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51-630: In his Brief Grammar of the Tsakonian Dialect published in 1951, Prof. Thanasis Costakis defines Tsakonia as the area from the town of Agios Andreas in Kynouria south to Leonidio and Tyros and inland as far as Kastanitsa and Sitaina , but asserts that in former times the Tsakonian-speaking area extended as far as Cape Malea in eastern Laconia . The principal town in Tsakonia at this time

102-613: A Greek ethnolinguistic group who historically speak the Tsakonian language and have certain peculiar cultural traditions, such as the Tsakonian dance . Today, the language is critically endangered. Tsakonians in later time were known for their masonry skills; many were also shepherds. A common practice was for a small crew of men under a mastora to leave their village after the feast of Saint Demetrius and to return at Easter . They would travel as far as Attica doing repairs and white-washing houses. The Tsakonian village of Kastanitsa

153-480: A Greek citizen through naturalization if they can prove that a parent or grandparent was a Greek national. The Greek ancestor's birth and marriage certificates and the applicant's birth certificate are required, along with birth certificates for all intervening generations between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship. Greek citizenship is acquired by birth by all persons born in Greece who do not acquire

204-718: A foreign citizenship and all persons born to at least one parent who is a registered Greek citizen. People born out of wedlock to a father who is a Greek citizen and a mother who is a non-Greek automatically gain Greek citizenship if the father recognizes them as his child before they turn 18. Centers of the Greek diaspora are New York City , Boston , Chicago , Los Angeles , Munich , London , Melbourne , Wellington , Sydney , Auckland , Montreal , Toronto , Vancouver , Johannesburg , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Culiacán , Mexico City , and Buenos Aires . The SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad has compiled several studies on

255-577: A higher level of church attendance than Greeks in Greece. There are minorities of Catholics , Jehovah's Witnesses and Pentecostals . Currently, there are 152 Greek Orthodox churches in Australia, most under jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia . In addition, there are 8 monasteries as well as schools, theological colleges and aged care centres. About 50,000 Greeks immigrated to Brazil from Greece and Cyprus, with 20,000 in

306-672: A membership of 90,000 in Latin America, the majority of whom live in Brazil. About 250 Non-Jewish Greeks immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine for the service of the Greek-Orthodox church in the country between 1850 and 1920, mostly residing in Jerusalem and Nazareth City . About 1,500-2,500 Ethnic Greeks Today, few were able to obtain Greek Citizenship largely due to

357-714: A volume on the traditional architecture of Tsakonia . Costakis also developed a writing system for the Tsakonian language, which included orthography using dots, spiritus asper , and caron for use in his works, which has been used in his grammar and local editions of dialectical texts. This article on a Greek linguist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Greek diaspora Greek diaspora Constantinople and Asia Minor : Africa : Other regions : Other groups : Other languages The Greek diaspora , also known as Omogenia ( Greek : Ομογένεια , romanized :  Omogéneia ), are

408-451: Is often considered the first reference to Tsakonians is a note from around 950 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De Arte Imperiando , " the inhabitants of the district of Maina... are of the older Greeks, who are to this day called Hellenes (pagans) by the locals for being pagans in time past and worshippers of idols, like the Hellenes of old, and were baptised and became Christians during

459-595: Is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. Examples of its influence range from the role played by Greek expatriates in the emergence of the Renaissance , through liberation and nationalist movements involved in the fall of the Ottoman Empire , to commercial developments such as the commissioning of the world's first supertankers by shipping magnates Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos . In Archaic Greece ,

510-843: Is why some members of the Aromanian diaspora that settled in places such as Vienna in Austria have been considered as Greeks and part of a Greek diaspora as well. During and after the Greek War of Independence , Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia , Epirus , and Thrace . Greek merchant families had contacts in other countries; during

561-618: The Black Sea region, particularly from the Trebizond region, the Pontic Alps , eastern Anatolia, Georgia, and the former Russian south-Caucasus Kars Oblast . After 1919–23, most of these Pontic Greek and Caucasus Greek communities resettled in Greek Macedonia or joined other Greek communities in southern Russia and Ukraine . Anyone who is ethnically Greek and born outside Greece may become

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612-815: The Byzantine–Arab Wars . The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science (which, in turn, contributed to Byzantine science ). After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars , which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul ) and found refuge in Italy. They brought ancient Greek writings that had been lost in

663-724: The Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974. After World War I , most Pontian and Anatolian Greeks living in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) were victims of Muslim Turkish intolerance for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. More than 3.5 million Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians were killed in the regimes of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal, from 1914 to 1923. Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and

714-752: The Russian Empire (later the USSR ) was also a major destination. After the Greek Civil War , many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet-dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). Hungary founded a village ( Beloiannisz ) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jägerndorf). Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live in

765-676: The critically endangered Tsakonian language spoken in the eastern Peloponnese . Costakis was born in Pera Melana in Arcadia , a Tsakonian-speaking village. Costakis taught at several gymnasia and lycea in Athens before affiliating with the Academy of Athens , where he contributed to the composition of the Historical Lexicon of Modern Greek . In addition to his linguistic works, he also published

816-557: The largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times. Greeks spread across the Roman Empire , and in the eastern territories the Greek language (rather than Latin ) became the lingua franca . The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity. In

867-657: The 15th century. According to the Byzantine historian George Pachymeres , some Tsakonians were resettled by the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in Propontis . This was part of their compensation for serving as marines in the Byzantine Navy . They and the Peloponnesian Gasmouloi , who served in the same role, were dismissed from service by Michael's successor, Andronicus II , who made large reductions in

918-536: The 16th century from the island of Crete . Cretan Greeks settled in the Antofagasta Region in the mid-16th century and spread to other locations, such as the Greek colony in Santiago and the cities of San Diego, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. Australia has one of the world's largest Greek communities. Greek immigration to Australia began during the 19th century, increasing significantly in

969-500: The 1950s and 1960s. According to the 2016 census, there were 397,431 Greeks and Greek Cypriots (by ancestry) living in Australia and 93,740 Greeks born in Greece or Cyprus. According to Greeks around the Globe , Greek Australians number about 700,000. The majority of Greeks in Australia (over 90 percent) are Greek Orthodox and many attend church weekly. According to the SBS , Greeks in Australia have

1020-508: The 19th century) outside of the traditional areas; such as in Australia , Canada , United States , United Kingdom , Germany , Argentina , Brazil , New Zealand , United Arab Emirates , Singapore , Norway , and others. The Greek diaspora population is estimated at 5 million, which when added to the population of Greece (approximately 10 million), it gives a total worldwide Greek population of approximately 15 million. The Greek diaspora

1071-777: The Great 's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period , which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt , West Asia , and Northwest India . Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait . Seleucia , Antioch and Alexandria were among

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1122-609: The Greek diaspora. The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus is uncertain. Available census figures indicate about three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus, but the SAE estimates about seven million worldwide. The Greek diaspora defends Greek interests, particularly in the US. Assimilation and loss of the Greek language influence the definition of the Greek diaspora. To learn more about how factors such as intermarriage and assimilation influence self-identification among young Greeks in

1173-543: The Greek-speaking Christian Orthodox population; this often forced the inhabitants of rural districts, particularly in the more vulnerable lowland areas, to abandon their homes. A larger-scale movement of Greek-speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after

1224-541: The Ottomans and the creation of a Greater Greece . The terrible devastation of the island of Chios in the 1822 massacre caused a great dispersion of the islanders, leading to the creation of a specific Chian diaspora . After the Treaty of Constantinople , the political situation stabilised; some displaced families returned to the newly independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Financial assistance from overseas

1275-570: The Russian province of Kars in the South Caucasus . Many Pontic Greeks fled their homelands in Pontus and northeastern Anatolia and settled in these areas to avoid Ottoman reprisals after supporting the Russian invasions of eastern Anatolia in the Russo-Turkish Wars from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Others resettled in search of new opportunities in trade, mining, farming, the church,

1326-561: The Slavs (Belarusians, Russians, Polish, and Ukrainians) at 0.2%–0.9% for Southern Tsakonians and at 3.9%–8.2% for Northern Tsakonians. The rest of the Peloponnesians (148 samples - excluding the Maniots), even though possessing low levels of common ancestry with the Slavs as well, they are still relatively higher than that of Tsakonians (and Maniots) at 4.8%–14.4%. Even though Maniots , divided under

1377-543: The West, contributing to the Renaissance . Most of these Greeks settled in Venice , Florence , and Rome . Between the fall of the Empire of Trebizond to the Ottomans in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War in 1828–29, thousands of Pontic Greeks migrated (or fled) from the Pontic Alps and eastern Anatolia to Georgia and other southern regions of the Russian Empire , and (later)

1428-727: The World Council of Churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has a membership of 600,000 in the US and Canada who are still Greek Orthodox; however, many Greeks in both countries have adopted other religions or become secular. The 2010 census recorded about 130,000 Greek Americans, although members of the community dispute its accuracy. Most Greek Canadians live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. The 2016 census reported that 271,405 Canadians were Greek by ancestry and 16,715 people were born in Greece. Greek immigration to Chile began during

1479-686: The city of São Paulo . Brazil has a sizable community of Antiochean Greeks (known as Melkites), Orthodox, Catholics, and Jews. According to the Catholic Church, the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Melkite Greek), the Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis S. Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum had a 2016 membership of 46,600. The World Council of Churches estimates that the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch has

1530-502: The communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus . Such places historically (dating to the ancient period) include, Albania , North Macedonia , southern Russia , Ukraine , Asia Minor and Pontus (in today's Turkey), Georgia , Egypt , Sudan , southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia "), Sicily , Cargèse and Marseille in France. The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration (mostly since

1581-433: The country. Although many immigrants later returned to Greece, these countries still have a number of first- and second-generation Greeks who maintain their traditions. With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, Greeks of the diaspora immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centers of Athens, Thessaloniki, and Cyprus; many came from Georgia . Pontic Greeks are Greek-speaking communities originating in

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1632-603: The diaspora, and to help clarify the estimates of Greeks in the diaspora, the Next Generation Initiative began an academically supervised research study in 2008. The United States has the largest ethnically-Greek population outside Greece. According to the US Department of State, the Greek-American community numbers about three million and the vast majority are third- or fourth-generation immigrants. According to

1683-662: The disturbances, many set up home bases around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno , Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia ( Odesa and St. Petersburg ), and Britain (London and Liverpool ) from where they traded (typically textiles and grain). Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church . As markets changed, some families became shippers (financed through

1734-443: The flexible nature of the term. The actual Tsakonian speech community has shrunk greatly since Brief Grammar was published, but the area delineated by Costakis is still considered "Tsakonia" due to the preservation of certain cultural traits such as the Tsakonian dance and unique folk costumes. The Tsakonian speaking region was once much more widespread than it was at the time of Brief Grammar ; Evliya Çelebi noted in 1668 that

1785-483: The groupings of Deep Mani or Mesa/Inner Mani (22 samples), West Taygetos or Exo/Outer Mani (24 samples), and East Taygetos or Kato/Lower Mani (23 samples), are similarly conservative at 0.7%–1.6%, 4.9%–8.6%, and 5.7%–10.9% of common ancestry with the Slavs respectively, Tsakonians remain a distinct population from both the Maniots and the rest of the Peloponnesians, something that is attributed to isolation by distance and

1836-525: The local Greek community, with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers ). The diaspora expanded across the Levant , North Africa , India and the US. Many leaders of the Greek struggle for liberation from Ottoman Macedonia and other parts of the southern Balkans with large Greek populations still under Ottoman rule had links to the Greek trading and business families who funded the Greek liberation struggle against

1887-556: The military, and the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire . Greeks spread through many provinces of the Ottoman Empire and took major roles in its economic life, particularly the Phanariots (wealthy Greek merchants who claimed noble Byzantine descent during the second half of the 16th century). The Phanariots helped administer the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century; some settled in present-day Romania , influencing its political and cultural life. Other Greeks settled outside

1938-662: The naval force, preferring to rely on Genoese mercenaries. They lived in the villages of Vatka and Havoutsi, where the Gösen River (Aesepus) empties into the sea. However, based on the preservation of features common to both Propontis and the Peloponnesian dialects, Prof. Thanasis Costakis thinks that the date of settlement must have been several centuries later. Greek diaspora Constantinople and Asia Minor : Africa : Other regions : Other groups : Other languages The Tsakonians ( Greek : Τσάκωνες Tsákones ) are

1989-399: The possibility that Tsakonia in antiquity was inhabited by Doric -speaking Ionians (per Herodotus ), while Mani by actual Dorians . 37°00′N 22°35′E  /  37.000°N 22.583°E  / 37.000; 22.583 Thanasis Costakis Thanasis Costakis ( Greek : Θανάσης Κωστάκης , 1907–2009) was a Greek linguist and lexicographer best known for his work on

2040-823: The refusal of recognition from Greece. Greeks started to immigrate to Mexico in the late 1800s from mainland and especially the Greek islands and Cyprus. While there was an individual immigration to Mexico, the Mexican government looked to start olive production in the Pacific Coast so thousands were taken to the state of Sinaloa where the Greeks found fortunes in the tomato production instead. Today there are tens of thousands of Greek-Mexicans living primarily in Culiacán , Veracruz , and Mexico City as well as surrounding areas and other cities. 35,747 (2005, Greek citizens) Notable people of

2091-404: The reign of the late Basil (867–886) ", with Maina in his usage typically interpreted to instead mean Tsakonia. The Tsakonians are thought to have been often border guards in the Byzantine military, judging by the number of references to τζάκωνες and τζέκωνες playing such roles in Byzantine Greek writings. The first reference to their "barbaric" speech being unintelligible to Koine Greek dates to

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2142-419: The seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire . Greeks continued to live around the Levant , Mediterranean and Black Sea, maintaining their identity among local populations as traders, officials, and settlers. Soon afterwards, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant , Egypt , North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during

2193-498: The short-lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828–29 Russo-Turkish War . An estimated one-fifth of Pontic Greeks left their homeland in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia in 1829 as refugees, following the Tsarist army as it withdrew back into Russian territory (since many had collaborated with—or fought in—the Russian army against the Muslim Ottomans to regain territory for Christian Orthodoxy). The Pontic Greek refugees who settled in Georgia and

2244-516: The southern Balkans, moving north in service to the Orthodox Church or as a result of population transfers and massacres by Ottoman authorities after Greek rebellions against Ottoman rule or suspected Greek collaboration with Russia in the Russo-Turkish wars fought between 1774 and 1878. Greek Macedonia was most affected by the population upheavals, where the large, indigenous Ottoman Muslim population (often including those of Greek-convert descent ) could form local militias to harass and exact revenge on

2295-450: The southern Caucasus assimilated with preexisting Caucasus Greek communities. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol , but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army. In 1788, Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed Moscopole . This predominantly ethnic Aromanian settlement historically had an important Greek influence. This

2346-422: The trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia "), northern Libya , eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander

2397-451: The village of Vatika, far south of Leonidio, was Tsakonian; however that place would later be resettled by Arvanites ; the Chronicle of Morea (14th century) furthermore indicates that Tsakonian was spoken in Cynuria, which is now part of Arcadia but was once considered to be in the northeast of Laconia. The original Tsakonian region may have consisted of the entire eastern half of Laconia. The term Tsakonas or Tzakonas first emerges in

2448-406: The writings of Byzantine chroniclers who derive the ethnonym from a corruption of Lakonas , a Laconian/Lacedaemonian ( Spartan )—a reference to the Doric roots of the Tsakonian language and the people's very late conversion to Christianity in the 9th century and practice of traditional Hellenic customs, a fact which correlated with their isolation from mainstream medieval Greek society. What

2499-441: Was Prastos , which benefited from a special trading privilege granted by the authorities in Constantinople . Prastos was burned by Ibrahim Pasha in the Greek War of Independence and was abandoned, with many of its residents fleeing to the area around Leonidio and Tyros or other spots on the Argolic Gulf . Some early commentators seem to have confused the speech of Maniot dialect speakers with true Tsakonian, demonstrating

2550-609: Was channeled through these family ties, providing for institutions such as the National Library and sending relief after natural disasters. During the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic and political reasons; this resulted in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States , Australia , Canada , Brazil , The United Kingdom , New Zealand , Argentina , The United Arab Emirates , Singapore , Germany , Norway , Belgium , Georgia , Italy , Armenia , Russia , Chile , Mexico and South Africa , especially after World War II (1939–45),

2601-555: Was known for its chestnuts and derives its name from the Greek word for the nut. The paper " Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks " (2017) studied the Tsakonians under two groups; one from the South (15 samples) and one from the North (9 samples) of the region. Both populations have a very high average pairwise IBD sharing of 0.66% of their genome, or 94 cM, and every pair of individuals shares at least one IBD segment. Tsakonians possess low levels of common ancestry with

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