16-663: See text The Trigonoceratidae is a family of coiled nautiloid cephalopods that lived during the period from the Early Carboniferous ( Mississippian ) to the Early Permian . Trigonoceratidae comprise members of the order Nautilida characterized by a loosely coiled to evolute shell generally bearing longitudinal ribs or ridges with a whorl section that is oval to subquadrate and varying from compressed (squeezed) to depressed (flattened). (Kummel 1964) The Trigonoceratidae along with four other related families are combined in
32-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
48-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
64-498: A plant family known as the walnut family . They are trees , or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales . Members of this family are native to the Americas , Eurasia , and Southeast Asia . The nine or ten genera in the family have a total of around 50 species, and include the commercially important nut -producing trees walnut ( Juglans ), pecan ( Carya illinoinensis ), and hickory ( Carya ). The Persian walnut, Juglans regia ,
80-766: A ventral saddle: Chouteauoceras and Leuroceras . Ventral saddles are also found in the Centroceratidae in Carlloceras and Phacoceras , in the Grypoceratidae in Stenopoceras and Parastenopoceras , and in the Syringonautilidae .( ibid Kummel) Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It
96-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes
112-454: Is one of the major nut crops of the world. Walnut, hickory, and gaulin are also valuable timber trees while pecan wood is also valued as cooking fuel. Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea . The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long. The trees are wind-pollinated , and
128-888: Is unique among the Trigonoceratidae in the Treatise . It is the only genus included that has a subtriangular whorl section consisting of a broad concave venter and narrow dorsum. The remaining can be divided on the basis of shell morphology into those that are smooth, at least on the outer whorl, those with numerous equal longitudinal ribs or lirae, and those with prominent longitudinal ridges separated by wide grooves or sulci.( ibid Kummel) Those with smooth whorls include Leuroceras and Mesochasmoceras ; those with numerous longitudinal ribs or lirae include Chouteauoceras , Discitoceras , and Rineceras ; and those with prominent, wide spaced, longitudinal ridges are such as Stroboceras and Vestinautilus . Trigonoceratid genera can also be grouped on
144-455: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Juglandaceae See text The Juglandaceae are
160-748: The Superfamily Trigonocerataceae in the Treatise,( ibid Kummel) a superfamily. They are also the Triboloceratidae (Flower and Kummel, 1950) which form the Tribolocerataceae within the Centroceratina of the Osnovy according to Shimansky. The Trigonocerataceae and Centroceratina are essentially equivalent as are the Trigonoceratidae and Triboloceratidae. The Trigonerceratidae were derived from
176-461: The basis of the suture which may be essentially straight and transverse or slightly sinuous, or may have a well defined ventral lobe, or a ventral saddle. Those with straight or slightly sinuous sutures are Apogonoceras , Diodoroceras , Discitocdras , Rineceras , Stroboceras , and Thrincoceras ; with a discernible ventral lobe: Aphelaeceras , Epistroboceras , Lispoceras , Maccoyoceras , Pararineceras , Subclymenia , and Vestinutilus ; and with
SECTION 10
#1732858047318192-864: The core Centroceratidae (basis for the name Centroceratina ) early in the Mississippian along with the longer lived Grypoceratidae . Of the five families of the Trigonocerataceae, the Trigonoceratidae was defined first, by Hyatt in 1884, hence the choice of name. Seventeen trigonoceratid genera are listed in the Treatise. All but one are found in the Lower Carboniferous of Europe and equivalent Mississippian of North America.( ibid Kummel) Mississippian Genera from North America alone Mississippian Genera from North America and Europe (L Carb) Mississippian (L Carb) Genera from Europe Lower Permian Central Asia Trigonoceras , type genus, named by Hyatt, 1844,
208-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
224-512: The flowers are usually arranged in catkins . The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with drupes but are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. The known living genera are grouped into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes as follows: Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest
240-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
256-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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