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104-534: The 1983 Triple-A World Series was held as a round-robin tournament involving the champions of the American Association (AA), International League (IL), and Pacific Coast League (PCL) at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky . A combination of low attendance and the three league presidents being unable to agree on a more suitable location resulted in the cancellation of a proposed 1984 series. Following

208-463: A bye . The schedule can therefore be computed as though the dummy were an ordinary player, either fixed or rotating. Instead of rotating one position, any number relatively prime to ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} will generate a complete schedule. The upper and lower rows can indicate home/away in sports, white/black in chess , etc.; to ensure fairness, this must alternate between rounds since competitor 1

312-406: A World Series game during the daytime hours would not have approached such a record number. Through the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s, weekday World Series games were played at night while most weekend games continued to be scheduled in the daytime. An exception came in 1976 , when Game 2 was played on a Sunday night to avoid conflicts with NBC's NFL coverage ; Kuhn responded to criticism of

416-689: A berth in the 2000 Triple-A World Series by winning the IL championship over the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons , 3–2. The Memphis Redbirds won the PCL championship and advanced to the series by defeating the Salt Lake Buzz , 3–1. In Game One, Lyle Mouton led the Indianapolis offense with four RBIs and a three-run home run in the seventh inning on the way to an 8–3 Indians win. Both teams scored in

520-578: A best-of-five series at Cashman Field in Las Vegas, home of the PCL's Las Vegas Stars . The agreement was joint venture between the two Triple-A leagues, Major League Baseball, and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority and was scheduled to run for three years, from 1998 to 2000. The site was chosen because of its reasonable travel costs and other offerings in the city. The series were to be televised on ESPN2 . The 1998 Triple-A World Series

624-682: A best-of-seven (or eight) series modeled on the World Series of Major League Baseball . Most often, it was held between the champions of the International League (IL) and the American Association (AA), though the Pacific Coast League (PCL) participated in place of the IL in 1919. Officials from the International League voted to discontinue the series after 1975 due to their playoff teams being weakened by major league call-ups,

728-477: A better friend to the Hall of Fame if he had led them to come to terms with their institutional racism in private, rather than leading them to expose it to the public." After being in office for over ten years, Kuhn had grown a strong reputation for being hard on players who abused drugs . Kuhn was quick to punish players who used drugs with heavy fines and suspensions. Kansas City Royals catcher Darrell Porter told

832-464: A bye. If the number is even, an added player (ω) becomes the opponent. For an even number n {\displaystyle n} or an odd number n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} of competitors, Schurig builds a table with n / 2 {\displaystyle n/2} vertical rows and n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} horizontal rows. Then he populates it starting from

936-445: A career was violated based on her sex. When baseball writers came out in support of inducting Negro league players into the Hall of Fame , Kuhn supported recognizing the players in the Hall, but was unable to garner sufficient support from the Hall of Fame board of directors. As a compromise, Kuhn established a committee to select the greatest Negro leaguers, to be honored with a display at

1040-411: A competitor to play the strongest opponents in a round robin in quick succession while others play them intermittently with weaker opposition. This asymmetry means that playing the same opponents is not necessarily completely equitable. There is also no scheduled showcase final match unless (by coincidence) two competitors meet in the last match of the tournament, with the result of that match determining

1144-477: A competitor's chance of ultimate victory. Final records of participants are more accurate, in the sense that they represent the results over a longer period against the same opposition. The system is also better for ranking all participants, not just determining the winner. This is helpful to determine the final rank of all competitors, from strongest to weakest, for purposes of qualification for another stage or competition as well as for prize money. In team sports,

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1248-465: A customs search in Toronto , Ferguson Jenkins was found possessing 3.0 grams cocaine , 2.2 grams hashish , and 1.75 grams marijuana . In response, on September 8, Kuhn suspended him indefinitely. However, Jenkins' suspension lasted only two weeks before, in an unprecedented action, an independent arbiter reinstated him and he returned to the league. Jenkins was not further punished by MLB for

1352-615: A former senior partner in the firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey , to form the firm of Myerson & Kuhn . He also became an adviser and board member for Domino's Pizza and the Ave Maria Foundation . Kuhn had been a longtime resident of Ridgewood, New Jersey . According to an AP wire story, he partnered in a law firm with Harvey Myerson which subsequently went bankrupt and then sold his New Jersey home and moved to Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida , because his home and other assets were shielded from

1456-484: A lower-placed qualifier is perceived to be easier than for a higher-placed one). Four pairs in the 2012 Olympics Women's doubles badminton , having qualified for the next round, were ejected from the competition for attempting to lose in the round robin stage to avoid compatriots and better ranked opponents. The round robin stage at the Olympics was a new introduction, and these potential problems were readily known prior to

1560-694: A playoff for the Triple-A World Series title with a win over Denver in Game Six. In a close back-and-forth contest, Denver defeated Portland, 5–4, with Marv Foley scoring twice and driving in two runs. The Tidewater Tides (IL, 3–1) won the series against the Portland Beavers (PCL, 2–2) and Denver Bears (AA, 1–3). Tidewater first baseman Gary Rajsich was selected as the Triple-A World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP). Over

1664-437: A round in which players meets each other. For example, player 7 plays against player 11 in round 4. If a player meets itself, then this shows a bye or a game against player n. All games in a round constitutes a diagonal in the table. The above schedule can also be represented by a graph, as shown below: Both the graph and the schedule were reported by Édouard Lucas in as a recreational mathematics puzzle. Lucas, who describes

1768-497: A round, a non-leftmost position (not including 1 {\displaystyle 1} ) can only be taken by competitors of a fixed distance. In round 1 {\displaystyle 1} of the example, in the second position competitor 2 {\displaystyle 2} plays against 13 {\displaystyle 13} , their distance is 2 {\displaystyle 2} . In round 2 {\displaystyle 2} , this position

1872-540: A schedule where player 14 has a fixed position, and all other players are rotated counterclockwise n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{2}}} positions. This schedule is easily generated manually. To construct the next round, the last player, number 8 in the first round, moves to the head of the table, followed by player 9 against player 7, player 10 against 6, until player 1 against player 2. Arithmetically, this equates to adding n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{2}}} to

1976-619: A straight knockout system. The top one, two, or occasionally three teams in these groups then proceed to a straight knockout stage for the remainder of the tournament. In the circle of death it is possible that no champion emerges from a round-robin tournament, even if there is no draw, but most sports have tie-breaker systems which resolve this. Round-robins can suffer from being too long compared to other tournament types, and with later scheduled games potentially not having any substantial meaning. They may also require tie-breaking procedures. Swiss system tournaments attempt to combine elements of

2080-521: A table. In France this is called the Carousel -Berger system (Système Rutch-Berger). The schedule can also be used for "asynchronous" round-robin tournaments where all games take place at different times (for example, because there is only one venue). The games are played from left to right in each round, and from the first round to the last. When the number of competitors is even, this schedule performs well with respect to quality and fairness measures such as

2184-416: A tournament of 16 teams can be completed in just 4 rounds (i.e. 15 matches) in a knockout format; a double elimination tournament format requires 30 (or 31) matches, but a round-robin would require 15 rounds (i.e. 120 matches) to finish if each competitor faces each other once. Other issues stem from the difference between the theoretical fairness of the round robin format and practice in a real event. Since

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2288-555: A variety of tiebreaker criteria. Frequently, pool stages within a wider tournament are conducted on a round-robin basis. Examples with single round-robin scheduling include the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Football Championship , and UEFA Cup (2004–2009) in football, Super Rugby ( rugby union ) in the Southern Hemisphere during its past iterations as Super 12 and Super 14 (but not in its later 15- and 18-team formats),

2392-554: Is a competition format in which each contestant meets every other participant, usually in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimination tournament , wherein participants are eliminated after a certain number of wins or losses. The term round-robin is derived from the French term ruban ('ribbon'). Over time, the term became idiomized to robin . In a single round-robin schedule, each participant plays every other participant once. If each participant plays all others twice, this

2496-613: Is a simple algorithm to create a schedule for a round-robin tournament. All competitors are assigned to numbers, and then paired in the first round: Next, one of the competitors in the first or last column of the table is fixed (number one in this example) and the others rotated clockwise one position: This is repeated until when the next iteration would lead back to the initial pairings: With an even number n {\displaystyle n} of competitors this algorithm realizes every possible combination of them (equivalently, that all pairs realized are pairwise different). First,

2600-435: Is always on the first row. If, say, competitors 3 and 8 were unable to fulfil their fixture in the third round, it would need to be rescheduled outside the other rounds, since both competitors would already be facing other opponents in those rounds. More complex scheduling constraints may require more complex algorithms. This schedule is applied in chess and draughts tournaments of rapid games, where players physically move round

2704-691: Is even, then in each of ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} rounds, n 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n}{2}}\end{matrix}}} games can be run concurrently, provided there exist sufficient resources (e.g. courts for a tennis tournament). If n {\displaystyle n} is odd, there will be n {\displaystyle n} rounds, each with n − 1 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n-1}{2}}\end{matrix}}} games, and one competitor having no game in that round. The circle method

2808-559: Is frequently called a double round-robin . The term is rarely used when all participants play one another more than twice, and is never used when one participant plays others an unequal number of times, as is the case in almost all of the major North American professional sports leagues. In the United Kingdom , a round-robin tournament has been called an American tournament in sports such as tennis or billiards which usually have single-elimination (or "knockout") tournaments, although this

2912-1054: Is held by competitors 14 {\displaystyle 14} and 12 {\displaystyle 12} , also having distance 2 {\displaystyle 2} , etc. Similarly, the next position ( 3 {\displaystyle 3} against 12 {\displaystyle 12} in round 1 {\displaystyle 1} , 2 {\displaystyle 2} against 11 {\displaystyle 11} in round 2 {\displaystyle 2} , etc.) can only hold distance- 4 {\displaystyle 4} competitors. For every k < n 2 {\displaystyle k<{\frac {n}{2}}} , there are exactly n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} pairs of distance k {\displaystyle k} . There are n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} rounds and they all realize one distance- k {\displaystyle k} pair at

3016-405: Is now considered a classic. On October 13, 1971 , the World Series held a night game for the first time. Kuhn, who thought that baseball could attract a larger audience by featuring a prime time telecast (as opposed to a mid-afternoon broadcast, when most fans either worked or attended school), pitched the idea to NBC . An estimated 61 million people watched Game 4 on NBC; TV ratings for

3120-456: Is now rarely done. A round-robin tournament with four players is sometimes called "quad" or "foursome". In sports with a large number of competitive matches per season, double round-robins are common. Most association football leagues in the world are organized on a double round-robin basis, in which every team plays all others in its league once at home and once away. This system is also used in qualification for major tournaments such as

3224-408: Is the fairest way to determine the champion from among a known and fixed number of contestants. Each contestant, whether player or team, has equal chances against all other opponents because there is no prior seeding of contestants that will preclude a match between any given pair. The element of luck is seen to be reduced as compared to a knockout system since one or two bad performances need not ruin

Triple-A World Series - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-486: The 1973 World Series . Finley forced player Mike Andrews to sign a false affidavit saying he was injured after the reserve infielder committed two consecutive errors in the 12th inning of Oakland's Game 2 loss to the New York Mets . Andrews's teammates as well as manager Dick Williams rallied to his defense. Kuhn in response forced Finley to reinstate Andrews. In 1976, when Finley attempted to sell several players to

3432-560: The 2025 ICC Champions Trophy . In a more extreme example, the KBO League in baseball plays a 16-fold round robin, with each of the 10 teams playing each other 16 times for a total of 144 games per team. LIDOM (Baseball Winter League in the Dominican Republic) plays an 18-fold round robin as a semi final tournament between four classified teams. Group tournaments rankings usually go by number of matches won and drawn, with any of

3536-546: The American Association championship . The Tidewater Tides beat the Richmond Braves , 3–1, to win the International League championship and advance to the series. The Portland Beavers won the Pacific Coast League championship and a spot in the series by sweeping the Albuquerque Dukes , 3–0. In Game One, Tidewater defeated Denver, 7–1, behind the pitching performances of Tim Leary and Terry Leach , who limited

3640-457: The Associated Press that during the winter of 1979–1980 he became paranoid , convinced that Kuhn knew about his drug abuse, was trying to sneak into his house, and planned to ban him from baseball for life. Porter found himself sitting up at night in the dark watching out the front window, waiting for Kuhn to approach, clutching billiard balls and a shotgun. Ironically, when Porter was named

3744-557: The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees for $ 3.5 million, Kuhn blocked the deals on the grounds that they would be bad for the game. Kuhn's decision may simply have been a revenge tactic aimed at Finley after he attempted to force an owners' vote to remove Kuhn as commissioner in 1975. At the start of the 1974 season, Kuhn inadvertently got into the middle of a small controversy during Hank Aaron 's pursuit of Babe Ruth 's record of 714 career home runs . Aaron's Atlanta Braves opened

3848-630: The Cricket World Cup along with Indian Premier League , major Twenty-20 Cricket tournament, and many American football college conferences , such as the Conference USA (which currently has 9 members). The group phases of the UEFA club competitions and Copa Libertadores are contested as a double round-robin, as are most basketball leagues outside the United States, including the regular season of

3952-520: The EuroLeague (as well as its former Top 16 phase); the United Football League has used a double round-robin for both its 2009 and 2010 seasons. Season ending tennis tournaments also use a round robin format prior to the semi on stages. The champion in a round-robin tournament is the contestant that wins the most games, except when draws are possible. In theory, a round-robin tournament

4056-606: The FIFA World Cup and the continental tournaments (e.g. UEFA European Championship , CONCACAF Gold Cup , AFC Asian Cup , CONMEBOL Copa América and CAF Cup of Nations ). There are also round-robin cricket , bridge , chess , draughts , go , ice hockey , curling , and Scrabble tournaments. The World Chess Championship decided in 2005 and in 2007 on an eight-player double round-robin tournament where each player faces every other player once as white and once as black. There has been several major international cricket tournaments held in this format including ICC events, including

4160-493: The Philadelphia Phillies for first baseman Dick Allen , second baseman Cookie Rojas , and right-handed ace relief pitcher Jerry Johnson . However, Flood refused to report to the moribund Phillies, citing the team's poor record and the fact that they played in dilapidated Connie Mack Stadium and played in front of racist fans. Flood forfeited a relatively lucrative US$ 100,000 contract by his refusal to be traded to

4264-641: The V-12 Navy College Training Program before going to Princeton University in 1945. Kuhn graduated from Princeton with honors in 1947 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He then received his J.D. degree in 1950 from the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the editorial board of the law review. Following his graduation from law school, Kuhn worked at the New York City law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher because

Triple-A World Series - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-550: The AA wanted to keep it in Louisville. Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn , who felt uneasy about playing games in Las Vegas due to the presence of legalized gambling, cancelled the series in April 1984 after the three Triple-A presidents could not come to an agreement as to its location. There was not another postseason meeting of these minor leagues until 1988, when the International League and

4472-582: The American Association held the first Triple-A Classic , a best-of-seven series played in conjunction with the Triple-A Alliance . The Triple-A Classic continued as an annual event until league owners voted to end the Triple-A Alliance after 1991. On July 9, 1997, Triple-A owners voted for a realignment plan that resulted in the American Association disbanding and its teams being absorbed by

4576-507: The Bears to one run , and the offense of Rusty Tillman , who led the scoring with three runs batted in (RBIs). In Game Two, played the next day as the first part of a nine-inning double header , Portland took a three-run lead in the first inning and never relinquished, winning 11–8 over Tidewater. Portland's Rick Schu and Steve Jeltz each came home to score three times, and Dick Davis and Tim Corcoran each drove in three runs. In Game Three,

4680-432: The International League and Pacific Coast League in 1998. A committee was established to explore the possibility of reviving the Triple-A World Series in a four-team IL-versus-PCL format involving either the champions and runners-up from each league or the incorporation of each league championship series into the series' semifinals. Plans were finalized before the start of the 1998 season. The IL and PCL champions would meet in

4784-667: The International League and the Pacific Coast League returned to ending their seasons after the crowning of their own champions. No other postseason meetings between the leagues occurred until 2006 with the creation of the Bricktown Showdown , a single game to determine a champion of the Triple-A classification. The Denver Bears qualified for the 1983 Triple-A World Series by defeating the Louisville Redbirds, 4–0, to win

4888-514: The Phillies. In a letter to Kuhn, Flood demanded that the commissioner declare him a free agent . December 24, 1969 After twelve years in the Major Leagues, I do not feel I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes. I believe that any system which produces that result violates my basic rights as a citizen and is inconsistent with the laws of the United States and of

4992-618: The Vancouver Canadians (PCL) won in 1999. The Indianapolis Indians (IL) won the final series in 2000. IL and PCL teams tied in the all-time series with two wins apiece. The only American Association team to participate lost in their only series appearance. One player from the winning team was recognized for their outstanding play in the series and was given the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. Round-robin tournament A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament

5096-527: The Zephyrs ahead. New Orleans won a decisive Game 4 behind the bat of Lance Berkman , who hit three home runs and drove in six, in the 12–6 victory. Berkman, a left fielder , was voted the series MVP after he hit .467 with 3 home runs and 6 RBIs. The Charlotte Knights won the IL championship and advanced to the 1999 Triple-A World Series by defeating the Durham Bulls, 3–1. The Vancouver Canadians qualified for

5200-484: The affair, doing an end run around the Hall of Fame board of directors by exposing the Hall ;– and himself – to public criticism. Perhaps this does reflect some personal courage, and he was able to see that the right thing was done. But the Hall of Fame was also damaged. ... The message that got through to the public, loosely translated, was that the Hall of Fame was a racist institution. ... Bowie Kuhn would have been

5304-446: The algorithm obviously realizes every pair of competitors if one of them equals 1 {\displaystyle 1} (the non-moving competitor). Next, for pairs of non- 1 {\displaystyle 1} competitors, let their distance be the number k < n 2 {\displaystyle k<{\frac {n}{2}}} of times the rotation has to be carried out in order that one competitor arrives at

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5408-535: The amount of rest between games. On the other hand, when the number of competitors is odd, it does not perform so well and a different schedule is superior with respect to these measures. Alternatively Berger tables, named after the Austrian chess master Johann Berger , are widely used in the planning of tournaments. Berger published the pairing tables in his two Schach-Jahrbücher (Chess Annals), with due reference to its inventor Richard Schurig. This constitutes

5512-805: The bankruptcy. Kuhn became the Chairman of the Catholic Advisory Board of the Ave Maria Mutual Funds upon the inception of their first mutual fund, Ave Maria Catholic Values Fund, in May 2001. Bowie was a member of the Catholic organization for presidents and CEOs, Legatus , and was influential in chartering the Legatus chapter in Jacksonville, FL. Legatus later memorialized him for his dedication and service to

5616-522: The baseball commission for access to the locker room of the New York Yankees . She was denied access to the Yankees clubhouse during the 1977 World Series and asserted her 14th amendment right was violated. She won her suit. The court stated her fourteenth amendment right was violated since the Yankees clubhouse was controlled by New York City. The court also stated that her fundamental right to pursue

5720-435: The championship. A notable instance of such an event was the 1950 FIFA World Cup match between Uruguay and Brazil . Further issues arise where a round-robin is used as a qualifying round within a larger tournament. A competitor already qualified for the next stage before its last game may either not try hard (in order to conserve resources for the next phase) or even deliberately lose (if the scheduled next-phase opponent for

5824-467: The disbandment of the AA after the 1997 season, the Triple-A World Series was revived as a contest between the IL and PCL from 1998 to 2000. Held at Cashman Field in Las Vegas , Nevada , the series was discontinued after three years of poor attendance. Two of the four Triple-A World Series were won by International League teams, and two were won by Pacific Coast League teams. The Tidewater Tides (IL) won

5928-481: The end of baseball's reserve clause , yet baseball enjoyed unprecedented attendance gains (from 23 million in 1968 to 45.5 million in 1983) and television contracts during the same time frame. Kuhn suspended numerous players for involvement with drugs and gambling, and took a strong stance against any activity that he perceived to be "not in the best interests of baseball". In 1970, he suspended star Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain indefinitely (the suspension

6032-614: The event beyond the original three-year deal. At the same time, they also explored other possible neutral sites for future games, including Doubleday Field in Cooperstown, New York , home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , and Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando, Florida . Another option was a home-and-home arrangement where games would be played at the home stadiums of each participant. An agreement to keep

6136-401: The event in Las Vegas was reached during the 2000 series, but the 2001 Triple-A World Series would be reduced to a best-of-three series held on a weekend rather than on weekdays. However, this decision was reversed months later when the leagues decided to suspend the series for 2001—citing poor attendance—and find a new format for 2002. Ultimately, the Triple-A World Series was discontinued, and

6240-623: The firm represented the National League . While working in baseball's legal affairs, Kuhn served as a counselor for the NL in a lawsuit brought against it by the City of Milwaukee when the Milwaukee Braves moved to Atlanta following the 1965 season. After the owners forced out William Eckert in 1968, Kuhn seemed like a logical replacement for the job of commissioner. He, unlike Eckert, was very aware of

6344-455: The first 21 Bisons batters he faced, and Daryle Ward scored the first four runs with two 2-run home runs. Buffalo evened the series with a 9–2 win in Game Two. James Betzold, Phil Hiatt , and Jeff Manto collected two RBIs each. In Game 3, New Orleans regained the series lead with a 3–2 win in which Ken Ramos and Marc Ronan hit back-to-back home runs in the bottom of the eighth inning putting

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6448-453: The first inning of Game Two, and the score remained knotted at 1–1 until the bottom of the eighth when Indianapolis's Santiago Pérez drove in Chris Jones for a 2–1 lead. Bob Scanlan , the IL saves leader, came in the ninth to close the game. Memphis lead-off hitter Albert Pujols drew a walk and eventually scored the tieing run on Keith McDonald 's base hit. Tied 2–2 in the bottom of

6552-523: The furor would be heard by the board of directors and that the public outcry would be hard to resist. That is exactly what happened." Within a few months, the Hall of Fame board of directors changed its mind and agreed to give Paige, and future honorees of the Negro leagues selection committee, full membership in the Hall. Bill James, in his book The Politics of Glory: How Baseball's Hall of Fame Really Works , wrote that Kuhn seemed "very proud of how he handled

6656-472: The game with the Indians winning, 9–2, and taking the series, 3–1. Shortstop Santiago Pérez, who hit .462 with 2 home runs, 3 RBIs, and 4 runs, was selected as the series MVP. Two of the four Triple-A World Series were won by International League teams, and two were won by Pacific Coast League teams. The Tidewater Tides (IL) won the initial 1983 series. The New Orleans Zephyrs (PCL) won in 1998, and

6760-591: The good of the game." Ultimately, the Supreme Court, acting on stare decisis "to stand by things decided", ruled 5–3 in favor of Major League Baseball, upholding a 1922 ruling in the case of Federal Baseball Club v. National League , (259 U.S. 200). Though he had a reputation as an owners' commissioner, Kuhn did not avoid confronting at least one owner whom he disliked. He was a major adversary of Oakland Athletics owner Charles O. Finley . A major embarrassment for baseball resulted from Finley's actions during

6864-498: The idea to Columbus Clippers president George Sisler Jr. Cooper, Smith, Sisler, and American Association president Joe Ryan met that October to discuss plans for such a series. Under their proposal, the league champions of the American Association, International League, and Pacific Coast League would participate in a mulit-day round-robin tournament to determine a champion of the Triple-A classification. On October 28, representatives from all three leagues met to give final approval to

6968-474: The incident, as he remained active until his retirement following the 1983 season. Kuhn was both praised and attacked for the firm stand that he levied against offenders. However, his hardline stand on PEDs and the 1981 strike caused most of the MLB owners to turn against him. In 1983, Kuhn and his supporters made a last-ditch effort to renew his contract but ultimately failed. The owners elected Peter Ueberroth as

7072-509: The initial 1983 series. The New Orleans Zephyrs (PCL) won in 1998, and the Vancouver Canadians (PCL) won in 1999. The Indianapolis Indians (IL) won the final series in 2000. Periodically from 1904 to 1975, the champions from the top-classification leagues of Minor League Baseball met in the postseason to determine a champion amongst them. The Little World Series (1904–1931) and Junior World Series (1932–1975) usually consisted of

7176-453: The inner workings of Major League Baseball before taking office. Kuhn's closest challengers for the commissionership were Mike Burke , president of the New York Yankees ; and San Francisco Giants head of baseball operations Chub Feeney , who instead became president of the National League . At 42, Kuhn remains the youngest commissioner in history. His tenure was marked by labor strikes (most notably in 1981 ), owner disenchantment, and

7280-405: The key run in the eighth to send the series to the full five games. Vancouver won Game 5 and the series with a 16–2 rout over Charlotte. Mulder pitched a complete game, allowing two runs on seven hits, and Long and Roberto Vaz led the scoring with three RBIs apiece. Center fielder Terrence Long, who hit .429 with 9 hits and 10 RBIs, was selected as the series MVP. The Indianapolis Indians gained

7384-403: The method as simple and ingenious , attributes the solution to Felix Walecki, a teacher at Lycée Condorcet . Lucas also included an alternative solution by means of a sliding puzzle . To easily remember this method, the following mnemonic can be used. Starting from the first round, the next round is constructed: and then, If the number of players is odd, the player in the first venue gets

7488-602: The most valuable player of the 1982 World Series while playing for the Cardinals, Kuhn was on hand to congratulate him. In 1983, four players from the Kansas City Royals  – Willie Wilson , Jerry Martin , Willie Aikens , and Vida Blue  – were found guilty of cocaine use. In addition, such established stars as Ferguson Jenkins , Keith Hernandez , Dave Parker , and other veteran players such as Dale Berra , admitted to having problems with drugs. In 1980, during

7592-520: The museum in Cooperstown. Satchel Paige was selected as the initial inductee for the Negro leagues display. The decision to honor the Negro leaguers with a separate exhibit received significant criticism. Sportswriter Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "They segregated the Hall of Fame! ... To have kept Satchel Paige from playing in the white leagues for 24 years and then bar him from

7696-539: The nightcap, Portland beat Denver, 3–2. On the third day of competition, the Tides' Dwight Gooden pitched a complete game four-hitter in Game Four as Tidewater defeated Denver, 4–2. In Game Five that evening, Tidewater downed Portland, 6–3, with help from Ron Gardenhire , who drove in three runs. Going into the last day of the series, Tidewater held a 3–1 lead after playing all four of their games. Portland, at 2–1, could force

7800-403: The ninth, the Indians' Creighton Gubanich hit a walk-off home run to give Indianapolis a 3–2 win and a 2–0 series lead. Memphis staved off elimination with an 11-4 Game Three victory behind the bat of Larry Sutton , who hit two home runs. In Game Four, Indianapolis' Horacio Estrada allowed two runs in the first inning and then pitched seven scoreless frames before Scanlan came in to close out

7904-614: The organization by establishing the "Bowie Kuhn Award for Evangelization". In July 2001, Kuhn appeared on an hour-long episode of The Journey Home , in which he explained the role that his Catholic faith had played in his life and career. During a telecast of the 2004 World Series , broadcaster Joe Buck announced that just prior to his 78th birthday, Kuhn was scheduled to undergo open-heart surgery. He died on March 15, 2007, at St. Luke's Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida , after being hospitalized for several weeks with pneumonia. Kuhn

8008-532: The pearly gates on the grounds he didn't play the required 10 years [in the major leagues] is a shocking bit of insolent cynicism, a disservice to America. What is this – 1840? Either let him in the front of the hall – or move the damn thing to Mississippi." Larry Doby , the first black player in the American League, commented, "With another wing ... whatever good they've done, they've torn it down." Kuhn, in his autobiography, claimed that he "knew that

8112-496: The position the other had. In the example given ( n = 14 {\displaystyle n=14} ), 2 {\displaystyle 2} has distance 1 {\displaystyle 1} to 3 {\displaystyle 3} and to 14 {\displaystyle 14} and it has distance 6 {\displaystyle 6} to 8 {\displaystyle 8} and to 9 {\displaystyle 9} . In

8216-400: The previous row, with the exception of player n {\displaystyle n} . When the result of the addition is greater than ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} , then subtract ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} from the sum. This schedule can also be represented as a (n-1, n-1) table, expressing

8320-448: The propriety of the reserve clause , which was language in contracts that essentially prevented a player from playing with another team even after his contract expired. In response, Flood filed a lawsuit against Kuhn and Major League Baseball on January 16, 1970, alleging that Major League Baseball had violated federal antitrust laws. Flood likened the reserve clause to slavery . It was a controversial analogy, even among those who opposed

8424-494: The reserve clause. The case, Flood v. Kuhn (407 U.S. 258) eventually went to the Supreme Court . Flood's attorney, former Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg , asserted that the reserve clause depressed wages and limited players to one team for life. Major League Baseball's counsel countered that Commissioner Kuhn acted in accordance with the rules, which were set up (and therefore his duty to uphold, in so many words) '"for

8528-406: The round-robin and elimination formats, to provide a worthy champion using fewer rounds than a round-robin, while allowing draws and losses. The main disadvantage of a round robin tournament is the time needed to complete it. Unlike a knockout tournament where half of the participants are eliminated after each round, a round robin requires one round less than the number of participants. For instance,

8632-521: The round-robin major league champions are generally regarded as the "best" team in the land, rather than the cup winners, whose tournaments usually follow a single-elimination format. Moreover, in tournaments such as the FIFA or ICC World Cups, a first round stage consisting of a number of mini round robins between groups of 4 teams guards against the possibility of a team travelling possibly thousands of miles only to be eliminated after just one poor performance in

8736-408: The same position. Clearly, these pairs are pairwise different. The conclusion is that every distance- k {\displaystyle k} pair is realized. This holds for every k {\displaystyle k} , hence, every pair is realized. If there are an odd number of competitors, a dummy competitor can be added, whose scheduled opponent in a given round does not play and has

8840-550: The scheduling by attending the game, held at Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium , without an overcoat in spite of the chilly nighttime weather. Kuhn's primetime vision has been manifested, however, as all World Series games are now shown in prime time. In 1980, during the Iranian hostage crisis , Kuhn sat at a baseball game with Jeremiah Denton , a Navy admiral and former POW in Vietnam who would be elected U.S. Senator later that year from

8944-572: The season on the road in Cincinnati with a three-game series against the Cincinnati Reds . Braves management wanted him to break the record at home in Atlanta and were therefore going to have Aaron sit out the first three games of the season. But Kuhn ruled that Aaron had to play two out of three. The result was that Aaron tied Ruth's record in his very first at bat , but did not hit another home run in

9048-528: The series with a 3–1 PCL championship win over the Oklahoma RedHawks . In Game One, Vancouver reached the middle of the seventh inning with a 5–1 lead behind starting pitcher Mark Mulder . Charlotte tied the game, 5–5, in the bottom of the eighth, and walked-off with a 6–5 win after Eric Christopherson drove in Chad Mottola in the bottom of the ninth with a slow infield hit . In Game Two, Vancouver tied

9152-526: The series with a 5–4 win, with Terrence Long driving home Mike Neill with a triple in the fifth inning for the winning run. In Game Three, the Knights' Jon Garland struck out eight Canadians, allowing no earned runs, and Jeff Abbott and Jeff Liefer each homered off of Vancouver's Barry Zito , in a 4–2 victory. Vancouver answered with a 9–7 win in Game Four in which Joe Espada drove in Eric Martins for

9256-549: The series, he accumulated a .583 batting average with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs. The Buffalo Bisons qualified for the 1998 Las Vegas Triple-A World Series by winning the IL championship over the Durham Bulls , 3–2. The New Orleans Zephyrs won the PCL championship and a series berth by defeating the Calgary Cannons , 3–2. In Game One, New Orleans won against Buffalo, 7–2. Zephyrs starting pitcher John Halama retired 19 of

9360-462: The series. Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky , was selected as the site for the first Triple-A World Series because its Cardinals had set the all-time minor league attendance record that season. Through 65 games, total attendance was 1,052,438 people, for an average of over 16,000 per game. The series was to be televised on ESPN . The 1983 Triple-A World Series was played from September 15–19. The total attendance for all four dates

9464-481: The series. Kuhn did not attend the game where Aaron broke the record, citing a previous engagement. In 1977, Kuhn battled the brash new owner of the Atlanta Braves , Ted Turner . Turner admitted that he had made remarks at a cocktail party about acquiring San Francisco Giants star Gary Matthews , at a time when Kuhn had ordered owners not to speak about potential free agents. Kuhn concluded that Turner's statement

9568-613: The sixth Commissioner of Baseball, however since Ueberroth was serving at the time as president of the organizing committee for the 1984 Summer Olympics Kuhn was allowed to remain Commissioner for the 1984 regular season before leaving office. Following baseball, Kuhn returned to the law firm of Willkie Farr & Gallagher and assumed presidency of the Kent Group, a business, sports and financial consulting firm. Kuhn left Willkie, Farr & Gallagher in 1987 to join with Harvey D. Myerson,

9672-496: The sovereign States. It is my desire to play baseball in 1970 , and I am capable of playing. I have received a contract offer from the Philadelphia Club, but I believe I have the right to consider offers from other clubs before making any decisions. I, therefore, request that you make known to all Major League Clubs my feelings in this matter, and advise them of my availability for the 1970 season. Kuhn denied his request, citing

9776-462: The state of Alabama . Recalling the event to The Washington Post , Kuhn believed that "that afternoon...the idea of a lifetime baseball pass was discussed," and upon their return from Iran, each of the 52 hostages was given one of these unique passes. On October 7, 1969, the St. Louis Cardinals traded Curt Flood, catcher Tim McCarver , outfielder Byron Browne , and left-handed pitcher Joe Hoerner to

9880-603: The teams. This famously happened during the 1994 FIFA World Cup Group E , where all four teams finished with a record of one win, one draw, and one loss. This phenomenon is analogous to the Condorcet paradox in voting theory. If n {\displaystyle n} is the number of competitors, a pure round robin tournament requires n 2 ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n}{2}}\end{matrix}}(n-1)} games. If n {\displaystyle n}

9984-588: The top left corner by repeating the sequence of numbers from 1 up to n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} . Here is an example table for 7 or 8 competitors: Bowie Kuhn Bowie Kent Kuhn ( / ˈ b uː i ˈ k juː n / ; October 28, 1926 – March 15, 2007) was an American lawyer and sports administrator who served as the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball from February 4, 1969, to September 30, 1984. He served as legal counsel for Major League Baseball owners for almost 20 years prior to his election as commissioner. Kuhn

10088-435: The tournament; changes were made prior to the next Olympics to prevent a repeat of these events. Another disadvantage, especially in smaller round-robins, is the "circle of death", where teams cannot be separated on a head-to-head record. In a three-team round-robin, where A defeats B, B defeats C, and C defeats A, all three competitors will have a record of one win and one loss, and a tiebreaker will need to be used to separate

10192-437: The unavailability of some stadiums late in the year, high travel expenses, and low attendance, which led to low revenue for team owners. During the 1981 Major League Baseball strike , International League president Harold Cooper conceived the idea of a Triple-A World Series when television stations broadcast Triple-A games in the absence of major league games. In late 1982, Louisville Redbirds owner A. Ray Smith mentioned

10296-451: The victor is gradually arrived at through multiple rounds of play, teams who perform poorly, who might have been quickly eliminated from title contention, are forced to play out their remaining games. Thus games are played late in the competition between competitors with no remaining chance of success. Moreover, some later matches will pair one competitor who has something left to play for against another who does not. It may also be possible for

10400-459: Was 26,914 people, for an average of 6,728 per game. League officials believed something needed to be done to boost the series' popularity and attendance. They considered ensuring the home team's participation, playing the series before the Labor Day holiday, and moving to a new location. PCL president Bill Cutler proposed moving the series to Las Vegas for 1984. The IL supported this move, but

10504-577: Was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008. Kuhn was born in Takoma Park, Maryland , the son of Alice Waring (Roberts) and Louis Charles Kuhn, a fuel company executive. His father was a Bavarian (German) immigrant, and his mother had deep roots in Maryland. Kuhn grew up in Washington, D.C., and graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School . He then attended Franklin and Marshall College in

10608-585: Was later set at three months) due to McLain's involvement in a bookmaking operation, and later suspended McLain for the rest of the season for carrying a gun. He barred both Willie Mays (in 1979) and Mickey Mantle (in 1983) from the sport due to their involvement in casino promotion; neither was directly involved in gambling, and both were reinstated by Kuhn's successor Peter Ueberroth in 1985. Also in 1970, Kuhn described Jim Bouton 's Ball Four as "detrimental to baseball" and demanded that Bouton retract it. The book has been republished several times and

10712-420: Was not in the "best interest of baseball" and fined Turner, suspended him from baseball for one year, and penalized his club with the loss of a draft choice. Turner sued but both the trial and appellate courts refused to grant Turner relief, emphasizing the limited-extent of judicial review over baseball and the commissioner's office. In 1977, Melissa Ludtke , a reporter for Sports Illustrated , sued Kuhn and

10816-464: Was played in four games from September 21–25. The average attendance was 3,368 people per game. Attendance at the 1999 series, played in five games from September 20–25, improved slightly to 4,002 per game. The average attendance at the four-game 2000 series, held from September 18–21, dropped to an all-time low of 2,311. Before the 2000 Triple-A World Series, IL and PCL officials entered into negotiations with officials from Las Vegas about continuing

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