The Tula Kremlin ( Russian : Тульский кремль ) is a fortress in Tula , Russia , which was constructed in the early 16th century.
63-709: There are two cathedrals within the Kremlin: In 1507 Vasily III gave the order to construct an oak fortress in Tula on the left bank of the Upa River . In 1514 in an oak fortress, like in the Moscow Kremlin , Vasily III issued an order to construct the "stone city", built in 1520 (1521). In 1552, was besieged by the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray . At that time, Tsar Ivan IV was with campaign against Kazan . Urban population fought before
126-518: A federation with Eritrea . He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed Eritrea , resulting in the Eritrean War of Independence . The part of former Mandatory Palestine occupied by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was renamed "the West Bank ". It was annexed to Jordan in 1950 at the request of a Palestinian delegation. It had been questioned, however, how representative that delegation was, and at
189-432: A monk before dying. Taking on the name Varlaam, Vasili died at midnight, 3 December 1533. Vasili was the subject of the opera Neprigozhaya by composer Ella Adayevskaya Annexation Annexation , in international law , is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it
252-517: A claimed annexation after World War II is the Kingdom of Norway 's southward expansion of the dependent territory Queen Maud Land . On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the South Pole until 12 June 2015, when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area. On 18 September 1955 at precisely 10:16 am, Rockall was declared officially annexed by
315-490: A descriptive term for a state establishing facts on the ground as the prelude to a future claim of sovereignty. The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) of 1949 amplified the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, and the rules regarding inviolability of rights have "an absolute character", making it much more difficult for a state to bypass international law through
378-481: A great pain in his right hip, the result of an abscess . He was transported to the village of Kolp, where he was visited by two German doctors who were unable to stop the infection with conventional remedies. Believing that his time was short, Vasili requested to be returned to Moscow, where he was kept in the Saint Joseph Cathedral along the way. By 25 November 1533, Vasili reached Moscow and asked to be made
441-614: A small-scale yet bloody conflict with the Indonesian military since the 1960s. North Vietnam de facto annexed South Vietnam following the military defeat and effective dissolution of its government system and military on 30 April 1975. Vietnam was officially reunited one year later as the merger of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam . One example of
504-660: A treaty in December 1974. During the British colonial rule in India, Sikkim had an ambiguous status, as an Indian princely state or as an Indian protectorate . Prior to Indian independence, Jawaharlal Nehru , acting as the leader of Executive Council, agreed that Sikkim would not be treated as an Indian state. Between 1947 and 1950, Sikkim enjoyed de facto independence. However, Indian independence spurred popular political movements in Sikkim and
567-460: Is generally held to be an illegal act. Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, as distinct from the complete conquest of another country, and differs from cession , in which territory is given or sold through treaty. Annexation can be legitimized if generally recognized by other states and international bodies. The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using
630-537: Is illegal, the question as to whether title or sovereignty can be transferred in such a situation has been the subject of legal debate. '[A]nnexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof' is an act of aggression according to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Illegally annexed territory is considered as still occupied under international law and
693-590: Is in violation of the international prohibition against annexation, even absent a formal declaration. Israel occupied two-thirds of the Golan Heights from Syria during the 1967 Six-Day War, and subsequently built Jewish settlements in the area. In 1981, Israel passed the Golan Heights Law , which extended Israeli "law, jurisdiction, and administration" to the area, including the Shebaa farms area. This declaration
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#1732852836514756-594: Is now officially known as Timor-Leste . After being allied with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War (largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from Iran ), Kuwait was invaded and annexed by Iraq (under Saddam Hussein ) in August 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had waged through slant drilling into Iraq's oil supplies. The monarchy
819-510: Is prohibited under international law", adding that unilateral changes to borders violate "the rules-based international order and the UN Charter". In 1975, and following the Madrid Accords between Mauritania , Morocco , and Spain , the last Spanish troops withdrew from the territory and ceded the administration to Mauritania and Morocco. This was challenged by an independentist movement,
882-569: The Battle for Jerusalem . Only Costa Rica recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, and those countries who maintained embassies in Israel did not move them to Jerusalem. The United States Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act , which recognizes Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and requires the relocation of the U.S. embassy there in 1995. The act included a provision permitting
945-456: The British Crown when Lieutenant-Commander Desmond Scott RN , Sergeant Brian Peel RM , Corporal AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian naturalist and former Royal Marine), were deposited on the island by a Royal Navy helicopter from HMS Vidal (coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted
1008-676: The Jerusalem Law as part of its Basic Law , which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. In other words, Israel purported to annex East Jerusalem. The annexation was declared null and void by United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions 252, 267, 271, 298, 465, 476 and 478. Jewish neighborhoods have since been built in East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews have since also settled in Arab neighborhoods there, though some Jews may have returned from their 1948 expulsion after
1071-558: The Polisario Front that waged a guerrilla war against both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, and after a military putsch , Mauritania withdrew from the territory that left it controlled by Morocco. A United Nations peace process was initiated in 1991, but it has been stalled, and as of mid-2012, the UN is holding direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario front to reach a solution to
1134-815: The Qing dynasty over Tibet was established after a Qing expedition force defeated the Dzungar Khanate which had occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor issued in 1912 provided the legal basis for the Republic of China (ROC) to inherit all Qing territories, including Tibet. However, the ROC had no effective control over Tibet from 1912 to 1951; In
1197-406: The annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine. As a result, Russia claimed sovereignty over the territories of four Ukrainian oblasts – Luhansk , Donetsk , Zaporizhzhia and Kherson – and recognised as its federal subjects Donetsk People's Republic , Luhansk People's Republic , Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts. In 1952, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie orchestrated
1260-596: The Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory. In response, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stated "the status of Golan has not changed", and the decision received worldwide condemnation with European members of the United Nations Security Council noting "we raise our strong concerns about the broader consequences of recognizing illegal annexation and also about broader regional consequences" and that "annexation of territory by force
1323-680: The Government of Tibet and the PRC, and a military conflict in the Chamdo area of western Kham in October 1950. Many analysts consider the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC an annexation. If the actions of 1950 constituted an annexation, it was subsequently legalized by the Seventeen Point Agreement by the Government of Tibet in October 1951. From 1959 onwards, claims were made that this agreement
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#17328528365141386-463: The History stick Tula Kremlin. The complex includes a room which hosts temporary exhibitions, and conduct forums, meetings and conferences. Vasily III Vasili III Ivanovich ( Russian : Василий III Иванович ; 25 March 1479 – 3 December 1533) was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1505 until his death in 1533. He was the son of Ivan III and Sophia Paleologue and
1449-634: The Indian Parliament for a change in Sikkim's status so that it could become a state of India. In April, the Indian Army moved into Sikkim, seizing the city of Gangtok and disarming the Palace Guards. A referendum was held in which 97.5% of the voting people (59% of the people entitled to vote) voted to join the Indian Union. A few weeks later, on 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of
1512-697: The Indian Union and the monarchy was abolished. Western New Guinea officially became part of Indonesia through the Act of Free Choice in 1969, supervised by the UN. Based on the New York Agreement (1962) between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the UN held the Act of Free Choice to determine whether Western New Guinea would join Indonesia or not. Through a deliberation of representatives, the majority voted to join, and this result
1575-662: The Majdal Shams residents refused Israeli citizenship, and are still firmly of that opinion, in spite of the Syrian Civil War . On 29 November 2012, the United Nations General Assembly reaffirmed it was "[d]eeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions," and "[s]tress[ed]
1638-480: The President to delay its implementation due to national security concerns. This waiver was used by presidents Clinton , Bush , Obama , and Trump , but was allowed to expire in 2019. Law professor Omar M. Dajani and others discuss de facto annexation (also referred to as "creeping annexation" ). The debate considers whether, in all the circumstances, there is a pattern of behavior sufficient to conclude that Israel
1701-525: The Russian Federation an "occupying power". Russia rejects the view that this was an annexation and regards it as an accession to the Russian Federation of a state that had just declared independence from Ukraine following a disputed referendum , and considers it secession as a result of irredentism . A term often used in Russia to describe these events is "re-unification" (воссоединение) to highlight
1764-567: The Tula Kremlin by Tsar Vasily Shuisky were besieged the leaders of the peasant movement - Ivan Bolotnikov and Ileyko Muromets. Kremlin stand very long siege but was taken due creation a dam of the bags to the ground on Upa River. Water from the river flooded the Kremlin, and the rebels surrendered. In memory of these events in 1953 in the Tula Kremlin was erected an obelisk. In the middle of 17th century Kremlin completely left its significance. After
1827-635: The United Nations Charter , which is in force today: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations". These principles were reconfirmed by the 1970 Friendly Relations Declaration . Since the use of force against territorial integrity or political independence
1890-556: The aid of the rebel Lithuanian, Prince Mikhail Glinski , who provided him with artillery and engineers. The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender (1522). In 1521 Vasili received an emissary of the neighboring Iranian Safavid Empire , sent by Shah Ismail I whose ambitions were to construct an Irano-Russian alliance against
1953-574: The areas after 36 hours of fighting, thus ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India. The action was viewed in India as a liberation of historically Indian territory; in Portugal, however, the loss of both enclaves was seen as a national tragedy. A condemnation of the action by the United Nations Security Council was vetoed by the Soviet Union . Goa and Daman and Diu were incorporated into India. Portugal recognized India's sovereignty over Goa in
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2016-474: The arrival of reinforcements from the tsar's army from Kolomna. In memory of these events in the Tula Kremlin has been established the foundation stone near the Tower of Ivanovskie Gate. In the second half of the 16th century, around the stone Kremlin was created Posad - a wooden fortress that more than ten times more the size of the stone Kremlin. This area at the time was the boundary of Tula. In 1605 bell informed
2079-506: The beginning of the 20th century. From 2012 to 2014 in the Kremlin saw the reconstruction of the bell tower of the Assumption Cathedral, which was destroyed in the 1930s. Since 2014 it conducted the reconstruction of the former substation, which included in the museum complex (the atrium), which consists of four exhibition halls: Museum of Military History Tula Oblast, Folk Art Museum, Tula region, Tula samovars and Museum and Museum of
2142-430: The boyars, announcing that he did not trust his two brothers to handle Russia's affairs and forbade them to marry anyone. The boyars suggested that he take a new wife. A divorce due to wife sterility was unlawful, so he falsely accused her of witchcraft, and despite much opposition from the clergy, he divorced his barren wife, exiled her to a monastery, exiled the opposed clergy and soon married Princess Elena Glinskaya ,
2205-644: The common enemy, the Ottoman Empire . Vasili saw some success against the Crimean Khanate . Although in 1519 his armies were defeated along the Oka River and he was obliged to buy off the Crimean khan, Mehmed I Giray , under the very walls of Moscow, towards the end of his reign he established Russian influence on the Volga . In 1531–32 he placed the pretender Cangali khan on the throne of Khanate of Kazan . Vasili
2268-589: The conflict. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a partially recognized state that has claimed the entire region since 1976. In March 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula , which had been a part of Ukraine since 1991 and administers the territory as two federal subjects – the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol . The UN General Assembly considers the Russian possession of Crimea and Sevastopol to be an "attempted annexation" and
2331-454: The daughter of a Serbian princess and niece of his friend Michael Glinski . Not many of the boyars approved of his choice, as Elena was of Catholic upbringing. Vasili was so smitten that he defied Russian social norms and trimmed his beard to appear younger. After three days of matrimonial festivity, the couple consummated their marriage, though initially it appeared that Elena was as sterile as Solomonia. The Russian populace began to suspect this
2394-722: The fact that Crimea was a part of the Russian Empire from 1783 to 1917, and part of the Russian SFSR from 1921 to 1954. Few states recognize this view. Ukraine considers Crimea and Sevastopol its own territory, and oversees the Crimea Platform , an international diplomatic initiative to restore its sovereignty. On 30 September 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian Federation , following referendums , declared
2457-588: The illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967." The General Assembly then voted by majority, 110 in favour to 6 against (Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, United States), with 59 abstentions, to demand a full Israeli withdrawal from the Syrian Golan Heights. On 25 March 2019, the United States recognized
2520-560: The insistence of the Arab League , Jordan was considered a trustee only. Only Pakistan and the United Kingdom recognized the annexation by Jordan. It was not condemned by the United Nations Security Council and it remained under Jordanian rule until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel . Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to rule the West Bank until 1988. Israel has not taken
2583-617: The opinion of the Chinese government, this condition does not represent Tibet's de jure independence as many other parts of China also enjoyed de facto independence when the Chinese state was torn by warlordism , Japanese invasion , and civil war . Tibet came under the control of the People's Republic of China (PRC) after attempts by the Government of Tibet to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its military , negotiations between
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2646-688: The present day. On 27 June 1967, Israel unilaterally extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some of the surrounding area, incorporating about 70 square kilometers of territory into the Jerusalem Municipality. Although at the time, Israel informed the United Nations that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation. Later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that East Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed
2709-420: The princely states opted to join either Pakistan or India, Hyderabad State elected instead to resume full independence. Following the expiration of ultimatums from India, the Indian military launched its Operation Polo on 13 September 1948 and invaded Hyderabad. After conquering most of Hyderabad in five days of warfare, the Nizam signed a treaty on 18 September 1948 that saw Hyderabad annexed by India. In 1954,
2772-405: The provisions of international humanitarian law continue to apply. For precision, such territory may be referred to as "occupied and illegally annexed". In a report to the United Nations General Assembly , Michael Lynk contrasted de jure annexation as a formal declaration by a state that it is claiming permanent sovereignty over territory and de facto annexation without the formal declaration as
2835-404: The residents about the arrival of the False Dmitry I and Tula for two weeks turned into pseudo capital of Moscow State. It was here in the Kremlin, came to swear allegiance to the pretender boyars and nobles. In 1607, during the Peasants' War, the Tula Kremlin became the refuge for Ivan Bolotnikov . Together with people loyal to him, he kept the Kremlin by his control for four months. In 1608 in
2898-475: The residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli , a Portuguese enclave within India, ended Portuguese rule with the help of nationalist volunteers. From 1954 to 1961, the territory enjoyed de facto independence. In 1961, the territory was merged with India after its government signed an agreement with the Indian government. In 1961, India and Portugal engaged in a brief military conflict over Portuguese-controlled Goa and Daman and Diu . India invaded and conquered
2961-409: The reunification of left-bank Ukraine and Russia in the middle of the 17th century, Kremlin completely lost its importance in the time of Peter the fortresses in the registers are no longer covered. Repair work in the Kremlin carried out at the end of the 18th and 19th centuries, in 1930 the walls of the Kremlin removed all the dilapidated buildings in the 1950s had a partial renovation, and in mid-1960
3024-405: The ruling Chogyal came under pressure. He requested Indian help to quell the uprising, which was offered. Subsequently, in 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim bringing it under its suzerainty , and controlling its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government under the Sikkimese monarch. Meanwhile, trouble
3087-407: The shopping malls, installed a new marquee Naugolnykh tower restored battlements on the wall between Nikita and Ivanovo towers. At the same time the fund restored the Assumption Cathedral, whose facade has got a gray color, and the domes covered with gold leaf. From 2012 to 2014 the Kremlin was under large-scale reconstruction of the walls, and from the territory has been bred plant, located there since
3150-422: The step of annexing the territory (except for the part of it that was made part of the Jerusalem Municipality). Rather, there were enacted a complex (and highly controversial) system of military government decrees in effect applying Israeli law in many spheres to Israeli settlements . Following an Indonesian invasion in 1975, East Timor (Timor-Leste) was annexed by Indonesia and was known as Timor Timur . It
3213-420: The territorial gains achieved by Ivan. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. Vasili also took advantage of the difficult position of Sigismund of Poland to capture Smolensk , the great eastern fortress of Lithuania (siege started 1512, ended in 1514), chiefly through
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#17328528365143276-399: The use of annexation. During the 1967 Six-Day War , Israel captured East Jerusalem , a part of the West Bank , from Jordan . While Jordan had annexed the West Bank in 1950, it was considered an illegal occupation and Jordan was recognized as the legal sovereign by the United Kingdom and possibly Pakistan. On 31 July 1988, Jordan relinquished this claim. It has remained occupied until
3339-473: The word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by Israel , Morocco and Russia , the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such. International law regarding the use of force by states evolved significantly in the 20th century. Key agreements include the 1907 Porter Convention , the 1920 Covenant of the League of Nations and the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact , culminating in Article 2(4) of Chapter I of
3402-720: Was a sign of God's disapproval of the marriage. However, to the great joy of Vasili and the populace, the new tsaritsa gave birth to a son, who would succeed him as Ivan IV . Three years later, a second son, Yuri , was born. According to a story, Solomonia Saburova also bore a son in the convent where she had been confined, just several months after the controversial divorce. He had three brothers: Yuri (born in 1480), Simeon (born in 1487) and Andrei (born in 1490), as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492). Whilst out hunting on horseback near Volokolamsk, Vasili felt
3465-452: Was accepted by the UN General Assembly in a session in November 1969. This decision was implicitly considered to recognize Western New Guinea as part of Indonesia, because the General Assembly did not reject the report of the UN Secretary General regarding the implementation of Act of Free Choice. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea and smaller islands to its west. The separatist Free Papua Movement (OPM) has engaged in
3528-419: Was brewing in the state after the Sikkim National Congress demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the Nepalese . In the 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes , Chinese border attacks were repulsed. In 1973, riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. The Chogyal was proving to be extremely unpopular with the people. In 1975, the Kazi (prime minister) appealed to
3591-437: Was christened with the name Gavriil ( Гавриил ). Following on the ambitions of his predecessor Ivan, Vasili conquered Pskov , Ryazan and Smolensk as well as strengthening Russian influence in Kazan and to the Volga region. Several nobles were either exiled, sentenced or executed for criticizing his policies. Vasili III maintained the policies initiated by his father Ivan III, focusing much of his reign on consolidating
3654-417: Was conducted complex complete scientific restoration in order to restore the original appearance of the Kremlin. In 2012 a charitable foundation was created named "Tula Kremlin" which has 1648 benefactors, to transfer money for the restoration of the Kremlin. In the same year at the expense of the charity fund held drainage from tower to tower Odoevskogo water gate. In 2013, work was done to restore and improve
3717-428: Was declared "null and void and without international legal effect" by United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 . The Federated States of Micronesia recognized the annexation and in 2019, the United States joined in recognition. The vast majority of Syrian Druze in Majdal Shams , the largest Syrian village in the Golan, have held onto their Syrian passports. When Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, 95% of
3780-450: Was deposed after annexation, and an Iraqi governor installed. United States president George H. W. Bush ultimately condemned Iraq's actions, and moved to drive out Iraqi forces. Authorized by United Nations Security Council resolutions, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the Gulf War to reinstate the Kuwaiti Emir . Iraq's invasion (and annexation) was deemed illegal and Kuwait remains an independent nation today. The rule of
3843-414: Was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the United Nations . The people of East Timor resisted Indonesian forces in a prolonged guerrilla campaign. Following a referendum held in 1999 under a UN -sponsored agreement between the two sides, the people of East Timor rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. East Timor achieved independence in 2002 and
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#17328528365143906-443: Was signed under pressure; academics have debated this ever since, but Tibet is recognized internationally as part of China. After the withdrawal of the British Empire from India, each of the Princely States of India and Pakistan that had been protectorates of the British Empire were given the choice of either 1. opting to join India, 2. opting to join Pakistan or 3. resume their former status as fully independent states. While most of
3969-441: Was the first grand-duke of Moscow who adopted the title of tsar and the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire . By 1526 when he was 47 years old, Vasili had been married to Solomonia Saburova for over 20 years with no heir to his throne being produced. Conscious of her husband's disappointment, Solomonia tried to remedy this by consulting sorcerers and going on pilgrimages. When this proved unsuccessful, Vasili consulted
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