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49-398: Initial plans in 1635 were for a student church at Regensen , the dormitory for students at Copenhagen University, but the following year, new plans emerged with the corner of Landemærket and Købmagergade earmarked for the church location, as it was decided to include the church in a complex extending to a church library and an astronomical observatory. The humanistically inspired combination

98-548: A ceiling 12 metres (40 ft) high. The foundations were local laterite blocks. The walls, which are massive, were made of Dutch bricks that had been brought as ballast in ships from the Netherlands, and they were coated with Chinese plaster. On the island of Sint Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles , the houses were built from local volcanic stone, from imported wood, or from red or yellow Dutch brick imported from

147-660: A flaw or sign of decay, and apparently as firm and sound as when first laid in the wall". Houses found today in Zeeland are closer in appearance to the fine Dutch brick houses of New York than are houses from other parts of the Netherlands. Brick farm houses built separately from barns are found in Zeeland, but none have survived in other locations. Unlike the common practice in New York, the farm houses in Zeeland do not have separate outside doors for each room. The Dutch also used bricks to pave

196-651: A form like a fleur-de-lis . Dutch bricks and brickwork were also imported and utilized in other colonies throughout the Dutch Empire in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Fort Zeelandia was built on a small island off Tainan in Formosa ( Taiwan ) between 1624 and 1634 after the Dutch acquired Formosa from China as a trading colony. It was built using bricks from Batavia ( Jakarta ), where

245-573: A house built in 1664 for mariner Robert Plumleigh had traditional timber-framed architecture but included elaborate star-shaped chimney stacks made from imported Dutch brick. Houses in Topsham, Devon , also used Dutch brick for chimneys, window heads and dressing. One house from the late 17th century in Dutch Court in Topsham is built entirely of Dutch brick. The ports of Exeter and Topsham both shipped wool to

294-441: A large Baroque clock (1757). The church was refurbished in 1763. The Trinitatis Complex was hit during the 1807 British bombardment of Copenhagen , and damaged by major fires. Four bombs struck the library, but did not penetrate through to the church. Thanks to the efforts of churchwarden Tvermoes, injuries were minimized. Building repairs amounted to relatively modest 3,000 rigsdaler. Alterations were necessary in 1817 to celebrate

343-669: A massy basement of hewn granite". Sans Souci , the palace built for Frederick the Great in Potsdam , was built with a facade of rich red Dutch brick. In recent years the Dutch brick industry has attracted unwelcome attention from the European Union (EU) competition authorities. In the early 1990s the industry had excess capacity due to technological advances, competition from other materials and an economic slowdown. Producers with combined market share of 90% agreed to reduce capacity, shutting down

392-399: A more permanent type, basically consisting of two walls one metre and a half thick. Ovens could hold up to a million bricks. Masonry bricks were fired between 900 °C (1,650 °F) and 1,125 °C (2,057 °F), klinkers between 1,150 °C (2,100 °F) and 1,250 °C (2,280 °F). Typically, bricks were baked at low heat for two weeks to remove all remaining moisture from

441-614: A small fee was introduced, which helps to contribute toward the cost of utilities, which today is around DKK 1,600 per month. This is still well under housing price levels in Copenhagen and Regensen thus continues to provide financial stability for its students. This is why living in Regensen is considered as a scholarship. It is the second oldest of the old dormitories of the University of Copenhagen, and many old student traditions live on making

490-415: A wood frame with brick walls as a decorative shell. They each have two parapet gables edged with "mouse toothing" ornamental brickwork. All the Dutch brick buildings used iron wall anchors spread across several bricks to tie the brick shell to the wooden frame of the house. Sometimes the anchor gives the date of construction. The brickwork of the houses incorporated various designs including spear shapes and

539-404: A year, two scholarships for foreign students are awarded in honour of Jonas Thomsen Sekyere. Many of Denmark's major social and political debates through the ages have taken shape in the college, through the many prominent alumni ranging from scientists to dramatists, novelists, poets and politicians. Regensen is also characterised by an intricate calendar of special feast days that are observed in

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588-574: Is possible that the terms "Dutch brick" and "English brick" referred to the size of the locally-made bricks, with the Dutch bricks being the smaller. However, in New Netherland there are records of brick being imported from the Netherlands as ballast in 1633, and of continued shipments until the American Revolution (1765–1783). Bricks were being fired in New Amsterdam (New York) by 1628, but

637-535: The Dutch East India Company had its headquarters. After a siege in 1662, the Dutch surrendered the fort to Koxinga , a Ming dynasty general. The fort was destroyed by an explosion in 1873 when a shell from a British warship blew up the ammunition storehouse. The masonry was later used for other purposes. All that remains is part of the southern wall. The Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town , South Africa,

686-462: The 300th anniversary of the Reformation . It was determined that the church's main entrance, the southwest portal, did not have suitable access through the fence wall and the cemetery for the procession of priests and professors who would join the festivities, so the north face became the church front. The small shops on the corner of Landemærket were closed, as was the remainder of the cemetery north of

735-582: The Dutch style was said to date from the American Revolution. If so, it would have been one of the last genuine Dutch-style houses to be built in the United States, reflecting the conservative Dutch culture of Albany at that time. Most of the surviving "Dutch Colonial" houses in New York do not in fact follow Dutch architectural practices, but there are seven in Albany County that do. The houses have

784-616: The Great Hall with a complex array of festive traditions. 55°40′52″N 12°34′30″E  /  55.68111°N 12.57500°E  / 55.68111; 12.57500 Dutch brick Dutch brick (Dutch: IJsselsteen ) is a small type of red brick made in the Netherlands , or similar brick, and an architectural style of building with brick developed by the Dutch . The brick, made from clay dug from river banks or dredged from river beds of

833-520: The Netherlands, and the returning ships brought bricks as ballast from Amsterdam or Rotterdam . Trinity College, Dublin , Ireland, founded in 1591, was originally built of red Dutch brick. Jigginstown House in Naas , County Kildare, Ireland, was built by John Allen for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1593–1641) using Dutch brick "of the most superior manufacture". The Red House in Youghal , Ireland,

882-633: The Royal House ) is a residential college for students at the University of Copenhagen and Technical University of Denmark (DTU). It is situated in the heart of the old city, right next to the Rundetårn (the Round Tower). Commissioned by King Christian IV and inaugurated by Royal Charter by on 1 July 1623, Regensen has for centuries provided a unique living and working environment for 100 students. Some of

931-489: The Rundetårn tower, which has a spiraling ramp to the top. Other features include buttresses and high granite plinths . The eastern sections have rounded corners. An original rectangular window is near the library floor. The tower originally had arched window openings. On the roof there were dormer windows in two rows. There were four gateways to the church, two on the north side and two on the south side. The church's south side

980-420: The bottom could dry; this work was often done by women and children. Often it was the women who did the much heavier labour of moving the dried bricks to the ovens, hauling wheelbarrows with loads of up to 80 kilogrammes, and stacking and preparing the ovens and tending to the fire (which burned peat or coal ). Ovens came in two types—a single-use construction of the kind used in the production of charcoal , and

1029-458: The bricks ranged in colour from yellow or red to blue or black. An account of New York published in 1685 said, "The town is broad, built with Dutch brick, consisting of above five hundred houses, the meanest not valued under an hundred pounds". A New Englander who visited New York in 1704, forty years after the Dutch had yielded the town to the British, admired the appearance of the glazed brickwork of

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1078-428: The building's appearance. The current exterior dates to the 1870 renovation. The interior is painted white. It consists of a nave with two lofty aisles and a chancel with a three-sided termination. Shaped as a longhouse, it is divided by eight pillars, the easternmost having chamfered corners. The roof was originally covered with slate. A flèche over the chancel houses the bells. The building's west end integrates

1127-579: The buildings burned down along with the rest city in the Great Fire of Copenhagen in 1728, but was rebuilt the same year. Regensen's mission is to provide housing to talented yet non-privileged students at the University of Copenhagen (KU) and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Until the 1980s, the foundation behind Regensen, Kommunitetet, provided free housing and a scholarship for students chosen for admission. Because of financial difficulties,

1176-468: The choir. The roof was refurbished in 1848-49 without affecting its appearance. In 1861, the university library moved from the church attic to Johan Daniel Herholdt 's library building in Fiolstræde . External renovations occurred 1869-71 by a design of Niels Sigfred Nebelong in connection with a change in the church's patronage. The sacristy on the south side of the chorus was removed and a new one built by

1225-403: The church. The original portals were replaced with new ones, designed by Peder Malling . The eastern entrance was also reopened, having been bricked up for a number of years. A major restoration was completed in 1834-35 by Gustav Friedrich Hetsch , funded by a bequest from Christopher Hauschildt. Most of the work took place inside the building, including a vestry , detached on the south side of

1274-649: The clay, and then for four weeks at a higher temperature, followed by two weeks of cooling down. Since the klinker was partially vitrified by being fired at a higher temperature it was harder than the standard. Klinkers were imported into England for use as paving. Small, yellow Dutch bricks used to be imported into the United States, and as of 1840 there were still old buildings in New York faced in these bricks. They were considered superior in appearance and in durability. An 1888 report noted that "in New York and other Atlantic cities we find houses built of brick brought from Holland [sic] fully two hundred years ago, without

1323-606: The east and around the world. The Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town , South Africa, was built in 1666, and its entrance was made of the small yellow bricks called ijselstene ( IJssel stones). Christ Church in Malacca , Malaysia, the oldest Dutch church building outside the Netherlands, was made of Dutch bricks that had been brought as ballast in ships from the Netherlands, coated with Chinese plaster. The word "brick" may be of Dutch origin. A 1901 dictionary of architecture defines "brick" as "a regularly shaped piece of clay hardened in

1372-478: The east gable, measuring approximately 3 by 6 metres (9.8 ft × 19.7 ft), with cut corners; it was transformed into a priest room in 1960. The notable chamber choir dates to 1993. The original church consisted of a high, long brick building without much adornment, constructed of small Dutch bricks . The brickwork was laid in a cross-linking pattern of yellow and red stripes, obscured by accumulated dirt. Alterations and repairs in 1675 may have changed

1421-546: The end of the season, adding to the municipal burdens: "As the number of brick kilns increases, so does poverty", according to the 1873 report of the Ubbergen municipality, near Nijmegen , on the Waal river . The clay for the bricks was dug from river banks (of the Waal, Rhine , and IJssel rivers) and other open-air locations, and was left outside (in a mound called the kleibult ) through

1470-477: The fire of 1728, the Trinitatis Church was not as badly damaged as other churches in the city. The roof structure was ignited, a spire crashed into the library, punching a hole in some of the arches of the church. The university library was burnt. Church walls and vaults withstood the fire and subsequent repairs did not decisively change the church's appearance. A new cornice and spire were required. The new roof

1519-586: The houses of "diverse coullers and laid in Checkers". In 1845 there was still a one-story Dutch brick house built in 1696 in Flatbush, Brooklyn . The date and the owner's initials were formed by blue and red glazed bricks. A view of part of Albany, New York , as it was in 1814 shows a mixture of Dutch, English and Federal styles, although Dutch brick was reportedly used for one of the English-style houses. One house in

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1568-437: The imported bricks were of better quality. At first the bricks were used only for chimneys, but they were later used to face the lower story of the house, and then the entire house. Most of the surviving " Dutch Colonial " houses in New York do not in fact follow Dutch architectural practices, but there are several examples in Albany County which do. Bricks were also exported by the Dutch for major buildings in their colonies in

1617-475: The imported bricks were of better quality. At first, the bricks were used only for chimneys, but they were later used to face the lower story of the house, and then the entire house. Dutch brickmakers emigrated to New Netherland, where they built kilns for firing bricks locally. In New Amsterdam, brick was used for the director general's house, the counting house, the city tavern and other important buildings. Houses were gable-ended, often with stepped designs, and

1666-460: The library space above the nave needed a certain church size. The foundation stone was laid July 7, 1637, and the Round Tower was completed in 1642. The church was consecrated on Trinity Sunday 1656. The Copenhagen University Library was installed in the church loft in 1657. After marrying the widow of J.M. Radeck in 1685, Christian Geist assumed Radeck's organist position at the church. During

1715-419: The low-paid workers involved in the industry were as marginal socially as the manufacturing industry geographically—the raw materials were gathered on river banks, and the firing of the bricks took place well away from towns and farms to lessen any nuisance caused by fire and smoke. Workers, as was noted in municipal reports, often already belonged to the lower levels of society and were frequently simply let go at

1764-504: The older and inefficient plants. The producers compensated those who closed plants. However, the agreement also included fixing production quotas and fining members who produced more than their quota. The members of what was in effect a cartel were forced to drop the quota agreement by the EU. Imported Dutch brick was often used in buildings in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Dartmouth ,

1813-638: The place very lively. Danish citizens studying at the University of Copenhagen or the Technical University of Denmark who have completed two years of full-time studies (120 ECTS points) and have an average grade of at least 7 (in the Danish grading system ), can be considered for admission to one of its 100 rooms. Applications are open twice a year, corresponding with the start of the Spring and Autumn semesters. Applications are typically quite competitive, with more than 200 applications for around 5 to 10 spots. Since 2013, once

1862-608: The river IJssel and fired over a long period of time, was known for its durability and appearance. Traditional Dutch brick architecture is characterized by rounded or stepped gables. The bricks were imported as ballast into Great Britain and the colonies in the east of America. Trinity College, Dublin , Ireland, founded in 1591, was originally built of red Dutch brick. Dutch brickmakers emigrated to New Netherland in America, where they built kilns for firing bricks locally. Bricks were being burned in New Amsterdam (New York) by 1628, but

1911-655: The roads, or chaussees , in the Netherlands. By the 1640s the Dutch were considered to be the leaders in Europe both in making bricks and in bricklaying. The Summer Garden in Saint Petersburg , Russia, exhibits the work of Dutch brickmakers and bricklayers. Saint Michael's Castle , built in Saint Petersburg between 1797 and 1801 for the Emperor Paul I , is "an enormous quadrangular pile, of red Dutch brisk, rising from

1960-474: The shaped bricks. Child labour was common in the industry: until well into the nineteenth century children eight years old and younger worked 16 hours per day, and children four years old stacked and carried bricks for hours at a stretch. Molds were moistened with water and strewn with sand to enable the shaped brick to be more easily removed. The "raw" or "green" stones were laid out in long rows to dry and when they were dry enough they were stood up on their side so

2009-464: The sun or by the heat of a kiln and intended for building; commonly one of very many pieces of uniform size". The "Dutch Brick" is described as "a hard, light-coloured brick originally made in Holland [sic] and used in England for pavements; hence a similar brick made in England". Until well into the twentieth century the manufacture of brick in the Netherlands (and elsewhere) used manual labour mostly, and

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2058-408: The winter so that any organic material could decay; the weather (rain, frost, drought) helped make the clay more manageable. At the end of this period the clay was mixed with sand and other materials, a process done by foot, by workers stomping on the clay. It was then molded into the proper shape by an artisan, the tichelaar ("brickmaker"). Children handed the brickmaker the raw material and removed

2107-480: Was added on the church grounds as evidenced by Geddes' 1757 map of the neighborhood. After the Copenhagen Fire of 1795 , which did not affect Trinitatis Church, a mandate for fire insurance was imposed. As the premium was substantial for the church's small resources, the church attorney, Nicolaj Christoffer Kall , suggested building shops on church property and renting them out to help increase revenues. The proposal

2156-553: Was approved and construction began in 1798. Most of the cemetery north of the church was involved, and the shops were built along Købmagergade from the Round Tower to Landemærket, and further along Landemærket. Positioned on the south side of the church, features include a burial vault (1870) and granite tiles (1928-29). 55°40′54″N 12°34′34″E  /  55.681667°N 12.576111°E  / 55.681667; 12.576111 Regensen Regensen (original Latin name: Collegium Domus Regiæ , English : The College of

2205-524: Was built in 1666. The gateway was built in 1682, with a pediment and two pilasters of grey-blue stone, and an entrance made of the small yellow bricks called ijseltene ( IJssel stones). Christ Church, Malacca , Malaysia, is the oldest Dutch church building outside the Netherlands. It was built by the local Dutch burghers after the town had been taken from the Portuguese, and was completed in 1753. The church covers 25 by 12 metres (82 by 41 ft), with

2254-643: Was built of red Dutch brick in 1710 by the Dutch architect Leuventhal for the Uniacke family. In general, bricks were not imported to the American colonies. Probably none were imported to Virginia and Maryland, but in New England there was one possible example in New Haven , and there are records documenting the shipment of 10,000 bricks to Massachusetts Bay in 1628 and several thousand bricks being shipped to New Sweden . It

2303-574: Was covered with black glazed tiles. New dormer windows were inserted but only in one row. The interior bases and capitals of the columns and arches were repaired. All wood furnishings were replaced, and the floor was covered with tiles from Öland . The reconstruction was in Northern Gothic-Baroque style. The church was rededicated October 7, 1731 and the remains of the university library were moved again. The furnishings were renewed with an altarpiece and pulpit by Friederich Ehbisch (1731) and

2352-506: Was from a commission of Christian IV. There were three builders, namely Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger , Leonhard Blasius , and Albertus Mathiesen . At the time of construction, the church was the second largest in the city, second only to the Church of Our Lady . As the church was only intended to be used by university students and professors, it may appear oversized, but all indications are that

2401-542: Was originally considered the front. As in a village church, the choir was set in the east, and the tower in the west, although the Round Tower was not part of the church. There are vaulted ceilings. The sanctuary was divided by two rows of seven columns in the longitudinal direction matching the church's exterior. What once functioned as the Library Hall now serves as an exhibition gallery and venue for classical concerts. The Marcussen & Søn organ dates to 1956. A cemetery

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