TrentonWorks is an industrial manufacturing facility located in the town of Trenton, Nova Scotia , Canada .
101-628: This collection of factories on the bank of the East River of Pictou has witnessed a large variety of industrial operations, ranging from steel making (the first steel plant in Canada), rolling mills, forging, shipbuilding, munitions manufacturing, rivets and bolts, and most recently (and longest lasting) rail cars. The extensive plant was converted to manufacture wind turbine components for South Korean industrial conglomerate Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in its first foray into North America; this
202-532: A 3-year period, beginning with the Trenton steel mill which saw 2 rolling mills added to the plant in 1910. This was followed in 1911 when the Trenton plant saw a massive investment in equipment to manufacture and machine heavy forgings. In 1912 SCOTIA established the Eastern Car Company and opened a massive factory to build railway cars on the Trenton site adjacent to the steel mill and forge operations, reputedly
303-402: A blade length up to 80 meters (260 ft). Designs with 10 to 12 MW were in preparation in 2018, and a "15 MW+" prototype with three 118-metre (387 ft) blades is planned to be constructed in 2022. The average hub height of horizontal axis wind turbines is 90 meters. Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this arrangement
404-736: A charter to build westward to the mouth of the Skeena River was alarmed, but in no hurry, because it believed the GTPR would choose one of the more northerly passes to cross the Canadian Rockies , leaving the Yellowhead Pass for the CNoR. Despite promptings, the GTP was unwilling to collaborate with the CNoR in any joint construction. In 1905, CNoR reached Edmonton , just as part of the old NWT had changed into
505-441: A condition for further funding, the government became the majority shareholder. On September 6, 1918, the directors, Mackenzie and Mann, resigned, replaced by a government-appointed board. Subsequently, CNoR executive David Blyth Hanna and his team managed not only CNoR operations but also the federally owned Canadian Government Railways (CGR). On December 20, 1918, a Privy Council order directed CNoR and CGR to be managed under
606-468: A full replacement by carbon fiber would save 80% of weight but increase costs by 150%, while a 30% replacement would save 50% of weight and increase costs by 90%. Hybrid reinforcement materials include E-glass/carbon, E-glass/aramid. The current longest blade by LM Wind Power is made of carbon/glass hybrid composites. More research is needed about the optimal composition of materials. Canadian Northern Railway The Canadian Northern Railway ( CNoR )
707-441: A gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator. Some turbines use a different type of generator suited to slower rotational speed input. These don't need a gearbox and are called direct-drive, meaning they couple the rotor directly to the generator with no gearbox in between. While permanent magnet direct-drive generators can be more costly due to
808-412: A greater friction moment and thus a lower power coefficient. The air velocity is the major contributor to the turbine efficiency. This is the reason for the importance of choosing the right location. The wind velocity will be high near the shore because of the temperature difference between the land and the ocean. Another option is to place turbines on mountain ridges. The higher the wind turbine will be,
909-501: A large part of SCOTIA's customer base was lost, the war had other opportunities and SCOTIA established a shipyard on part of its Trenton property fronting the East River of Pictou, constructing 6 steam-powered cargo ships as part of the war effort, totalling 10,395 tons. The factories were re-tooled and soon began producing artillery and naval shells. With the war entering a stalemate as the Central Powers were increasingly contained by
1010-474: A lower blade speed ratio, which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used. These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if there are at least three scoops. Twisted Savonius is a modified savonius, with long helical scoops to provide smooth torque. This
1111-572: A series of batteries . The batteries powered various electrical tools and lamps, as well as a threshing machine. Friedländer's windmill and its accessories were prominently installed at the north entrance to the main exhibition hall (" Rotunde ") in the Vienna Prater . In July 1887, Scottish academic James Blyth installed a battery-charging machine to light his holiday home in Marykirk , Scotland. Some months later, American inventor Charles F. Brush
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#17328554972931212-417: A stable environment. Different materials have varying effects on the efficiency of wind turbines. In an Ege University experiment, three wind turbines, each with three blades with a diameter of one meter, were constructed with blades made of different materials: A glass and glass/carbon epoxy , glass/carbon, and glass/polyester. When tested, the results showed that the materials with higher overall masses had
1313-453: A trans-Pacific service were mothballed. In 1914, to develop a resort on Grand Beach , CNoR bought a 150-acre (0.61 km ) homestead north of Winnipeg on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, By 1914, with the company's financial predicament threatening the solvency of its major financier, the Bank of Commerce , the CNoR appealed for government help. The last spike of the CNoR transcontinental railway
1414-419: Is a major drawback. Vertical turbine designs have much lower efficiency than standard horizontal designs. The key disadvantages include the relatively low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient , the 360-degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on
1515-507: Is approximately 50 cars per week. The TrentonWorks plant is currently operating below capacity due to decreased demand for new railcars with currently employment levels at 200 workers, however peak employment has ranged beyond 1,100 workers in recent years. Greenbrier had previously purchased two railcar manufacturing plants in Mexico , which had substantially lower operating costs in terms of taxation and employee salaries and benefits. Rumours about
1616-431: Is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. While wind speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites, noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the additional stress. Subtypes of the vertical axis design include: "Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after
1717-623: Is determined by the stiffness of fibers and their volume content. Typically, E-glass fibers are used as main reinforcement in the composites. Typically, the glass/epoxy composites for wind turbine blades contain up to 75% glass by weight. This increases the stiffness, tensile and compression strength. A promising composite material is glass fiber with modified compositions like S-glass, R-glass etc. Other glass fibers developed by Owens Corning are ECRGLAS, Advantex and WindStrand. Carbon fiber has more tensile strength, higher stiffness and lower density than glass fiber. An ideal candidate for these properties
1818-574: Is often used as a rooftop wind turbine and has even been adapted for ships . Airborne wind turbines consist of wings or a small aircraft tethered to the ground. They are useful for reaching faster winds above which traditional turbines can operate. There are prototypes in operation in east Africa. These are offshore wind turbines that are supported by a floating platform. By having them float, they are able to be installed in deeper water allowing more of them. This also allows them to be further out of sight from land and therefore less public concern about
1919-422: Is reportedly the first foray into North America by DSME and it is contingent upon a $ 20 million investment by the company, as well as a $ 60 million investment by the provincial government and a $ 10 million investment by the federal government. In addition to global export potential of wind turbine components, there is a strong local demand growing for these products; Nova Scotia Power has been recently mandated by
2020-520: Is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance. However, these designs produce much less energy averaged over time, which
2121-448: Is the spar cap, a structural element of a blade that experiences high tensile loading. A 100-metre (330 ft) glass fiber blade could weigh up to 50 tonnes (110,000 lb), while using carbon fiber in the spar saves 20% to 30% weight, about 15 tonnes (33,000 lb). Instead of making wind turbine blade reinforcements from pure glass or pure carbon, hybrid designs trade weight for cost. For example, for an 8-metre (26 ft) blade,
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#17328554972932222-852: The Allies in a brutal trench warfare on the Western Front , demand for steel began to decrease. SCOTIA was taken over by new investors from the United States in 1917 and the steel mill in Sydney Mines was closed and iron ore production in Newfoundland was transferred to its rival Dominion Steel Corporation of Sydney . SCOTIA was reduced to operating its coal mines in Cape Breton Island and Pictou County, along with its extensive steel and manufacturing operations in Trenton. The fall-out from World War I and
2323-511: The Government of Nova Scotia to increase its green energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and is predicted to be a major customer of the DSME wind turbines produced at TrentonWorks. The venture operated at the site using the logo DSTN and manufacturing towers for wind turbines, subsea structures for tidal power facilities, and pressure vessels for the oil and gas sector. The company
2424-471: The Mount Royal Tunnel project. CNoR was heavily indebted to banks and governments, and its profitable branchlines in the prairie provinces — "Canada's breadbasket" — would not generate enough revenue to cover construction costs in other areas. Unable to meet its debts, the company became desperate for financial aid. In 1917, the federal government effectively took control of the company. As
2525-428: The "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and the most favorable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic , hydro , geothermal , coal and gas energy sources. Smaller wind turbines are used for applications such as battery charging and remote devices such as traffic warning signs. Larger turbines can contribute to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to
2626-497: The 11th and 12th centuries; there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190. By the 14th century, Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta. Advanced wind turbines were described by Croatian inventor Fausto Veranzio in his book Machinae Novae (1595). He described vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V-shaped blades. The first electricity-generating wind turbine
2727-476: The 1890s and 1900s had been relatively frugal, largely by acquiring bankrupt companies or finishing failed construction projects. By the 1910s, significant expenses were accumulating. The CNoR started construction west of Edmonton in 1910, fully two years later than GTPR. The construction through the Rockies, which was expensive, largely paralleled the GTPR line of 1911, creating about 100 miles of duplication. However,
2828-558: The 1890s, they reached Swan River , and continued building north between the Porcupine Hills to the west and Lake Winnipegosis to the east. In 1900, Mackenzie and Mann directed this northern line west into the Northwest Territories (later Saskatchewan ), where it eventually terminated at E.R. Wood (later Erwood ). This northwestern line mainly carried lumber and was extended to Melfort between 1903 and 1905. In 1907,
2929-602: The 7th century. These " Panemone " were vertical axle windmills, which had long vertical drive shafts with rectangular blades. Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries. Wind power first appeared in Europe during the Middle Ages . The first historical records of their use in England date to
3030-512: The Betz limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating speed. Efficiency can decrease slightly over time, one of the main reasons being dust and insect carcasses on the blades, which alter the aerodynamic profile and essentially reduce the lift to drag ratio of the airfoil . Analysis of 3128 wind turbines older than 10 years in Denmark showed that half of the turbines had no decrease, while
3131-563: The Canadian Parliament pressured Mackenzie and Mann to continue building more rail towards Hudson Bay. In that year, they created a junction on the Erwood to Melfort line near the mouth of the Etoimami river, where Fort Red Deer River existed, and a line was extended north to The Pas . By 1910, the settlement at this junction was renamed Hudson Bay Junction , and the line was completed between
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3232-613: The Eastern Car Company. Finally, 1913 also saw SCOTIA establish a bolt and rivet factory to the entire complex. The arrival of World War I saw railway investment cease in Canada and those industries spiralled toward bankruptcy which resulted in the federal government nationalizing several insolvent companies to which it had lent financial support, resulting in the creation of the Canadian National Railways in 1918. Although
3333-466: The French inventor, Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades, which results in greater solidity of
3434-701: The New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway Company purchased rights to some of the Wabana ore deposit for a long-term supply. That year also saw the New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway Company merge with the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company to form the Nova Scotia Steel Company , revamping a name used in the previous decade. To maintain production, the company found that coal from the Pictou Coal Field
3535-656: The Skeena, the CNoR accepted BC government subsidies to switch to the Vancouver area. When the GTPR selected the Yellowhead route, CNoR protests created some delay but could not overturn he decision. In 1911, CNoR workers started on a townsite named Port Mann on the Fraser River. This townsite would accommodate new car shops, and from there, rail-lines would extend to Vancouver and the Fraser River delta. CNoR's initial expansion in
3636-563: The Stony Plain line meant frequent crossings over the Grand Trunk Pacific line which had been laid in the meantime. Instead CNoR decided to leave Edmonton through St. Albert. (A bump on 124th Street near Stony Plain Road is remnant of the constructed but abandoned road-bed.) CNoR's terminus on the coast changed over time. Rather than competing with the GTPR in having a terminal at the mouth of
3737-472: The Toronto – Parry Sound line to Ottawa and on to Montreal . In 1910 a direct Toronto–Montreal line was built. In 1911, federal funding enabled construction of the line Montreal – Ottawa – Capreol – Port Arthur. In 1912, with GTR and CPR holding the ideal southern routes around Mount Royal to downtown Montreal, CNoR started building a double-tracked mainline north by excavating the Mount Royal Tunnel . In 1910
3838-786: The Trenton railcar plant and forge operation were sold to Lavalin Industries , a subsidiary of Lavalin Group from Montreal , Quebec which organized the plant and forge under the name Trenton Works Lavalin Inc. ; Trenton Works Lavalin Inc. being grouped with other Lavalin Group factories in Ontario under the name UTDC Inc. The demise of Lavalin Group/Groupe in December 1991 saw Trenton Works Lavalin Inc. and other operating units facing an uncertain future. Faced with
3939-519: The Trenton railcar plant and forge were operated much as before, however railcar manufacturing at Trenton increased dramatically during the late 1990s and early 2000s as the North American freight car fleet underwent significant expansion and replacement; Canada's record low exchange rates made Trenton a very profitable and low-cost production facility for Greenbrier during this time. Canada's rising exchange rate and decreasing demand for new railcars by
4040-544: The U.S. border at Pembina, North Dakota , and east to Ontario . The Canadian Northern Railway was established, on January 13, 1899 and all railway companies owned by Mackenzie and Mann (primarily in Manitoba) were consolidated into the new entity. CNoR's first step toward competing directly with CPR came at the start of the 20th century with the decision to build a line linking the Prairie Provinces with Lake Superior at
4141-414: The United States from 5 kilowatts (kW) to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping. By the 1930s, use of wind turbines in rural areas was declining as the distribution system extended to those areas. A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta , USSR, in 1931. This
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4242-599: The acquisition of branchlines in southwestern Nova Scotia (the Halifax and Southwestern Railway ) and western Cape Breton Island (the Inverness and Richmond Railway ). Other acquisitions were in southern Ontario and a connecting line was built from Toronto to Parry Sound . In 1908, a line, which under later CN ownership was known as the Alderdale Subdivision , was built east from a connection at Capreol, Ontario , on
4343-686: The acronym SCOTIA. SCOTIA immediately sought economies of scale and reductions in unprofitable parts of the company. In 1904 the Ferrona blast furnaces were closed and the last steel poured. By the end of the decade, the last railway boom in Canada was underway with the simultaneous transcontinental railway expansions of the Canadian Northern Railway , Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the National Transcontinental Railway . SCOTIA made significant investments in its properties over
4444-443: The air arrives at the turbine. The maximum theoretical power output of a wind machine is thus 16 ⁄ 27 times the rate at which kinetic energy of the air arrives at the effective disk area of the machine. If the effective area of the disk is A, and the wind velocity v, the maximum theoretical power output P is: where ρ is the air density . Wind-to-rotor efficiency (including rotor blade friction and drag ) are among
4545-430: The blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype. When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop mounted turbine tower
4646-570: The blades snapped off. The unit was not repaired, because of a shortage of materials during the war. The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the UK was built by John Brown & Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands . In the early 1970s, however, anti-nuclear protests in Denmark spurred artisan mechanics to develop microturbines of 22 kW despite declines in the industry. Organizing owners into associations and co-operatives led to
4747-414: The blades upwind of the tower ( i.e. blades facing the incoming wind) produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the world today. These turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane , while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw system. Most have
4848-424: The closure of Greenbrier's railcar manufacturing operation at the facility in 2007, the provincial and federal governments began looking for a buyer to return industrial activity to the site. On March 5, 2010, the provincial government announced an agreement had been reached with Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) to reopen the plant and re-tool it to manufacture components for wind turbines. This
4949-403: The collapse of new railway construction in Canada saw a syndicate of British investors led by Montreal , Quebec industrialist Roy M. Wolvin negotiate a takeover of SCOTIA's rival Dominion Steel Corporation in 1919. These investors proposed a $ 500 million merger of Dominion Steel Corporation, along with various British steel and shipbuilding interests. The plan came to fruition in 1921 when SCOTIA
5050-689: The company entered the trans-Atlantic liner business with the founding of the Canadian Northern Steamship Company. The subsidiary acquired two liners from the Egyptian Mail Steamship Company and operated them under its Royal Line brand. The pair of ships were renamed upon purchase— Cairo became Royal Edward and Heliopolis became Royal George —and refitted for travel on the North Atlantic. In Royal Line service, Royal Edward sailed from Avonmouth to Montreal in
5151-532: The company was faced with high transportation costs, thus it was decided to construct a new integrated steel mill at Sydney Mines which opened in 1899. The steel mill and coal mines in Cape Breton, along with the iron ore mine in Newfoundland and the steel mill and forge in Trenton and the blast furnaces in Ferrona were all merged into a new entity in 1900 called the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company , which used
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#17328554972935252-576: The connection to Port Arthur. From a series of disconnected railways and charters, the network became 1,200 miles of profitable and continuous track that covered most of the prairies by 1902. After receiving grants from the Province of Manitoba and the Dominion of Canada in the 1890s, Mackenzie and Mann began building lines further north in Manitoba, with the intention of eventually reaching Hudson Bay . Throughout
5353-425: The cost per railcar at Greenbrier's TrentonWorks plant. All offers of assistance from the union and governments were rejected by Greenbrier on April 4, 2007, when the company announced that its TrentonWorks plant would close permanently later in the year once current orders are completed. The last shift ended at TrentonWorks Ltd. at 1600h ADT on May 4, 2007, one month following the closure announcement. Following
5454-493: The decline under BESCO and the company was stabilized. DOSCO's manufacturing complex at Trenton continued much as before, producing railway cars and wheels, as well as various steel products; the complex was consolidated under the name Trenton Industries Ltd. at some point. During World War II , management of the complex was taken over by the federal government for producing naval gun mounts as well as artillery and naval shells, just as it had done during World War I . Following
5555-414: The energy converted to electrical energy. Since outgoing wind will still possess some kinetic energy, there must be a maximum proportion of the input energy that is available to be converted to electrical energy. Accordingly, Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine, known as Betz's coefficient, as 16 ⁄ 27 (59.3%) of the rate at which the kinetic energy of
5656-453: The factors affecting the final price of wind power. Further inefficiencies, such as gearbox , generator, and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine. To protect components from undue wear, extracted power is held constant above the rated operating speed as theoretical power increases as the cube of wind speed, further reducing theoretical efficiency. In 2001, commercial utility-connected turbines delivered 75% to 80% of
5757-523: The first steel in Canada at its Trenton plant using the Siemens process in an open-hearth furnace in 1883. Both companies soon merged to form the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company . Initially the steel mill at Trenton was fed by scrap metal and pig iron imported from Scotland however shortages in scrap saw the New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway Company construct an oxygen blast furnace at Ferrona in
5858-998: The generator, is 15.24 meters (50.0 ft) and weighs around 300 tons. Due to data transmission problems, structural health monitoring of wind turbines is usually performed using several accelerometers and strain gages attached to the nacelle to monitor the gearbox and equipment. Currently, digital image correlation and stereophotogrammetry are used to measure dynamics of wind turbine blades. These methods usually measure displacement and strain to identify location of defects. Dynamic characteristics of non-rotating wind turbines have been measured using digital image correlation and photogrammetry. Three dimensional point tracking has also been used to measure rotating dynamics of wind turbines. Generally, efficiency increases along with turbine blade lengths. The blades must be stiff, strong, durable, light and resistant to fatigue. Materials with these properties include composites such as polyester and epoxy, while glass fiber and carbon fiber have been used for
5959-688: The harbour in Port Arthur - Fort William (modern Thunder Bay , Ontario), which would permit the shipping of western grain to European markets as well as the transport of eastern Canadian goods to the West. This line incorporated an existing CNoR line to Lake of the Woods and two local Ontario railways, the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway and the Ontario and Rainy River Railway , whose charters Mackenzie and Mann had acquired in 1897. To reach Port Arthur, which became
6060-411: The higher the wind velocity on average. A windbreak can also increase the wind velocity near the turbine. Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older and more common. They can also include blades or be bladeless. Household-size vertical designs produce less power and are less common. Large three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) with
6161-425: The junction and The Pas. The long section of rail between The Pas and Churchill was never completed by CNoR. However, after CNoR was acquired by CN , the line was completed in 1929. (see Hudson Bay Railway ) Once elected in 1896, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier was eager for a second transcontinental. However, an expansion of the non- CPR railways west of Alberta would be a mammoth questionable gamble for
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#17328554972936262-532: The lake terminus of the CNoR, the line extended south of Lake of the Woods into northern Minnesota before heading northeast through Rainy River District to the head of navigation on the Great Lakes . The Winnipeg-Port Arthur line was completed on December 30, 1901, with the last spike being driven just east of Atikokan station by Ontario's Commissioner of Crown Lands , Elihu Davis . Meanwhile, Mackenzie and Mann expanded their prairie branch line operations to feed
6363-629: The largest costs were from building on "the wrong side" of the Thompson and Fraser rivers in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. CPR already had trackage on the desirable banks, forcing the CNoR to blast tunnels and ledges out of these canyons. The most infamous construction folly on the CNoR in British Columbia happened in 1913, when blasting for a passage for the railway at Hells Gate triggered an enormous landslide which partially blocked
6464-626: The largest factory under one roof in the Dominion of Canada. The Eastern Car Company produced its first boxcar for the Grand Trunk Railway in August 1913, with GTR #105000 being the first of a 2,000 car order. SCOTIA also established the Dominion Wheel Foundry in 1913 on an adjacent site to Eastern Car Company and the steel mill and forge operation. Dominion Wheel Foundry created cast iron railway wheels in support of its sister operation at
6565-804: The lobbying of the government and utilities and provided incentives for larger turbines throughout the 1980s and later. Local activists in Germany, nascent turbine manufacturers in Spain, and large investors in the United States in the early 1990s then lobbied for policies that stimulated the industry in those countries. It has been argued that expanding the use of wind power will lead to increasing geopolitical competition over critical materials for wind turbines, such as rare earth elements neodymium , praseodymium , and dysprosium . However, this perspective has been critically dismissed for failing to relay how most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating
6666-459: The long-term viability of TrentonWorks began to circulate in late 2006 and early 2007 as the union began discussing the possibility of strike action to drain the union local's strike pay accounts, in advance of a possible long-term layoff or permanent closure. The union instead offered generous concessions which were followed on April 3, 2007, by a generous offer of financial assistance from the provincial and federal governments, which would subsidize
6767-756: The main building consisting of four bays, each 90 feet (27 m) wide and 1,100–1,300 feet long. The plant property occupies 650,000 m2 (160 acres) of land. There are 16 km (9.9 mi) of railway track in the facility which is served by its own railway locomotives (several GE 45 ton industrial switchers); the plant interchanges with the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway in Trenton. TrentonWorks has produced virtually every type of railway freight car imaginable, ranging from box cars to reefers, flat cars, tank cars, to modern-day high-capacity covered hoppers, auto racks, centre-partition flat cars for lumber, as well as deep well intermodal cars. Peak production output
6868-662: The mid-1960s, it identified the coal mines and steel mill on Cape Breton Island for closure; these operations were nationalized by the federal and provincial governments under the Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO) and Sydney Steel Corporation (SYSCO) respectively in 1968. Hawker Siddeley shares in what was left of DOSCO were purchased that year by Sidbec , a provincial Crown corporation in Quebec , which sought to nationalize DOSCO operations in that province. A new holding company named Hawker Industries Ltd.
6969-553: The mid-2000s saw Greenbrier consolidate its operations. The TrentonWorks Forge (a separate operation from the railcar plant) was sold to Forged Metal Products Inc. of Houston, Texas in 2004, which renamed the operation to Nova Forge Corporation . The forge has ceased to operate and an auction of equipment was held in June 2014. To date the property has produced more than 63,500 freight cars since it opened in 1913. The plant occupies 69,000 m2 (17 acres) of heated floor space under one roof;
7070-577: The name Canadian National Railway (CNR) as a means to simplify funding and operations, but CNoR and CGR would not formally merge and cease corporate existence until January 20, 1923, the date Parliament passed the final act to incorporate CNR. Significant portions of the old CNoR system survive under CN (as the CNR has been known since 1960); for example: The majority of CN's former CNoR branchline network across Canada has either been abandoned or sold to shortline operators. An important U.S. subsidiary of CNoR,
7171-402: The narrow swift-flowing Fraser River. The resulting damage to Pacific salmon runs took decades to reverse by the governmental construction of fishways . Mackenzie and Mann began their first significant expansion outside of the prairies with the purchase of Great Lakes steamships, the Quebec and Lake St-John Railway [ fr ] (1906) into northern Quebec 's Saguenay region and
7272-522: The operators. Adding an equally costly route to supplement the existing uneconomical CP track through Ontario seemed more ludicrous. At the time, the CNoR planned to advance no further west than Edmonton. In 1902, the GTR held talks with Laurier and agreed to build a transcontinental under the auspices of the GTPR for the western portion, with the eastern portion built by the government-owned NTR . The CNoR, which had
7373-562: The other half saw a production decrease of 1.2% per year. In general, more stable and constant weather conditions (most notably wind speed) result in an average of 15% greater efficiency than that of a wind turbine in unstable weather conditions, thus allowing up to a 7% increase in wind speed under stable conditions. This is due to a faster recovery wake and greater flow entrainment that occur in conditions of higher atmospheric stability. However, wind turbine wakes have been found to recover faster under unstable atmospheric conditions as opposed to
7474-505: The politically unpalatable option of one of the largest employers in Pictou County being closed, local MLA and Premier of Nova Scotia Donald Cameron opted to have the provincial government purchase the plant and operate it as an independent railcar manufacturer from January 1992 until February 1995 under the name Trenton Works Inc. while the government sought a new owner. The new administration of Premier John Savage sought to improve
7575-439: The power of economic incentives for the expanded production of these minerals. Wind Power Density (WPD) is a quantitative measure of wind energy available at any location. It is the mean annual power available per square meter of swept area of a turbine, and is calculated for different heights above ground. Calculation of wind power density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density. Wind turbines are classified by
7676-481: The province of Alberta . The rail-line crossed the North Saskatchewan River at Fort Saskatchewan, coming into Edmonton from the northeast, following the present-day LRT track. After a pause, the CNoR began construction west from Edmonton, and by summer 1907 had gone as far as Stony Plain. A stock market crash that year ceased construction. When construction was resumed in 1910, it was found that extending
7777-453: The province's fiscal management and reduce liabilities such as Trenton Works and SYSCO, among others. A buyer was found in early 1995 and a joint partnership of Canadian and American business interests purchased the plant on March 9, 1995, with the majority interest being held by Greenbrier Corporation of Lake Oswego, Oregon . The plant was renamed TrentonWorks Ltd. and is a member of The Greenbrier Companies . Under Greenbrier's ownership,
7878-469: The rare earth materials required, these gearless turbines are sometimes preferred over gearbox generators because they "eliminate the gear-speed increaser, which is susceptible to significant accumulated fatigue torque loading, related reliability issues, and maintenance costs". There is also the pseudo direct drive mechanism, which has some advantages over the permanent magnet direct drive mechanism. Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of
7979-435: The reinforcing. Construction may involve manual layup or injection molding. Retrofitting existing turbines with larger blades reduces the task and risks of redesign. As of 2021, the longest blade was 115.5 m (379 ft), producing 15 MW. Blades usually last around 20 years, the typical lifespan of a wind turbine. Materials commonly used in wind turbine blades are described below. The stiffness of composites
8080-436: The rotor. Solidity is measured by the blade area divided by the rotor area. A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting. The advantages of variable pitch are high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a higher coefficient of performance ; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and
8181-673: The sponsorship of the provincial government, which sought to subsidize local competition to the federally subsidized CPR; however, significant competition was also provided by the encroaching Northern Pacific Railway (NPR) from the south. Two branchline contractors, Sir William Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann , took control of the bankrupt Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company in January, 1896. The partners expanded their enterprise, in 1897, by building further north into Manitoba's Interlake district as well as east and west of Winnipeg . They also began building and buying lines south to connect with
8282-611: The summer months and to Halifax in the winter months. At the outbreak of World War I , Royal Edward and Royal George were both requisitioned for use as troopships. On August 13, 1915, the German submarine UB-14 sank Royal Edward , which was transporting troops from Avonmouth to Gallipoli . Royal George was sold to Cunard in 1916, became an emigrant ship in Cherbourg by 1920 and scrapped in 1922 in Wilhelmshaven . Plans for
8383-420: The supporting tower. Downwind machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, downwind blades can also be designed to bend more than upwind ones, which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance, mitigating risk during gales. Despite these advantages, upwind designs are preferred, because the pulsing change in loading from
8484-479: The upper reaches of the East River valley that would be supplied with iron ore mined at Eureka and Londonderry . Coke was supplied by local coal mines in Stellarton , Westville and Thorburn . These sources of iron ore were soon found to be high in manganese , thus higher quality iron ore was soon discovered at Wabana on Bell Island , Newfoundland which was then shipped to the Ferrona blast furnaces. In 1895,
8585-486: The utility supplier via the electrical grid . Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, with either horizontal or vertical axes, though horizontal is most common. The windwheel of Hero of Alexandria (10–70 CE) marks one of the first recorded instances of wind powering a machine. However, the first known practical wind power plants were built in Sistan , an Eastern province of Persia (now Iran), from
8686-491: The visual appeal. Wind turbine design is a careful balance of cost, energy output, and fatigue life. Wind turbines convert wind energy to electrical energy for distribution. Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components: A 1.5 ( MW ) wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 meters (260 ft) high. The rotor assembly (blades and hub) measures about 80 meters (260 ft) in diameter. The nacelle , which contains
8787-488: The war, DOSCO closed the steel rolling mills and bolt and rivet factory at Trenton, focusing its steel production at the much larger plant at Sydney. Declines in the coal and steel industries during the 1950s saw the DOSCO conglomerate, once the largest private employer in the country, lose much of its previous financial clout. DOSCO was purchased in 1957 by A.V. Roe Canada Co. Ltd. and made a subsidiary. The Dominion Wheel Foundry
8888-514: The wind as each blade passes behind the supporting tower can cause damage to the turbine. Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually three-bladed. These have low torque ripple , which contributes to good reliability. The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length from 20 to 80 meters (66 to 262 ft). The size and height of turbines increase year by year. Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8 MW today and have
8989-406: The wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class III, with A to C referring to the turbulence intensity of the wind. Conservation of mass requires that the mass of air entering and exiting a turbine must be equal. Likewise, the conservation of energy requires the energy given to the turbine from incoming wind to be equal to that of the combination of the energy in the outgoing wind and
9090-466: Was a 100 kW generator on a 30-meter (98 ft) tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In the autumn of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont . The Smith–Putnam wind turbine only ran for about five years before one of
9191-595: Was a historic Canadian transcontinental railway . At its 1923 merger into the Canadian National Railway ( reporting mark CN ), the CNoR owned a main line between Quebec City and Vancouver via Ottawa , Winnipeg , and Edmonton . The network had its start in the independent branchlines that were being constructed in Manitoba in the 1880s and 1890s as a response to the monopoly exercised by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Many such lines were built with
9292-851: Was able to build the first automatically operated wind turbine after consulting local University professors and his colleagues Jacob S. Gibbs and Brinsley Coleberd and successfully getting the blueprints peer-reviewed for electricity production. Although Blyth's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom, electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations. In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 megawatts (MW). The largest machines were on 24-metre (79 ft) towers with four-bladed 23-metre (75 ft) diameter rotors. By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators operating in
9393-450: Was closed in 1961 and A.V. Roe was subsequently folded into Hawker Siddeley Canada in 1962 and the Trenton railcar plant and forge were paired with other Hawker Siddeley railcar plants acquired through its subsidiary Canada Car and Foundry in Hamilton and Thunder Bay , Ontario . Hawker Siddeley sought to reduce losses at its DOSCO subsidiary acquired through the takeover of A.V. Roe. By
9494-548: Was constructed on a 160-acre (0.65 km) site occupying the east bank of the East River of Pictou in Trenton, replacing the Hope Iron Works. The new plant sought markets in producing forgings for the booming railway industry, creating an intense demand for raw steel and iron. The Nova Scotia Steel Company was established in 1882 on the same site to supply raw material to the Nova Scotia Forge Company and produced
9595-494: Was driven January 23, 1915, at Basque, British Columbia , with Montreal-Vancouver freight and passenger services commencing six months later, and providing a rail network in Nova Scotia, Southern Ontario, Minnesota, and on Vancouver Island . Between 1915 and 1918, CNoR tried desperately to increase profits, but CPR garnered the majority of wartime traffic. The company was also saddled with ongoing construction costs associated with
9696-552: Was installed by the Austrian Josef Friedländer at the Vienna International Electrical Exhibition in 1883. It was a Halladay windmill for driving a dynamo . Friedländer's 6.6 m (22 ft) diameter Halladay "wind motor" was supplied by U.S. Wind Engine & Pump Co. of Batavia , Illinois . The 3.7 kW (5 hp) windmill drove a dynamo at ground level that fed electricity into
9797-528: Was made possible through corresponding investments by both the Government of Nova Scotia and the Government of Canada. The Hope Iron Works was founded at Trenton by blacksmiths Graham Fraser and Forrest MacKay in 1872 to produce iron forgings such as anchors for use in wooden sailing ships with the business expanding in 1876 to produce railway car axles. In 1878 the Nova Scotia Forge Company
9898-585: Was merged with Dominion Steel Corporation to form part of the conglomerate known as the British Empire Steel Corporation (BESCO). BESCO faced tremendous financial and organized labour problems through the 1920s as industrial and consumer markets changed. By 1928 the company had dissolved and its assets were transferred to a new holding company named the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (DOSCO). DOSCO management and marketing practices halted
9999-538: Was of poor quality for making coking fuel, thus it purchased the remaining assets of the General Mining Association which were concentrated on the north side of Sydney Harbour on Cape Breton Island – these being mines in the Sydney Mines , Florence and Alder Point areas of northeastern Cape Breton County . With iron ore being shipped from Newfoundland and coal now being sourced in Cape Breton Island,
10100-835: Was put in receivership in the spring of 2016, owing the Nova Scotia government $ 56 Million. As of February 2018 the receivers were still looking for a buyer, with the commitment of $ 150,000 per month from the government to maintain the property expiring at the end of the fiscal year. DSME Trenton [1] Wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy . As of 2020 , hundreds of thousands of large turbines , in installations known as wind farms , were generating over 650 gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year. Wind turbines are an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy , and are used in many countries to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on fossil fuels . One study claimed that, as of 2009, wind had
10201-506: Was then formed to acquire certain DOSCO operating units from Sidbec that were not located in Quebec, one of which was the Trenton railcar plant and forge operation. Hawker Industries Ltd. was merged into Hawker Siddeley Canada in 1979. In 1987 Hawker Siddeley Canada sought to consolidate its railcar manufacturing business, selling its Thunder Bay plant to Bombardier and offering its Hamilton and Trenton plants for sale or closure. On April 1, 1988,
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