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37-823: The Armistice of Erzincan signed by the Russian and Ottomans in Erzincan on December 5, 1917, ended the armed conflicts between Russia and Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I . The armistice was followed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918, between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers , marking Russia's exit from World War I . The Ottoman Empire and

74-403: A treaty is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Erzincan Erzincan ( pronounced [æɾˈzindʒan] ; Kurdish : Erzîngan ), historically Yerznka ( Armenian : Երզնկա ), is the capital of Erzincan Province in eastern Turkey . Nearby cities include Erzurum , Sivas , Tunceli , Bingöl , Elazığ , Malatya , Gümüşhane , Bayburt , and Giresun . The city

111-452: A little further to the north. In the 13th century, Marco Polo noted that the city's population was Armenian . In 1830, the Armenian population reached 15,000. In 1880, Erzincan had 6,000 houses: 4,000 Muslim and 1,800 Armenian. In the 1890s, Vital Cuinet reported that Erzincan had 23,000 inhabitants: 15,000 Muslims, 7,500 Armenians, and the rest Greeks and others. According to data from

148-621: A series of transit camps were set up to control the flow of victims to the concentration camp and killing site at the nearby Kemah gorge. J.M. Winter's work state that between 1915 and 1917, the Central Hospital of Erzincan was the primary site of medical experiments conducted by Turkish army physicians on Armenian civilians involving typhus and other lethal infectious agents. As of 2019, few traces of Armenian presence or civilization remain in Erzincan. The Battle of Erzincan took place during

185-641: Is hard to tell when Acilisene became a bishopric . The first whose name is known is of the mid-5th century: Ioannes, who in 459 signed the decree of Patriarch Gennadius I of Constantinople against the simoniacs . Georgius or Gregorius (both forms are found) was one of the Fathers of the Second Council of Constantinople (553), appearing as "bishop of Justinianopolis". Theodorus was at the Third Council of Constantinople in 681, signing as "bishop of Justinianopolis or

222-557: Is majority Sunni Turkish with an Alevi Kurdish minority. The city had a population of 150,714 in 2022, an increase from 86,779 in 2007. Acilisene , the ancient region that is now Erzincan, was the site of the Peace of Acilisene by which in AD 387 Armenia was divided into two vassal states, a smaller one dependent on the Byzantine Empire and a larger one dependent on Persia . This

259-499: Is the name (Ἀκιλισηνή in Greek ) by which it is called by Strabo in his Geography , 11.4.14. The etymological origin of the word is disputed, but it is agreed that the city was once called Erez. For a while it was called Justinianopolis in honour of Emperor Justinian . In more recent Greek it has been called as Κελτζηνή ( Keltzene ) and Κελεζηνή ( Kelezene ). In the Armenian language ,

296-1250: Is the wettest season whilst summer is the driest. The lowest temperature recorded was −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) on 15 January 1950. The highest temperature recorded was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 30 July 2000. The highest snow thickness recorded was 74 cm (29.1 inches) in February 1950. Erzincan is divided into the neighborhoods of Akşemsettin, Aktoprak, Akyazı, Aslancak, Arslanlı, Atatürk, Aziz Baba, Bahçelievler, Barbaros, Barış, Başbağlar, Başpınar, Bayrak, Bozyazı, Buğdaylı, Bulutlu, Büyük Çakırman, Cemal Gürsel, Cumhuriyet, Çarşı, Çukurkuyu, Davarlı, Demetevler, Demirkent, Dereyurt, Ergenekon, Ersevenler, Ertuğrul Gazi, Esentepe, Fatih, Gazi, Gölcük, Gülalibey, Güllüce, H.Ahmet Yesevi, Halitpaşa, Hamidiye, Hancı, Hocabey, Hürrempalangası, Işıkpınar, İnönu, İzzetpaşa, Karaağaç, Kavakyolu, Kazımkarabekir, Keklikkayası, Kızılay, Kurutilek, Menderes, Mengüceli, Mimarsinan, Munzur, Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Osman Gazi, Osmanlı, Özgürlük, Paşa, Sancak, Sarıgöl, Selçuklu, Şehit Cengiz Topel, Şehit Serhat, Şehit Serhat Yurtbaşı, Taksim, Terzibaba, Ulalar, Üçkonak, Yalnızbağ, Yavuzselim, Yeni, Yenidoğan and Yunusemre. Mulberry tree plantations were found in Erzincan in

333-402: The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake . The first stage of the earthquake killed about 8,000 people. The next day, it was reported that the death toll had risen to 20,000. An emergency relief operation began. By the end of the year, 32,962 had died due to more earthquakes and several floods. So extensive was the damage to Erzincan city that its old site was entirely abandoned, and a new town was founded

370-655: The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople , Erzincan harboured 24,000 inhabitants on the eve of World War I ; 13,109 (2021 families) of whom were Armenians . Armenians were deported and massacred by the Special Organization during the Armenian genocide . Greeks were deported from Erzincan to Germir in 1919 as part of the Greek genocide . Erzincan has a continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dsa or Trewartha climate classification : Dca ) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Spring

407-637: The Armenians of massacring Muslims behind the Ottoman line on 15–16 January. On 24 February the Brest-Litovsk armistice was broken by Germany and became of no effect. Both armistices were superseded by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia, signed on 3 March 1918, and the Treaty of Batum with the successor states of the Transcaucasian Commissariat, signed 4 June. This article related to

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444-701: The Caucasus Campaign of the First World War. In 1916 Erzincan was the headquarters for the Turkish Third Army commanded by Abdul Kerim Pasha . The Russian General Nikolai Yudenich led the Russian Caucasus Army who captured Mama Hatun on 12 July 1916. They then gained the heights of Naglika and took a Turkish position on the banks of the Durum Durasi river, with their cavalry breaking through

481-626: The Ottoman Empire and Transcaucasian Commissariat in Erzincan on 18 December 1917 (5 December O.S. ). The armistice brought temporary peace to the Caucasian and Persian Fronts until 12 February, when the fighting was resumed. The status of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was unclear at the time: the Ottomans regarded it as an independent entity, a legal successor of the Russian Empire , while

518-570: The Seljuk Sulëiman Kutalmish . Marco Polo , who wrote about his visit to Erzincan, said that the "people of the country are Armenians" and that Erzincan was the "noblest of cities" which contained the see of an archbishop. In 1243 it was destroyed in fighting between the Seljuks under Kaykhusraw II and the Mongols . However, by 1254 its population had recovered enough that William of Rubruck

555-642: The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic confronted each other as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk imposed borders that conflicted with those claimed by each party. The delegation established by Sejm was regarded by the Ottoman Empire as representing, not a state, but instead the peoples of the region. The Ottoman delegation expressed the wish that ‘Transcaucasia should proclaim its independence and announce its form of government before

592-448: The 5th-century Life of Mashtots called it Yekeghiats . In the more recent past, it was known in Armenian as Երզնկա ( Yerznka ). In the settlement of Erez, at a yet unidentified site, there was a pre-Christian shrine dedicated to the Armenian goddess Anahit . A text of Agathangelos reports that during the first year of his reign, King Trdat of Armenia went to Erez and visited Anahit's temple to offer sacrifice. He ordered Gregory

629-452: The Armenians in the centre of Erzincan were more than double the census data. Of the pre-World War I population of 37,000 Armenians in Erzincan and suburbs, most were killed in the Armenian genocide . During this period, at least 150,000 Armenian men, women and children from Erzincan and surrounding areas were transported by Turkish forces between 1915 and 1916 through Erzincan proper, where

666-595: The Boz-Tapa-Meretkli line. They then advanced on Erzincan arriving by 25 July and taking the city in two days. The city was relatively untouched by battle and Yudenich seized large quantities of supplies. Despite the strategic advantages gained from this victory, Yudenich made no more significant advances and his forces were reduced due to Russian reverses further north. A short-lived soviet council had been at Erzincan between 1916 and 1918. Mainly today's Erzincan and Tunceli provinces were under Russian occupation. After

703-819: The Commissariat still considered itself a part of the Russian Republic . The Ottoman Empire was already party to the Brest-Litovsk armistice with Russia (15 December) that covered the Caucasian and Persian Fronts. After receiving a ceasefire proposal from Vehib Pasha , commander of the Ottoman Third Army , the Commissariat authorised the commander of the Russian Caucasus Front , General Przhevalski, to negotiate an armistice with his Ottoman opposite. The result

740-578: The First Caucasian Army Corps Kâzım Karabekir regained control over Erzincan on the 13 February 1918. This event is celebrated annually by its inhabitants. The capture was carried out by Kâzım Karabekir . The city witnessed a state of "indescribable panic" as Armenian soldiers evacuated Erzincan towards Erzurum. Both civilian and military troops were attacked by Kurdish tribes, all during brutal snowstorms. Meanwhile, Armenian fedayeen fought "ferociously" in rearguard actions, while

777-552: The Illuminator , who was secretly a Christian, to make an offering at its altar. When Gregory refused, he was taken captive and tortured, starting the events that would end with Trdat's conversion to Christianity some 14 years later. After that conversion, during the Christianisation of Armenia, the temple at Erez was destroyed and its property and lands were given to Gregory. It later became known for its extensive monasteries. It

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814-533: The Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin , which they wanted a railroad built to, to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku . The Armenian state, through which this transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on May 21, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia that had not been under

851-624: The Sultan’s control since the seventeenth century. The conflict led to the Battle of Sardarapat (May 21–29), the Battle of Kara Killisse (1918) (May 24–28), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (May 21–24). On June 4, the First Republic of Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Batum . Armistice of Erzincan The Armistice of Erzincan (also spelled Erzindzhan or Erzinjan ) was an agreement to suspend hostilities during World War I signed by

888-633: The Transcaucasian delegation and a member of the Muslim National Council , suggested setting up a fourth, separate administrative unit consisting of the Muslim areas of the Batum and Kars regions. ‘The bonds created by their similarities of race, religion, economy and everyday life are very strong and it will be very hard for them to exist without each other’,’ Pepinov argued in ‘grounding’ that wish. At

925-528: The central kaza . In the other kazas of Erzincan there were 67,271 Muslims, 11,135 Armenian Gregorians and 144 Protestants in Kemah . According to the 1914 Ottoman census , which undercounted religious minority groups such as Armenians, there were 16,144 Armenian Gregorians and 147 Protestants in the central kaza . In the other kazas of Erzincan there were 11,135 Armenian Gregorians and 144 Protestants in Kemah . However, Miller and Kévorkian's research state that

962-411: The centre of Erzincan of which 15,000 were Muslims and 7,500 were Armenian. In the same research he states that the entire sanjak had 171,472 Muslims, 34,588 Armenians (incl. Catholic & Protestan) and 2,710 Greeks . According to the 1914 Ottoman census , which undercounted religious minority groups such as Armenians , there were 53,898 Muslims and 16,144 Armenian Gregorians and 147 Protestants in

999-681: The decisive defeat of the Byzantines by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After the 13th century, there is no mention of diocesan bishops of Acilisene and the see no longer appears in Notitiae Episcopatuum . No longer a residential bishopric, Acilisene is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . In 1071 Erzincan was absorbed into the Mengüçoğlu under

1036-601: The end of the negotiations, Enver Pasha offered to surrender all the Empire's ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk. On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position. The mood prevailing in Tiflis

1073-429: The invitation of Ismail I , who would aid in him establishing his dynasty. After entering the Ottoman administration, Erzincan developed physically and in terms of population. According to the census made in 1516–1518 right after the conquest, there were twenty neighbourhoods in the city, seven of which belonged to Muslims and 13 to Christians. The number of neighbourhoods did not change in the 1530 and 1591 censuses but

1110-490: The negotiations then under way were completed.' The Ottoman Empire wanted to break down the barrier between Anatolian Muslims and Caucasian Muslims and to ‘consolidate the unity between kindred nations.’ The Ottoman Empire’s special tasks in the Caucasus, Rauf Bey reassured, reflected links between the Empire and the Caucasian peoples that were "...not only historical and geographical, but rather ones of blood, flowing from their common past." Ahmed bey Pepinov , an advisor to

1147-699: The population increased. Evliya Çelebi , who came to Erzincan in 1647, wrote that the castle was built on a flat field, and that there were 200 houses inside this place while 1800 houses were located outside the castle. It had 48 neighbourhoods, seven mosques, seven lodges, and 11 hamams . According to the General Census of 1881/82, the sanjak of Erzincan within the Erzurum vilayet had a total population of 107,090, consisting of 85,943 Muslims and 19,026 Armenians, 1,887 Greeks and 234 Protestants. Vital Cuinet 's research dating to 1893 show that there were 23,000 people in

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1184-538: The region of Ecclenzine". Georgius was at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . Until the 10th century, the diocese itself appears in none of the Notitiae Episcopatuum . At the end of that century, they present it as an autocephalous archdiocese, and those of the 11th century present it as a metropolitan see with 21 suffragans . This was the time of greatest splendour of Acilisene, which ended with

1221-458: The revolution, Bolshevik soldiers took control of the officer corps. Arshak Djamalian who was a Bolshevik soldier, called Kurdish, Turkish, and Armenian representatives to take charge of the administration of Erzincan Soviet. Ottoman victory [REDACTED]   Ottoman Empire [REDACTED] Armenian volunteer units Following the withdrawal of the Russian Army, the commander of

1258-533: The under-equipped and famished Ottoman army found sustenance and weaponry in abandoned Russian arsenals and reserves. The events at Erzincan repeated on a larger scale in Erzurum and Kars. The city was completely destroyed by a major earthquake on December 27, 1939. The sequence of seven violent shocks, the biggest measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale, was the joint most-powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey, tied with

1295-521: Was able to say an earthquake had killed more than 10,000 people. During this period, the city reached a level of semi-independence under the rule of Armenian princes. Erzincan was one of the most pivotal towns in Safavid history. It was there, in the summer of 1500, that about 7,000 Qizilbash forces, consisting of the Ustaclu, Shamlu , Rumlu, Tekelu, Zhulkadir, Afshar , Qajar and Varsak tribes, responded to

1332-496: Was the Erzincan Armistice, after which the Russian troops began to withdraw, leaving the Transcaucasian Commissariat completely undefended. A supplement to the armistice was signed on the same day, demarcating the line of occupation between the two sides. On 12 February, Ottoman forces began advancing across the line in defiance of the armistice, having rejected the Transcaucasian Commissariat's authority to sign it and accused

1369-546: Was very different. They expressed greater determination. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk united the Armenian-Georgian block. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse. They acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire. Hostilities resumed and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching prewar frontiers. On May 11, a new peace conference opened at Batum. At this conference,

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