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58-483: The Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway ( TEKIH ) is a new toll-free highway in the state of Kedah , Malaysia . At most sections, the highest was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h. Kedah Kedah ( Malay pronunciation: [kəˈdah] ), also known by its honorific Darul Aman (دار الأمان; Arabic for 'The Safe Abode') and historically as Queda ,

116-535: A Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the Bodhisattva vows , samaya vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances. The special dress of ordained people, referred to in English as robes , comes from the idea of wearing a simple durable form of protection for the body from weather and climate. In each tradition, there is uniformity in the color and style of dress. Color

174-456: A bhikkhu or bhikkhuni "fully ordained monastic" (Sanskrit: bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī , Wylie : dge long (ma) ). Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non-monastic life and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again. In this way, Buddhism keeps

232-531: A date of 1474 for the year of the ruler of Kedah's conversion to Islam. This later date accords with an account in the Malay Annals where a raja of Kedah visited Malacca during the reign of its last sultan seeking the honour of the royal band that marks the sovereignty of a Muslim ruler. However, in Thai chronicles it is told that Kedah was a Thai city like Nakhon Si Thammarat and was a part of Siamese kingdom but later

290-613: A large area of Bujang Valley , covering branches of the Merbok and Muda River that was about 1,000 square miles in area. It was built at the estuary of a branch of Merbok River, now known as Sungai Batu . Archaeological evidence found in the Bujang Valley (Malay: Lembah Bujang ) reveals that an animist settlement resided in ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 AD. The discovery of a temple, jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and clay brick monuments probably dating back to 110 AD shows that

348-569: A maritime trading route with south Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since that time. The discoveries in the Bujang Valley also made ancient Kedah perhaps the most ancient settlement in Southeast Asia. Ancient Kedah was first mentioned in the Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the second century AD. It described goods from Kadaram "heaped together in the broad streets" of

406-628: A novitiate (śrāmaṇera or sāmanera) in a rite known as the "going forth" (Pali: pabbajja ). Sāmaneras are subject to the Ten Precepts . From there full ordination (Pali: upasampada ) may take place. Bhikkhus are subject to a much longer set of rules known as the Pātimokkha (Theravada) or Prātimokṣa (Mahayana and Vajrayana ). In the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of "vows of individual liberation". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from

464-596: A simple and meditative life and attain nirvana . A person under the age of 20 cannot be ordained as a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni but can be ordained as a śrāmaṇera or śrāmaṇērī . Bhikkhu literally means " beggar " or "one who lives by alms ". The historical Buddha, Prince Siddhartha , having abandoned a life of pleasure and status, lived as an alms mendicant as part of his śramaṇa lifestyle. Those of his more serious students who renounced their lives as householders and came to study full-time under his supervision also adopted this lifestyle. These full-time student members of

522-643: A women's march to Vesāli. and Buddha requested her to accept the Eight Garudhammas . So, Gotami agreed to accept the Eight Garudhammas and was accorded the status of the first bhikkhuni. Subsequent women had to undergo full ordination to become nuns. Theravada monasticism is organized around the guidelines found within a division of the Pāli Canon called the Vinaya Pitaka . Laypeople undergo ordination as

580-498: Is 77.2% Muslim , 14.2% Buddhist , 6.7% Hindu , 0.8% Christian , 0.6% unknown / none, 0.3% Taoist or Chinese religion followers, 0.1% followers of other religions, and 0.1% non-religious. Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 94.3% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (2.4%), Chinese folk religions (2.4%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of

638-1284: Is Institut Kemahiran MARA Sungai Petani, Institut Kemahiran MARA Alor Setar and Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik. This state also has several boarding schools such as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh and MARA Junior Science College or MRSM. This state also has several secondary Islamic schools ( Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama ) such as Tahfiz Model Ulul Albab or TMUA. Public secondary schools include SMK Taman Jelutong , Keat Hwa Secondary School , Convent Secondary School (formerly known as St. Nicholas Convent Secondary School), Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Badlishah, Sin Min Secondary School , Chio Min Secondary School , SMK Sultanah Asma, SMK Convent Father Barre, SMK Khir Johari, SMK Kota Kuala Muda, SMK Tunku Ismail, SMK Aman Jaya, SMK Bedong, SMK Bakar Arang , SMK Darulaman, SMK Ibrahim , K Jit, SMK Mahsuri , SMK Tunku Panglima Besar , Keat Hwa Secondary School , SMK Guar Chempedak and SMK Yan. Private secondary school include Keat Hwa High School, Sin Min High School and SM Sin Min. Tourism

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696-463: Is a state of Malaysia , located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia . The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km , and consists of a mainland portion and the Langkawi islands. The mainland has relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice, while Langkawi is composed of mostly of uninhabited islands. Kedah was previously known as Kadaram ( Tamil : கடாரம் ; Kaṭāram ) by

754-649: Is also spoken outside of Kedah in places such as Penang, Perlis, northern Perak and even as far as Satun in Thailand and Tanintharyi in Myanmar . Besides Kedah Malay, another distinct variety of Malay known as Baling Malay ( Cakak Baling ) is mainly spoken in Baling District as well as some parts of the Sik and Yan districts. Baling, along with Grik Malay is part of Reman Malay, an offshoot of Kelantan-Pattani Malay of which it

812-406: Is considered the "rice bowl" ( Malay : Jelapang Padi ) of Malaysia, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. In 2008, the state government banned the conversion of paddy fields to housing and industrial lots to protect the rice industry. Tourism in the state is mainly focused on the island of Langkawi, although there are a few attractions on the mainland as well. In

870-459: Is donated to them. The robes of Tibetan novices and monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of "holes" in the dress of monks. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. Upāsakas cannot wear the "chö-göö", a yellow tissue worn during teachings by both novices and full monks. In observance of the Kathina Puja , a special Kathina robe

928-601: Is home to Mount Bintang , the state's highest point, located on the border with Perak. Some parts of Kedah are also karstic , with areas punctuated by limestone hills called mogotes . The major rivers within Kedah include the Kedah , Merbok , Muda and Kerian rivers. The Muda River serves as the southwestern border with Penang, while the Kerian River forms part of the southeastern boundary with Penang and Perak. Kedah's constitution

986-433: Is limited to five years. The state assembly must be dissolved before or once it expires its term for a fresh election. Modern Kedah is divided into 12 administrative districts , 12 local governments and 132 mukims. Kedah is a heterogeneous state with native Kedahan Malays being the majority, along with significant Chinese , Indian , Siamese and Semang minorities. There was also a lesser known ethnic group known as

1044-667: Is located in Bandar Baru Sintok . It was formally incorporated on 16 February 1984. The university was established with the specific mission of providing a leadership role for management education in the country. The academic establishments at UUM include the College of Business (COB), College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS) and the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS). Kedah also has several public universities and colleges such as Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in Merbok ,

1102-493: Is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe. In English literature before the mid-20th century, Buddhist monks, particularly from East Asia and French Indochina, were often referred to by the term bonze . This term is derived from Portuguese and French from Japanese bonsō  'priest, monk'. It

1160-569: Is mainly concentrated on Langkawi Island , the largest island in the archipelago, but there are also places of interest on the mainland. The Langkawi International Airport is located at Padang Matsirat and it is also considered a tourist attraction as the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition takes place every 2 years near the airport. The airport handled almost 1.2 million passengers and over 41,000 aircraft movements in 2008. Langkawi International Airport

1218-501: Is often chosen due to the wider availability of certain pigments in a given geographical region. In Tibet and the Himalayan regions (Kashmir, Nepal and Bhutan), red is the preferred pigment used in the dyeing of robes. In Myanmar, reddish brown; In India, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, various shades of yellow, ochre and orange prevail. In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, gray or black is common. Monks often make their own robes from cloth that

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1276-414: Is rare in modern literature. Buddhist monks were once called talapoy or talapoin from French talapoin , itself from Portuguese talapão , ultimately from Mon tala pōi  'our lord'. The Talapoys cannot be engaged in any of the temporal concerns of life; they must not trade or do any kind of manual labour, for the sake of a reward; they are not allowed to insult

1334-578: Is the 8th largest state by land area and 8th most populated state in Malaysia, with a total land area of 9,500 km (3,700 sq mi). The terrain is mostly flat in general, as the Kedah–Perlis Plain covers much of the state's land area, from the district of Kuala Muda in the south towards the state of Perlis in the north. Owing to its alluvial properties, most of the plains have been developed for rice farming for centuries. Meanwhile,

1392-526: Is the main point of access to Langkawi. In 2007, Langkawi Island was given a World Geopark status by UNESCO . Places of interest In 2006, Kedah hosted the 11th Sukma Games . The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Darul Aman Stadium in Alor Setar. Football and Sepak raga are the most popular sports in Kedah. Kedah Darul Aman F.C. is a professional football team that competes in

1450-1163: The Chola capital. Apart from Kadaram , Kedah was known by various names at different times in Indian literature: Kataha-Nagara (in Kaumudi Mahotsava drama), Anda-Kataha (in Agni Purana ), Kataha-Dvipa (in Samarāiccakahā), and Kataha (in Kathasaritsagara ). In Middle Eastern literature, ancient Kedah was referred to as Qilah by Ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms , Kalah-Bar by Soleiman Siraf & Abu Zaid al Hassan in Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia), and Kalah by Abu-Dulaf Misa'r Ibn Muhalhil in Al-Risalah al-thaniyah . The Tang dynasty Buddhist monk , Yijing who visited

1508-756: The Kulim Hi-Tech Park was officially opened as the first high technology industrial park in Malaysia. The Park comprises a total land area of approximately 14.5 square kilometres (5.6 mi ). Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan , Kedah, along with neighbouring Perlis , Penang and Perak formed the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER) in 2007. There are four highways in Kedah – the North-South Expressway , Changlun–Kuala Perlis Highway , Butterworth-Kulim Expressway and

1566-535: The Malay Archipelago between 688 and 695, also mentioned a kingdom known as Ka-Cha in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , which according to him was thirty days sail from Bogha ( Palembang ), the capital of Sribogha ( Srivijaya ). In the seventh and eighth centuries, Kedah was under the loose control of Srivijaya . Indian and Arab sources consider Kedah to be one of the two important sites during

1624-586: The Malaysia Super League and represents the state of Kedah under the supervision of the Kedah Football Association. They are the only team in the history of Malaysian football to achieved double treble titles in 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons. Buddhist monk The lives of all Buddhist monastics are governed by a set of rules called the prātimokṣa or pātimokkha . Their lifestyles are shaped to support their spiritual practice: to live

1682-662: The Sam Sam people, they are culturally Malay Muslim but speak Siamese . Most of these communities have now assimilated into the Kedahan Malay community but few still retain their Siamese language, those communities can be found in Changlun, Kodiang, Jitra, Wang Tepus, Guar Napai, Malau, Ason and Napoh. The Orang Asli in Kedah consists of Kensiu and Kintaq people and are mainly to be found in the Baling district, as their community crosses there into

1740-539: The Srivijaya period, often calling the king of the straits "the ruler of Srivijaya and Kataha". In 1025, Rajendra I , the Chola king from Coromandel Coast in South India , captured Kedah in his Chola invasion of Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. A second invasion was led by Virarajendra of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. During the reign of Kulottunga I Chola overlordship

1798-568: The Thai language which is different from ones spoken in Kelantan (which also has a large Siamese population) and Standard Thai. The population of Kedah in 2015 was 2,071,900. It was made up of 76% Bumiputra (Malays and others), 12.7% Chinese, 6.9% Indian, 0.9% others and 3.4% non-Malaysian. The following is based on 2015 figures from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. As of 2010 the population of Kedah

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1856-582: The Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway . Additionally, the Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) West Coast Line runs through mainland Kedah with six stops in total. Kedah has two airports – Sultan Abdul Halim Airport on the mainland and Langkawi International Airport on Langkawi Island. Both the mainland and Langkawi Island are interconnected with ferry services. The state has a campus of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), which

1914-548: The sangha became the community of ordained monastics who wandered from town to city throughout the year, living off alms and stopping in one place only for the Vassa , the rainy months of the monsoon season. In the Dhammapada commentary of Buddhaghoṣa , a bhikkhu is defined as "the person who sees danger (in samsara or cycle of rebirth)" (Pāli: Bhayaṃ ikkhatīti: bhikkhu ). Therefore, he seeks ordination to obtain release from

1972-557: The 1990s, Kedah began moving its economy towards the automotive and aerospace industries with national motorcycle manufacturer Modenas (established in 1995) and Boeing subsidiary Asian Composites (established in 2001) setting up bases there. One of the main advantages is the low labour costs and the infrastructure in place with the North–South Expressway and the Penang International Airport close by. In 1996,

2030-568: The British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821, and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi. In 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Setul were combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until it was transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 . In World War II , Kedah (along with Kelantan )

2088-453: The Indian population are Hindus (91.7%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Christians (3.7%), Muslims (2.4%) and Buddhists (1.3%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Christians (39.7%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (26.9%) and Buddhists (26.3%). All Malays are necessarily Muslims as defined in the Malaysian constitution . Kedah

2146-1187: The Malaysian Spanish Institute of the University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL MSI) and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultanah Bahiyah (PSB) in Kulim , the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology ( AIMST University ) in Bedong , Kolej Universiti Insaniah (KUIN) or UNISHAMS (Kuala Ketil, Baling Kedah) in Mergong and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS) in Jitra . There are 2 teacher training institution in Kedah, Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim (IPGKSAH) in Sungai Petani and Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Darul Aman (IPGKDA) in Bandar Darulaman that are set up by

2204-562: The ancient and medieval Tamils , Kataha or Kalahbar ( Arabic : قتح ; qataḥa or Arabic : قلحبر ; qalaḥbar ) by the Arabs , and Syburi ( Thai : ไทรบุรี ; RTGS :  Sai Buri ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Kedah borders the state of Perlis to the north and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand . It borders

2262-582: The council are appointed by the Sultan of Kedah from members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly ( Malay : Dewan Undangan Negeri Kedah ). The Kedah State Legislative Assembly is similar to the Parliament but is limited to making laws relating to the state. Its members are elected in elections which are usually held simultaneously with federal elections. The term of each state assembly member

2320-495: The cycle of rebirth. The Dhammapada states: [266–267] He is not a monk just because he lives on others' alms. Not by adopting outward form does one become a true monk. Whoever here (in the Dispensation) lives a holy life, transcending both merit and demerit, and walks with understanding in this world — he is truly called a monk. Buddha accepted female bhikkhunis after his step-mother Mahapajapati Gotami organized

2378-409: The five upāsaka and upāsikā vows ( Wylie : dge snyan (ma) , "approaching virtue"). The next step is to enter the pabbajja or monastic way of life (Skt: pravrajyā , Wylie : rab byung ), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri "novice" (Skt. śrāmaṇera , śrāmaṇeri , Wylie : dge tshul, dge tshul ma ). The final step is to take all the vows of

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2436-703: The government to provide teaching courses for trainee teachers. Private universities and colleges that are located in Kedah include the Open University of Malaysia (OUM) Regional Learning Center for the state of Kedah and Perlis at Sungai Petani, the Albukhary International University in Alor Setar, Pusat Bahasa Titian Jaya the PTPL College and the Cosmopoint College. Kedah houses three technical institutes that are affiliated with MARA, that

2494-430: The inland region. The Chinese in Kedah also speaks various varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin , Hokkien and so on. There are also a small but well established Indian community mostly of ethnic Tamil and also smaller number of Telugus , Malayalees and Punjabis who speak Telugu , Malayalam and Punjabi . Kedah is also home to a large community of ethnic Siamese of which it has its own distinct dialect of

2552-566: The major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non-monastic communities. Tendai monastics followed this practice. During Japan's Meiji Restoration during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote

2610-438: The neighboring state of Perak . Like most parts of Malaysia, Kedah is home to various languages and dialects. The majority language of Kedah is Kedah Malay , known by locals as Pelat Utagha (Northern dialect), it is a distinct variety of Malay which also serves as the state's main lingua franca and is used by almost all Kedahans regardless of race. Kedah Malay has many sub-dialects which differs from district to district and

2668-838: The newly created State Shinto . Japanese Buddhists won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities. Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally "at will" for varying periods of time. After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 , when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. Jōdo Shinshū and Nichiren schools began sending missionaries to Korea under Japanese rule and new sects formed there such as Won Buddhism . The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ( Korean :  사찰령 ; Hanja :  寺刹令 ) changed

2726-412: The northeastern towards the southeastern part of the state is particularly mountainous, especially in the districts of Padang Terap , Sik , Baling , Kulim and Bandar Baharu . The Kedah–Songkhla and Bintang Ranges formed the state's boundary between the Thai provinces of Songkhla and Yala in the northeast, and the state of Penang in the southwest and Perak in the southeast. The Bintang Range

2784-422: The ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In Mahayana and Vajrayana, the term "sangha" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the aryasangha ( Wylie : mchog kyi tshogs ), the "community of the noble ones who have reached the first bhūmi ". These, however, need not be monks and nuns. The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take

2842-448: The practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of Korean Seon divided in 1970 over this issue; the Jogye Order is fully celibate while the Taego Order has both celibate monastics and non-celibate Japanese-style priests. In Tibet , the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty-one or older, respectively. Tibetan Vajrayana often calls ordained monks lama . In Mahayana traditions,

2900-444: The state government is vested in him. The current sultan is Sallehuddin , who has reigned since 12 September 2017 after his elder brother Sultan Abdul Halim died on 11 September 2017. The State Executive Council , which along with the Sultan is Kedah's executive branch of government. It is composed of the Menteri Besar , who is its chairman and Kedah's head of government, and ten other members. The Menteri Besar and other members of

2958-442: The states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest. The state's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in the capital's suburb Anak Bukit . Other major towns include Sungai Petani (its largest urban area by population), and Kulim on the mainland, and Kuah on Langkawi . Around 788 BC, a large settlement may have been already established around the northern bank of Merbok River . The settlement consisted of

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3016-455: The traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the Governor-General of Korea were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property. More importantly, monks from pro-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children. In Korea,

3074-414: The vows "clean". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows. In 9th century Japan, the monk Saichō believed the 250 precepts were for the Śrāvakayāna and that ordination should use the Mahayana precepts of the Brahmajala Sutra . He stipulated that monastics remain on Mount Hiei for twelve years of isolated training and follow

3132-425: Was changed into a Malay state after invasion of Muslim kingdoms. It was later under Siam , until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, and by Aceh . In the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to

3190-422: Was descended from the people of the Kingdom of Reman of which once ruled the Baling and Grik regions before it was dissolved and became part of three distinct political entities namely Kedah, Perak and Yala (Thailand). Besides Malay, there are also various minority languages spoken throughout Kedah, Aslian languages such as Jahai , Kensiu and Kintaq are spoken by the small Orang Asli populations mostly in

3248-413: Was established over the Srivijayan province of Kedah in the late 11th century. According to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals , Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa . According to the text further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah. However, an Acehnese account gave

3306-422: Was promulgated by Sultan Badlishah in July 1950. The various provisions laid down in the constitution include the role and powers of the monarch, the Kedah State Legislative Assembly and the state's civil service. The Sultan of Kedah is the constitutional ruler of the state. His position is hereditary and he holds his office for life. The sultan is the head of Islam in the state and the executive power of

3364-432: Was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi , but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah became one of the states of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which then achieved independence in 1957. Malaya was then enlarged to become Malaysia in 1963, joined by Sabah , Sarawak and Singapore (independent in 1965). Kedah

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