Trollinger , Schiava , or Vernatsch , is a red German / Italian wine grape variety that was likely first originally cultivated in the wine regions of South Tyrol and Trentino , but today is almost exclusively cultivated on steep, sunny locations in the Württemberg wine region of Baden-Württemberg . It is primarily known under the synonyms Trollinger in Germany, Vernatsch in South Tyrol and Schiava in other Italian regions. As a table grape the variety is sometimes known as Black Hamburg, which is commonly confused with the similar synonym for Black Muscat —a variety that is actually a cross of Trollinger and Muscat of Alexandria .
43-512: According to wine expert Oz Clarke , Trollinger has moderate acidity and tends to produce light bodied wines with fruity strawberry and subtle smokey notes. While the grape is likely northern Italian in origin, the synonym Schiava is closely related to the Italian word for "Slave" and may hint to the type of vine plant in Roman times (forced by pruning). Records show that the grape has been growing in
86-720: A percentage of total mass . The alc/vol value of a beverage is always higher than the ABW. Because ABW measures the proportion of the drink's mass which is alcohol, while alc/vol is the proportion of the drink's volume which is alcohol, the two values are in the same proportion as the drink's density is with the density of alcohol. Therefore, one can use the following equation to convert between ABV and ABW: ABV = ABW × density of beverage density of alcohol {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}={\text{ABW}}\times {\frac {\text{density of beverage}}{\text{density of alcohol}}}} At relatively low alc/vol,
129-473: A 50% v/v ethanol solution, 50 mL of ethanol and 50 mL of water could be mixed but the resulting volume of solution will measure less than 100 mL due to the change of volume on mixing, and will contain a higher concentration of ethanol. The difference is not large, with the maximum difference being less than 2.5%, and less than 0.5% difference for concentrations under 20%. Some drinks have requirements of alcoholic content in order to be certified as
172-867: A career as a full-time actor and singer. His first job was at Northampton , followed by Sheffield , Manchester and Leicester . He then worked for the Royal Shakespeare Company , the National Theatre , the Old Vic and Chichester . In the West End , he appeared with Michael Crawford in Billy at Drury Lane , sang Sweeney Todd in Sweeney Todd , played all the men in The Mitford Girls and General Peron in Evita . It
215-415: A certain alcohol brand or label. Low-alcohol beers (<0.5) are considered in some countries such as Iran as permitted (or "halal" under Muslim vocabulary) despite alcohol being banned. However, the level of alcohol-free beers is typically the lowest commercially sold 0.05. It is near impossible for a healthy person to become intoxicated drinking low-alcohol drinks. The low concentration severely limits
258-457: A halt as the alcohol produced becomes too concentrated for the yeast to tolerate, defining an upper limit of alc/vol for non-distilled alcoholic drinks. The typical tolerance for beer yeasts is at 8–12%, while wine yeasts typically range from 14–18%, with speciality ones reaching 20% alc/vol. Any higher would require distillation, producing liquor . Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in
301-420: Is 0.78945 g/mL (0.82353 oz/US fl oz; 0.79122 oz/imp fl oz; 0.45633 oz/cu in). The alc/vol standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, e.g. France , alcohol by volume is often referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac (after
344-441: Is 1.05 times that of water, it has a specific gravity of 1.05. In UK brewing usage, it is customary to regard the reference value for water to be 1000, so the specific gravity of the same example beer would be quoted as 1050. The formulas here assume that the former definition is used for specific gravity. During ethanol fermentation the yeast converts one mole of sugar into two moles of alcohol. A general formula for calculating
387-643: Is a British wine writer, actor, television presenter and broadcaster. Clarke's parents were a chest physician and a nursing sister. He is of Irish descent and was brought up Roman Catholic . His mother was born in Graiguenamanagh . He was brought up near Canterbury with a brother and a sister. Clarke became a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and subsequently won a choral scholarship to The King's School, Canterbury . He later attended Pembroke College, Oxford where he studied theology and psychology and became Common Room President. He played University hockey,
430-457: Is a standard measure of the volume of alcohol contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage , expressed as a volume percent . It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of solution at 20 °C (68 °F). The number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C (68 °F), which
473-636: Is sugar by weight and SG is relative density. SG can be measured using an hydrometer and Brix can be calculated from SG. One of the accurate formulas for calculating Brix from SG is: By substituting Brix in the SBV formula above, we get a formula for calculating SBV from SG only: The general calculation steps involves calculation of SBV at the start and the end of fermentation: Advanced formula derived from Carl Balling empirical formulas. The formula compensates for changes in SG with changes in alcohol concentration and for
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#1732848638661516-1225: Is the specific gravity when fermentation ends, Plato start is the sugar by weight when fermentation begins, Plato final is the sugar by weight when fermentation ends. Brix can be used insted of Plato as they are nearly identical. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author Cyril Berry : ABV ≈ 136 × ( Starting SG − Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}\approx 136\times \left({\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}\right)} One calculation for beer is: ABV ≈ 131 × ( Starting SG − Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{ABV}}\approx 131\times \left({\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}\right)} For higher ABV above 6% many brewers use this formula: alc/vol ≈ 105 0.79 × ( Starting SG − Final SG Final SG ) {\displaystyle {\text{alc/vol}}\approx {\frac {105}{0.79}}\times \left({\frac {{\text{Starting SG}}-{\text{Final SG}}}{\text{Final SG}}}\right)} Another way of specifying
559-400: Is used to measure the change in specific gravity (SG) of the solution before and after fermentation. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated. There are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. Specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, i.e., if the density of the liquid
602-486: Is usually found in non-polar mixtures. Thus, alc/vol is not the same as volume fraction expressed as a percentage. Volume fraction, which is widely used in chemistry (commonly denoted as v/v), is defined as the volume of a particular component divided by the sum of all components in the mixture when they are measured separately. For example, to make 100 mL of 50% alc/vol ethanol solution, water would be added to 50 mL of ethanol to make up exactly 100 mL. Whereas to make
645-683: The BBC adaptation of The Lord of the Rings and recorded Stephen Oliver's A Man of Feeling for Granada TV. In December 2011, Clarke was one of the team in the BBC Two programme James May's Man Lab Christmas Special . While performing in Sheila Hancock's Dandy Dick , he joined the Sunday Express as their first wine writer. He then became wine correspondent of The Daily Telegraph . In 1982, Clarke won
688-710: The United Kingdom , proof is 1.75 times the number (expressed as a percentage). For example, 40% alc/vol is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by alc/vol as a measure of alcohol content, avoiding confusion between the UK and US proof standards. In the United States, Arkansas , Kansas , Mississippi , South Carolina , and Tennessee regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight ( ABW ), expressed as
731-585: The French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ), although there is a slight difference since the Gay-Lussac convention uses the International Standard Atmosphere value for temperature, 15 °C (59 °F). Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume. Mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas
774-473: The South Tyrol/Alto Adige region. At some point the grape migrated northwards to the southern regions of Germany though the exact date of its arrival is unknown. In Württemberg, viticulture has existed since at least the 8th century when monks from Burgundy established monasteries and vineyards in the region. In nearby Lauffen am Neckar , it was established even earlier during Roman times , but
817-490: The Trentino-Alto Adige region since at least the 13th century. The German synonym Trollinger appears to be a corruption of the word Tirolinger meaning "of Tyrol". The synonym Vernatsch appears to have a similar origins as Vernaccia in having the same root word as " vernacular " or "local". British Master of Wine Nicolas Belfrage has interpreted this association as further evidence that the grape likely originated in
860-702: The Trento province, Trollinger is sometimes confused with the Italian/ Slovenian wine grape Piccola nera . The vast majority of the nearly 2,300 hectares (5,700 acres) of Trollinger in Germany are grown in the Württemberg around the town of Stuttgart and throughout the Neckar valley. The region is the fifth largest in Germany with nearly a third of all plantings in Württemberg being Trollinger. While there are several clones of
903-525: The amount of alcohol content is alcohol proof , which in the United States is twice the alcohol-by-volume (alc/vol) number. This may lead to confusion over similar products bought in varying regions that have different names on country-specific labels. For example, Stroh rum that is 80% ABV is advertised and labeled as Stroh 80 when sold in Europe, but is named Stroh 160 when sold in the United States. In
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#1732848638661946-538: The articles about them. (most juices do not have alcohol but orange or grape [the highest here] may have some from early fermentation) Under 2.5% in Finland, and 2.25% in Sweden, however. During the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol. The density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer
989-455: The blend with Lagrein and Pinot noir permitted to round out the remaining 10%. Grapes are limited to a yield of 12.5 tonnes / hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11.5%. Some producers use the German name "Saint Magdalener" on the wine labels . Other Italian DOCs where Trollinger/Schiava/Vernatsch is a permitted variety include: The wine produced from
1032-424: The earliest records for Trollinger growing in the Württemberg region can only be traced back to 14th century. In the Trentino-Alto Adige region, several sub-varieties or clones of Trollinger have been identified. These include the large berry Schiava Grossa (also known as Grossvernatsch and Schiava Grigia) which is probably the highest yielding clone, but tends to produce light bodied and neutral tasting wine,
1075-624: The entertainment business. He and Jilly Goolden became the voices and faces of wine in Britain for a generation. He played one of the first criminals apprehended by Superman in the 1978 film Superman , a terrorist in Superman II , a Special Branch man in Who Dares Wins and Balthasar in Stuart Burge 's 1984 film of Much Ado About Nothing . He sang the baritone role – and Sam Gamgee's song – in
1118-584: The fact that not all sugar is converted into alcohol. All values are measured at 20 degree C. A B V = − 118772 × SG final × ( Plato start − Plato final ) ( Plato start − 193.765 ) × ( Plato start + 1220 ) {\displaystyle ABV={\frac {-118772\times {\text{SG final}}\times ({\text{Plato start}}-{\text{Plato final}})}{({\text{Plato start}}-193.765)\times ({\text{Plato start}}+1220)}}} where SG final
1161-500: The grape is mostly red, though some dark color rosé styles are also produced. In Württemberg, the wine is often slightly sweet with some residual sugar left over after fermentation is completed. Most wines produced from Trollinger are often consumed very young, usually within a year of the vintage date. Italian styles of Schiava tend to be similarly light but are more often dryer and more noticeably acidic. In addition to Schiava and Vernatsch, Trollinger has several synonyms that
1204-2183: The grape variety has been known under. These include: Admiral, Ägypter, Ägyptische, Ägyptischer, Aleksandriskii chernyi, Baccaria, Bacheracher, Bammerer, Barth der Alte, Bilsenroth, Black Gibraltar, Black Hambourg, Black Hamburg, Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, Black Tripoli, Blauer Trollinger, Blauwälsche, Bocksauge, Bocksaugen, Bocksbeutel, Bockshoden, Bockstraube, Braddick's Seedling, Bruxelloise, Chasselas bleu de Windsor, Chasselas de Jérusalem, Chasselas de Windsor, Dachtraube, Dachtrauben, Dutch Hamburgh, Edel Vernatsch, Edelvernatsch, Fleischtraube, Frankentaler, Frankenthal, Frankenthal noir, Frankenthaler, Garston Black Hamburgh, Gelbholziger schwarzblauer Trollinger, Gelbholziger Trollinger, Gros bleu, Gros noir, Gros plant grand noir, Gross Italiener, Gross Vernatsch, Grosse race, Grosser Burgunder, Grossroth, Grossschwarzer, Grossvernatsch, Hammelshoden, Hammelsschelle, Hammelssohlen, Hampton Court Vine, Hudler, Huttler, Imperator, Khei-Khan, Knevet's Black Hamburgh, Kölner Blau, Kreuzertraube, Lambert, Lamper, Languedoc, Lombard, Lugiana near, Maltheser Roth, Malvasier, Malvoisier, Maroquin d’Espagne, Meraner Kurtraube, Ministra, Modri Tirolan, Mohrendutte, Mohrentutte, Morrokin Barbaron, Nougaret grosse race, Pfundtraube, Plant de Paris, Pommerer, Pope Hamburgh, Prince Albert, Purple Hamburgh, Queen Victoria, Raisin bleu, Raisin bleu de Frankental, Raisin de Languedoc, Red Hamburgh, Rheinwein blau, Richmond Villa Hamburgh, Rothelbner, Salisbury violette, Schiavone, Schiavone di Merano nero, Schliege, Schwarzblauer, Schwarzblauer Trollinger, Schwarzer, Schwarzer Wälscher, Schwarzwälscher, Spanisch Blau, Straihntraube, Südtiroler Kurtrauben, Teplichnyi chernyi, Tirolan crni, Tirolinger, Trolinger, Troller, Trollinger blau, Trollinger gelbholzig, Trollinger weissholzig, Trollingi kék, Tschaggele, Uva Cenerente, Uva meranese, Uva near d’Amburgo, Valentines, Victoria, Victoria Hamburgh, Wälscher, Warner's Hamburgh, Weissholziger Trollinger, Welke Burgundske, Welko modre, Zottelwälscher and Zottler. Oz Clarke Robert Owen Clarke OBE (born 1949), known as Oz Clarke ,
1247-549: The last World Wine Tasting Championship, a wine tasting event that has not been repeated since then. Clarke has written several award-winning books, and is generally regarded as the New World champion who led Britain's wine revolution in the 1990s and 2000s, but he is also a passionate supporter of the Old World classics, in particular Bordeaux wine . Clarke has appeared on numerous radio and TV shows, including Food and Drink ,
1290-513: The long-running BBC Food show, for which he became well known in the UK for his stint as the wine expert alongside Jilly Goolden , and A Question of Taste and The Wine Programme for BBC Radio 4 . He made three successful BBC TV series with James May : Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure in France and California, and Oz and James Drink to Britain . The comedian Hugh Dennis was later brought into this concept as Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas
1333-441: The mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume changes due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called " partial molar volume ". Water and ethanol are both polar solvents. When water is added to ethanol, the smaller water molecules are attracted to the ethanol's hydroxyl group, and each molecule alters the polarity field of the other. The attraction allows closer spacing between molecules than
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1376-779: The name Robbie, or Robin formally. His goal was to educate British people about making wine approachable to the British public, and introduce them to the high quality wines that Australians and most of the Western World enjoys. Having grown up in Kent , Clarke played cricket for Babes of Kent schoolboys and supports Gillingham . He can be seen wearing a Gillingham scarf in Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas , broadcast prior to Christmas 2009 and James May's Man Lab Christmas Special , broadcast prior to Christmas 2011, both on BBC Two . After Oxford, Clarke started
1419-438: The rate of intake, which is easily dispatched by human metabolism. Quickly drinking 1.5 L of 0.4% alc/vol beer in an hour resulted in a maximum of 0.0056% BAC in a study of German volunteers. Healthy human kidneys can only excrete 0.8–1.0 L of water per hour, making water intoxication likely to set in before any alcoholic intoxication. The process of ethanol fermentation will slow down and eventually come to
1462-423: The resulting alcohol concentration by volume can be written: where SBV fermented is sugar by volume (g/dL) converted to alcohol during fermentation and GECF is the glucose-ethanol conversion factor: where 46.069 is the molar mass of ethanol and 180.156 is the molar mass of glucose and fructose . Sugar by volume is calculated at the beginning (start) and at the end (final) of the fermentation: where Brix
1505-430: The smaller berry Schiava Gentile (also known as Kleinvernatsch), which tends to produce more aromatic wines and Tschaggle , which is the lowest yielding clone, but often produces the most critically acclaimed wines. Other known clones include Schiava Media and Schiava Piccola. In Württemberg, Trollinger was crossed with the white grape Riesling to produce the cross Kerner in 1929 (received varietal protection and
1548-579: The variety in Italy, nearly all of the Trollinger found in Germany is the high yielding Schiava Grossa clone. Here the grape is often blended with Lemberger . In Italy it is a permitted variety in several Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)s including the Santa Maddalena DOC located east of the city of Bolzano in the South Tyrol/Alto Adige region. There the grape must make up a minimum of 90% of
1591-555: Was University punting champion, sang with Schola Cantorum , and acted with the dramatic society and the Oxford Revue at the Edinburgh Festival . He also captained the wine-tasting team. He claims to have been given his chosen name, Oz, "in the school showers" when he was 13, because he played cricket like an Australian cricketer. The Australian cricket team was touring the UK at the same time. Prior to this, he answered to
1634-458: Was also awarded an Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricole by the French Government . Oz Clarke's writing is now published by Pavilion Books , an imprint of Anova Books . In December 2010, he launched his very first app for use on Apple's iPhone and iPad , through Anova Digital: Oz Clarke's Best Wines 2011 and Oz Clarke's Xmas Wines . In October 2018 his new book Red & White
1677-630: Was broadcast in 2009, and the later series, Oz and Hugh Raise the Bar , was broadcast over the Christmas period in 2010. Clarke stated in Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure that he was banned from the Champagne region of France in the 1990s for having made statements suggesting that champagne was deteriorating in value while rising in price. In November 2008 a survey by the wine industry consultancy firm Wine Intelligence
1720-543: Was during this acting period that he was drafted in to the newly formed English Wine Tasting Team, who won competitions against France, Germany and the USA, among others. This proved crucial for his career development. When a wine expert dropped out of the new BBC show Food and Drink , the acclaimed television producer Peter Bazalgette allegedly shouted, 'Get me the actor who knows about wine'. They did, and Clarke's career began to shift away from theatre towards wine, but not out of
1763-732: Was made public, having polled the views of more than 1,500 regular UK wine drinkers. Results show that Clarke was the most recognised wine critic in the UK. In 2009 he won the International Wine Challenge Personality of the Year award jointly with James May, in the same week as winning the Louis Roederer International Book of the Year for his book Bordeaux . In 2010 he and James May won the TRIC Award for 'best documentary' (for Oz and James Drink to Britain ). He
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1806-599: Was published by Little, Brown and Company and he embarked on promotional book tour He is a cousin of Irish journalist and broadcaster Olivia O'Leary . In a 2019 interview, Clarke revealed he was married, with a 3-year-old daughter, his only child. Clarke was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to broadcasting and journalism. Alcohol level Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV )
1849-544: Was released for general cultivation in 1969). The new crossing was named after the local poet and medical writer, Justinus Kerner . The variety was also crossed with Muscat of Alexandria to produce Black Muscat. In 2010, DNA analysis suggested that the Emilia-Romagna wine grape Uva Tosca may be a natural crossing between Trollinger/Schiava Grossa and Crepallochi . Trollinger is a late ripening variety, often ripening and being harvested much later than Riesling. In
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