Misplaced Pages

#865134

38-401: Trat province ( Thai : ตราด , pronounced [tràːt] ), also spelt Trad province , is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces ( changwat ), and is located in the region of eastern Thailand . It borders Chanthaburi province to the northwest, and Cambodia and its provinces of Pailin , Battamabang , Pursat , and Koh Kong to its north, northeast and east. To the south, it borders

76-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of

114-551: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

152-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

190-471: A long undeveloped coastline and a mountainous, forested, and largely inaccessible interior which includes part of the Cardamom Mountains , Cambodia's largest national park ( Botum Sakor National Park ), and a section of Kirirom National Park . From 1795 to 1904 the area was under Siamese administration with the local name of "Koh Kong". During the reign of King Mongkut the name Patchan Khiri Khet

228-543: A plantation villa near Trat. It was built for him by the Thai Army and nicknamed "Office 87". The province covers a land area of 2,917 km (1,126 sq mi). The total forest area is 899 km (347 sq mi) or 31.4 percent of provincial area. The Cardamom mountain range forms the boundary to Cambodia in the east of the province, where Trat has borders with three Cambodian provinces: Battambang , Pursat , and Koh Kong . The third biggest island of Thailand

266-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

304-474: A year, making them the wettest places in the country. Trat, along with Chanthaburi, serves as a major site of ruby mining in the country. Local businesses often participate in trade with Cambodians. The provincial seal shows the sea with the Khao Banthat mountain range in the background. The provincial tree is the tropical almond ( Terminalia catappa ). The species of grouper Plectropomus leopardus

342-562: Is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary

380-405: Is an increasingly popular gateway to Cambodia from Hat Lek in eastern Thailand ( Trat ), in part due to the reasonably direct access to the port and beach resort town of Sihanoukville . The border is at Cham Yeam, about 14 km from Koh Kong . Traveling to Koh Kong has been made easier, as bridges have been built, the first in 2002. The landmark Koh Kong Bridge was built by L.Y.P. Group. It

418-523: Is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form

SECTION 10

#1732848838866

456-608: Is served by Trat Airport , built and operated by Bangkok Airways . Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ),

494-641: Is the province's Ko Chang (after Phuket and Ko Samui ). The island and more than 40 surrounding smaller islands form the Mu Ko Chang Marine National Park . Other islands of the province include Ko Kham , Ko Mak , and Ko Phi . There are two national parks, along with five other national parks, make up region 2 (Si Racha) of Thailand's protected areas. Most of Thailand receives from 1,400 mm (55 in) to 1,600 mm (63 in) of precipitation per year. Two provinces, Trat and Ranong , receive more than 4,500 mm (180 in)

532-598: Is the provincial aquatic life. The province is divided into seven districts ( amphoes ). These are further divided into 38 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 261 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Trat Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 14 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in the province. Trat has town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 13 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 29 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations – SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Trat

570-560: The Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean . In Thailand, it is the 15th smallest province at 2,819 km (1,088 sq mi) and 4th least populated province at 229,958 in 2019. Its capital is Trat town . During the Ayutthaya kingdom, Trat became an important location for trade. During the 1893 Paknam crisis , French soldiers occupied the province, with Siam handing over Trat to French colonial rule in return for Chanthaburi province. However, Trat

608-601: The Khmer Rouge in 1979, Koh Kong province was quite under-populated. After the national government encouraged people to live in Koh Kong, there has been a net influx of people. It is estimated that the average annual growth rate in Koh Kong is 16%, which has put pressure on the mangrove resources in the province. Koh Kong's towns have developed rapidly partially in response to market pressures from Thailand and because of immigration from other parts of Cambodia. The province has been

646-459: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

684-510: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on

722-525: The 17 January 1941 Battle of Ko Chang , three Thai ships had been left sinking: the HTMS Chonburi , HTMS Songkhla , and HTMS Thonburi . French casualties were light with no ships lost. The Japanese government negotiated a truce, which ended the conflict without further fighting. When the Vietnamese pushed the Khmer Rouge out of Cambodia in 1985, Pol Pot fled to Thailand and made his headquarters in

760-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

798-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

SECTION 20

#1732848838866

836-541: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

874-526: The early 17th century during the reign of King Prasat Thong of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . Formerly known as Mueang Thung Yai , Trat has played an important role in the development of the country's stability and economy due to its strategic location. The town of Trat later become a community of Chinese merchants. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese in 1767, Trat served as a checkpoint and buffer city and

912-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

950-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

988-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

1026-482: The port project is a Cambodian-Chinese civil-military collaboration that will permit the Chinese navy to use the facilities as a forward operating base. Responding to US concerns, Prime Minister Hun Sen has denied the charge, pointing out that the Cambodian constitution "...has no provision for accommodating foreign military bases on its soil." The province is divided into six districts and one municipality: The province

1064-513: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as

1102-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

1140-542: The site of a Sino-Cambodian port development project in Dara Sakor . The project is planned to spread over 45,000 hectares , to include casinos, golf courses, and resorts. A 20 kilometre stretch of coastline will be turned into a deep-water port to accommodate cruise ships as well as freight. Near the port, an airfield with a runway 3,400 metres is longer than needed for commercial flights, while its turning bays are too small for civilian aircraft. Therefore, analysts suspect that

1178-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

Trat province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-458: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Koh Kong province The most southwestern province of Cambodia , Koh Kong has

1254-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

1292-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

1330-505: Was given to the city as a counterpart to Prachuap Khiri Khan , a city on the same latitude which also had its name changed during the same year. In 1904, the region and the city of Trat was ceded to French Indochina in exchange of French troop evacuation from Chanthaburi . In 1907 Trat was returned to Siam in exchange for the Siamese province of Inner Cambodia while Koh Kong remained part of French Cambodia . After Cambodia's liberation from

1368-616: Was hard to rule, the French returned Trat to Thailand on 23 March 1907, in exchange for larger areas along the Mekong river, which included Battambang , Siemreap , and Serei Sophoan , which all have a Khmer majority population. During the French-Thai War of 1940–1941, the Vichy French navy sailed from Saigon to seize Trat. The unprepared Thai warships were caught by surprise. By the end of

1406-753: Was responsible for providing provisions to King Taksin the Great before he moved his forces from Chanthaburi to Ayutthaya . King Taksin then succeeded in driving out the Burmese invaders and liberated the kingdom from foreign rule. In the Rattanakosin era, during the 1893 Paknam crisis , French troops landed and occupied the western part of Chantaburi province. In 1904, Siam was forced to surrender Trat to French Indochina to regain Chantaburi. Three years later, however, finding that Trat with its almost entirely Thai population

1444-457: Was returned to Siam in 1907 in return for Siamese land along the Mekong river. Trat is 315 km (196 mi) from Bangkok. The province also serves as a major center for fruit growing, gem mining and fishing in the region. Trat is believed to be a corruption of "Krat"(กราด) the Thai name for the tree Dipterocarpus intricatus , common to the region and used to make brooms. It is also spelt Trad. The history of Trat can be traced back to

#865134