The same time, Shamlou's physical condition deteriorated in 1996. He underwent several operations, and in 1997, his right foot was amputated due to severe diabetic problems. He died on Sunday, 23 July 2000, at 9 p.m. at his home in Dehkadeh Fardis in Karaj due to complications from his diabetes. On 27 July thousands took part in Ahmad Shamlou's funeral. He was buried in Emamzadeh Taher , Karaj. You can find recording of his poetry, in his own voice, in almost every Iranian home. He had turned into

7878-404: The same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. Arguing distinctions between "radical/moderate" or "violent/peaceful" Islamism were "simplistic", circa 2017, scholar Morten Valbjørn put forth these "much more sophisticated typologies" of Islamism: Throughout the 80s and 90s, major moderate Islamist movements such as

7979-562: The term Islamist (m. sing.: Islami , pl. nom/acc: Islamiyyun , gen. Islamiyyin; f. sing/pl: Islamiyyah ) was already being used in traditional Arabic scholarship in a theological sense as in relating to the religion of Islam, not a political ideology. In heresiographical, theological and historical works, such as al-Ash'ari 's well-known encyclopaedia Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn ( The Opinions of The Islamists ), an Islamist refers to any person who attributes himself to Islam without affirming nor negating that attribution. If used consistently, it

8080-456: The term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. Following the Arab Spring , many post-Islamist currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia " to date, such as

8181-407: The tightly balanced rhythm and rhymes of classical Persian poetry. The themes in his poetry range from political issues, mostly freedom, to the human condition. Shamlou's poems are filled with mythological concepts and symbols to glorify seemingly simple and ordinary figures who are politically condemned for their revolutionary beliefs that, regardless of governmental suppression, actually reflect

8282-475: The tourists felt that they had traveled back in time. There were few welfare services in the villages and people used horses and donkeys to travel. Buses, taxis, and private cars were only found in larger cities. These differences contributed to illiteracy among the village dwellers. This is despite the fact that after the revolution and the development of the country's infrastructure, the level of literacy in this region has increased significantly, but unfortunately,

8383-517: The traditional imagery familiar to his Iranian audience through the works of Persian masters like Hafez and Omar Khayyám . For infrastructure and impact, he uses a kind of everyday imagery in which personified oxymoronic elements are spiked with an unreal combination of the abstract and the concrete thus far unprecedented in Persian poetry, which distressed some of the admirers of more traditional poetry. Shamlou has translated extensively from French to Persian and his own works are also translated into

8484-438: The trait of being hot-headed. Ahmad Shamlou , a famous Persian writer, wrote a novel about a Turkmen character, Amin. He also indicated the generosity and kind-hearted spirit of the Turkmens in his poem about Amin. Famous Turkmens from within Turkmen Sahra include the spiritual leader, national poet and unifier of Turkmen society Magtymguly Pyragy , who was born in a village outside Gonbad. The central Iranian authorities erected

8585-540: The turn of the twentieth century the shorter and purely Arabic term "Islam" had begun to displace it, and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Islamism seems to have virtually disappeared from English usage. The term remained "practically absent from the vocabulary" of scholars, writers or journalists until the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1978–79, which brought Ayatollah Khomeini 's concept of "Islamic government" to Iran. This new usage appeared without taking into consideration how

8686-598: The winner would receive a prize, contests in göresh traditional Turkmen wrestling, horse races and more. Today those traditions have perished instead there are a modern segment like private weddings hold in western countries. The main industries of Turkmen Sahra today is provisions or grocers of different kind, a refining process of different sort of eatables such as different kind of mills, beverages as pepsi, zam zam and others. There were different kind of small scale industries such as train suppliers and builders but almost all have been dismantled and set up other places of Iran. As

8787-496: Was a major force in the intellectual movement opposed to the former Shah of Iran before the 1979 revolution . During his long life, Shamlou was politically active and imprisoned twice, first after the end of World War II and then after the 1953 coup , but he continued to remain socio-politically active by writing poems devoted to political and social critique even after the Iranian Revolution. In 1976, he left his country as

8888-578: Was a student of Qutb's brother Muhammad Qutb and later became a mentor of Osama bin Laden . Al-Zawahiri helped to pass on stories of "the purity of Qutb's character" and persecution he suffered, and played an extensive role in the normalization of offensive Jihad among followers of Qutb. Ahmad Shamlou The Book of Alley Fresh Air Ayda in the Mirror Ayda: Tree, Dagger, Remembrance The Manifesto Forgotten Songs Abraham in

8989-657: Was also published in Spanish. In 1999, he was presented with the Stig Dagerman Prize by the Swedish Foundation. Shamlou was married three times. In 1947, he married Ashraf Isslamiya (d. 1978), and together they had three sons and a daughter: Siavash Shamlou, (1948–2009), Sirous Shamlou, Saman Shamlou, Saghi Shamlou. They divorced in 1957 after several years of conflict and long separation. His second marriage to Tusi Hayeri Mazandarani  [ fa ] (1917–1996) who

9090-404: Was also re-elected as a member of the Writer's Union's leadership. Starting in 1980, owing to the harsh political situation in his country, he led a rather secluded life that would last for the next eight years, working with Ayda on The Book Of Alley , as well as many other literary endeavors, including a translation of And Quiet Flows The Don by Mikhail Sholokhov . In 1984 he was nominated for

9191-499: Was banned and destroyed by the police. His translations of Gold in Dirt , by Sigmund Motritz , and the voluminous novel The Heartless Man's Sons by Mór Jókai , together with all data gathered for his work on the colloquial culture of urban Iranian life (to be known as The Book Of Alley ) were also confiscated and destroyed. In 1954 he was jailed for 14 months. in 1955 he translated and published three novels by European writers. He became

9292-565: Was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions". Following the Arab Spring (starting in 2011), Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world , such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At

9393-569: Was in early 1920 when Reza Khan unified Iran he meet resistance of a Turkmen group and a leader called Anna-Geldi Ach, the later used to deploy sneak attacks from Turkmen Sahra and use hit and run tactics and hide into modern Turkmenistan before SSR Turkmen was formed. During that time a gurultai like the ones Gökturks held was held to elect a mullah as their leader, called Osman Akhun. It is the first democratically modern Turkmen assemblement ever hold. Turkmens are considered by outsiders who visited their area to be generous, kind-hearted thought even having

9494-404: Was influenced by and in the tradition of Nima Youshij . In fact, Abdolali Dastgheib , Iranian literary critic, argues that Shamlou is one of the pioneers of modern Persian poetry and has had the greatest influence, after Nima, on Iranian poets of his era. Shamlou's poetry is complex, yet his imagery, which contributes significantly to the intensity of his poems, is accessible. As the base, he uses

9595-408: Was needed to eliminate Jahiliyya not only from the Islamic homeland but from the face of the Earth. In addition, vigilance against Western and Jewish conspiracies against Islam would-be needed. Although Qutb was executed before he could fully spell out his ideology, his ideas were disseminated and expanded on by the later generations, among them Abdullah Yusuf Azzam and Ayman Al-Zawahiri , who

9696-746: Was older than Shamlou, ended in divorce in 1963 after four years of marriage. He met Aida Sarkisian in the spring of 1962 and they were married two years later in 1964. Aida came from an Armenian-Iranian family who lived in the same neighborhood as Shamlou. Her Christian family objected to the marriage on the basis of the Islamic background of Shamlou's family. Moreover, Shamlou was older, and had been divorced twice. She became an instrumental figure in Shamlou's life, and they remained together until his death in 2000. Her name appears in many of his later poems. She currently lives in Karaj . Suffering from several illnesses at

9797-416: Was poverty in small parts, most people lived a prosperous life and could afford to provide material goods at home. This was unusual for some regions of Iran at that time. Before the revolution, due to the lack of facilities and infrastructure, there was a big difference between villages and cities, so that when they went from a city like Bandar Turkmen to a neighboring village, the differences were so great that

9898-497: Was published, called Phoenix in the Rain , and his literary magazine was banned by the Ministry of Information (SAVAK) . In 1967, he became editor-in-chief of Khusheh . His new translation of Erskine Caldwell was published, and he participated in the formation of the Union of Iranian Writers and gave several poetry readings at Iranian universities . In 1968, he began his study of Hafez ,

9999-736: Was sorely felt and it heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe. Islamism is described by Graham E. Fuller as part of identity politics , specifically the religiously oriented nationalism that emerged in the Third World in the 1970s: " resurgent Hinduism in India, Religious Zionism in Israel, militant Buddhism in Sri Lanka , resurgent Sikh nationalism in the Punjab , ' Liberation Theology ' of Catholicism in Latin America, and Islamism in

10100-451: Was the greatest event in our poetry—after Hafiz". His translation of Barefoot , a novel by Zaharia Stancu , was released in 1958, establishing Shamlou's authority as a translator. In 1959 he began publishing short stories for children, as well as directing documentary films and working for film studios . In 1960, a new collection of his poems, The Garden of Mirrors , was released. In 1961, he became editor-in-chief of Ketab-e-Hafte ,

10201-527: Was the second child and the only son in a family of six children. In the manner of many children who grow up in families with military parents, he received his early education in various towns, including Khash and Zahedan in the southeast of Iran, and Mashhad in the northeast, and Rasht in the north. Shamlou's childhood and adolescence were neither privileged nor easy and home was not an environment that could foster his sensitivities and he often found solace in solitude. Moving with his family from one town to

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