The Tulingi were a small tribe closely allied to the Celtic Helvetii in the time of Julius Caesar 's conquest of Gaul. Their location is unknown; their language and descent are uncertain. From their close cooperation with the Helvetii it can be deduced that they were probably neighbours of the latter. At the Battle of Bibracte in 58 BCE, they were, with the Boii and a few other smaller tribes, allies of the Helvetii against the Roman legions of Caesar .
16-595: Ancient source material on the Tulingi is scarce. The only reference is Caesar, who relates that with the Helvetii and the others they burned their homes and became part of the column of migrants seeking a new country in southern France. The column was defeated by Julius Caesar in the opening campaign of the Gallic Wars, 58 BC. They were then returned to their homes, which they were compelled to rebuild. According to captured records in
32-476: A number of influential works, some of which have remained standard works up to the present day. Rudolf Much was born in Vienna , Austria on 7 September 1862. He was the son of the lawyer Dr. Matthäus Much (1832–1909), who was also a prehistorian. At an early age, Much gained extensive knowledge of ancient history form his father. From 1880 he studied classical philology , German philology and Nordic philology at
48-568: A political party, as he considered that incompatible with being a scholar. Much opposed the politicization of scholarship, and for this reason, he protested vigorously against appointing Nazis to positions at the University of Vienna. His son, the physician Horand Much, was executed by the Nazis in 1943. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde Germanische Altertumskunde Online , formerly called Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde ,
64-658: Is a German encyclopedia of the study of Germanic history and cultures, as well as the cultures that were in close contact with them. The first edition of the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde appeared in four volumes between 1911 and 1919, edited by Johannes Hoops . The second edition, under the auspices of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities , was edited by Heinrich Beck (from vol 1, 1968/72), Heiko Steuer (from vol. 8, 1991/94), Rosemarie Müller (from 1992), and Dieter Geuenich (from vol. 13, 1999), and
80-461: Is lasting, often in unexpressed ways via one of his many students, to the present via an unbroken chain of knowledge transmission. Much's research centered on Germanic studies. He was particularly interested in Germanic linguistics , Germanic paganism , relationships between the Germanic peoples and Celts, the origins of Germanic peoples, and the origin of the ethnonym Germani . Much believed
96-713: Is possible that the tribe appears in an independent later source contradicting the Germanic theory. About 360 AD Rufus Festus Avienus in Ora Maritima mentions a number of peoples living on the upper Rhône in Valais . Among them were the Tylangii, who have been tentatively identified as the descendants of Caesar's Tulingi. They were not located across the Rhine, but to the south of Lake Geneva . Moreover, Avienus considers them Ligurians . Some of
112-703: The Rhine , in Germania . Why they did not ally with the Germanics, whom the Celts feared and disliked, remains unexplained. They appear briefly in Orosius ' mention of the Helvetian campaign, manifestly based on Caesar. However, Orosius uses Latobrigi instead of Latovici . The "-brigi" would certainly identify a tribe with a Celtic name, and if they were Celtic, perhaps so were the Tulingi. It
128-512: The University of Vienna . Passing his exams with great distinction, Much gained his PhD in 1887 with the dissertation On the Prehistory of Germany ( Zur Vorgeschichte Deutschlands ), and completed his habilitation in Germanic studies in 1892–1893 with a thesis on Germania . Since 1901, was Assistant Professor of Celtic and Germanic Antiquity and Scandinavian Language and Literature at
144-571: The Germanic peoples as a whole. Much's Die Germania des Tacitus (1937), is considered the standard work on Germania by Tacitus , and continues to the basis for modern research on this book. Much was a German nationalist . He was in contact with the Pan-German movement of Georg Ritter von Schönerer , and was a member of the Deutsche Gemeinschaft . Much converted from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism in 1893. Much never joined
160-607: The Germanic peoples had originated in Scandinavia , to where their ancestors had migrated at an unknown point in time from the Proto-Indo-European homeland . Much was unsure of the location of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, but sympathized with theories suggesting a north-central European location. He believed Germani had originally been the name of one Germanic tribe, which had subsequently been applied by outsiders to
176-444: The Helvetian camp, the number of Tulingi, including fighting men, old men, women and children, had been 36,000, a small fraction of the total of 368,000, of which only 110,000 remained to return home after their surrender. The main possibility as to their identity is that they were Celtic. As the "-ing-" in Tulingi is also a frequently used suffix in forming Germanic tribal names, a second theory, that they were Germanic, developed. This
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#1732847454553192-457: The University of Vienna. Since, 1904, Much served as Associate Professor, and then Professor of Germanic Linguistic History and Antiquity ( Germanische Sprachgeschichte und Altertumskunde ) at the University of Vienna. In this capacity he was also tasked with lecturing on Scandinavian literature. Throughout his academic career, Much served on the committees of many scholarly committees and was the editor of several scholarly journals. He declined to be
208-463: The editor of the first edition of the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , to which he was nevertheless one of the most important contributors. Much retired from his Chair as Professor Emeritus in 1934, but continued to lecture at the University. A popular professor, Much acquired a large following of students at the University of Vienna, many of whom would later acquire prominent positions in
224-497: The field. Students of Wolfram include Otto Höfler , Julius Pokorny , Walter Steinhauser , Richard Wolfram , Siegfried Gutenbrunner , Dietrich Kralik , Eberhard Kranzmayer, Lily Weiser-Aall , Gilbert Trathnigg and Robert Stumpfl . Accordingly, Much's pan-German stance and perceptions had a profound uptake and dissemination in the fields of German ethnology , German dialectology , German linguistics and, most directly, German pre-medieval studies ("Deutsche Altertumskunde") that
240-434: The other names mentioned are Daliterni , Clahilci , neither of which is noticeably Germanic. Rudolf Much Rudolf Much (7 September 1862 – 8 March 1936) was an Austrian philologist and historian who specialized in Germanic studies . Much was Professor and Chair of Germanic Linguistic History and Germanic Antiquity at the University of Vienna , during which he tutored generations of students and published
256-530: Was championed by Rudolf Much and other authors who proposed the now-discredited theory of "Alpine Germanic" tribes in the late Iron Age , to whom the Tulingi were counted. So far no Germanic etymology for the name has gained wider acceptance. The ancient Boii had been displaced from the Danube by the Germanics. Those in Gaul were a remnant, as the Tulingi may well have been. If they were, they might logically be found across
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