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81-415: Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec ( French: [tuluz lotʁɛk] ), was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of

162-485: A Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circumscription. Apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily permanently. Since Louis VII (1137–80), the highest precedence amongst the vassals ( Prince-bishops and secular nobility) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief

243-422: A community of nuns. By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a village surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach and cherry trees . The first mills were built on the western slope in 1529, grinding wheat , barley and rye . There were thirteen mills at one time, though by the late nineteenth century only two remained, During the 1590 Siege of Paris , in

324-551: A dance at Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. Maurice Utrillo lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and Raoul Dufy shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the Musée de Montmartre . Pablo Picasso , Amedeo Modigliani and other artists lived and worked in a building called Le Bateau-Lavoir during the years 1904–1909, where Picasso painted one of his most important masterpieces, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon . Several composers, including Erik Satie , lived in

405-591: A family history of inbreeding . At the age of 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right femur , and at age 14, he fractured his left femur. The breaks did not heal properly. Modern physicians attribute this to an unknown genetic disorder , possibly pycnodysostosis (sometimes known as Toulouse-Lautrec Syndrome), or a variant disorder along the lines of osteopetrosis , achondroplasia , or osteogenesis imperfecta . Toulouse-Lautrec's legs ceased to grow when he reached 1.52 m or 5 ft 0 in. He developed an adult torso while retaining his child-sized legs. During

486-489: A large number of cannon in a park at the top of the hill, near where the basilica is today. On 18 March 1871, the soldiers from the French Army tried to remove the cannon from the hilltop. They were blocked by members of the politically radicalised Paris National Guard , who captured and then killed two French army generals, and installed a revolutionary government that lasted two months. The heights of Montmartre were retaken by

567-585: A living of his own. Other artists looked down on the work, but he ignored them. The cabaret reserved a seat for him and displayed his paintings. Among the works that he painted for the Moulin Rouge and other Parisian nightclubs are depictions of the singer Yvette Guilbert ; the dancer Louise Weber, better known as La Goulue (The Glutton), who created the French can-can ; and the much subtler dancer Jane Avril . Toulouse-Lautrec's family were Anglophiles , and though he

648-528: A museum to be created in Albi , his birthplace, to show his works. This Musée Toulouse-Lautrec owns the most extensive collection of his works. In a career of less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created: Toulouse-Lautrec's debt to the Impressionists , particularly the more figurative painters like Manet and Degas , is apparent, that within his works, one can draw parallels to the detached barmaid at A Bar at

729-534: A new record for the artist for a price at auction. Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa was born at the Château du Bosc, Camjac, Aveyron, in the south of France, the firstborn child of Count Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec Montfa (1838–1913) and Adèle Zoë Tapié de Celeyran (1841–1930). He was a member of an aristocratic family (descended from both the Counts of Toulouse and Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec , as well as

810-521: A peaceful compromise between the even more radical Paris Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune refused to recognize him as mayor, and seized the town hall. He ran for a seat in the council of the Paris Commune, but received less than eight hundred votes. He did not participate in the Commune, and was out of the city when the Commune was suppressed by the French army. In 1876, he again

891-684: A prostitute in Montmartre , a woman rumoured to be Marie-Charlet. In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec began to exhibit his work at the cabaret of Aristide Bruant 's Mirliton . With his studies finished, Toulouse-Lautrec participated in an exposition in 1887 in Toulouse using the pseudonym "Tréclau", the verlan of the family name "Lautrec". He later exhibited in Paris with Van Gogh and Louis Anquetin . In 1885, Toulouse-Lautrec met Suzanne Valadon . He made several portraits of her and supported her ambition as an artist. It

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972-459: A rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, but which are considered "equivalent" in rank. This is the case with: The title "Count" in fiction is commonly, though not always, given to evil characters, used as another word for prince or vampires: Montmartre Montmartre ( UK : / m ɒ n ˈ m ɑːr t r ə / mon- MAR -trə , US : / m oʊ n ˈ -/ mohn- , French: [mɔ̃maʁtʁ] )

1053-498: A speciality of Princeteau's and a subject Toulouse-Lautrec later revisited in his "Circus Paintings". In 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned to Albi because his mother had concerns about his health. He took thermal baths at Amélie-les-Bains , and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of finding a way to improve her son's growth and development. Toulouse-Lautrec's parents were first cousins (their mothers were sisters), and his congenital health conditions have often been attributed to

1134-476: A stay in Nice, France , his progress in painting and drawing impressed Princeteau, who persuaded Toulouse-Lautrec's parents to allow him to return to Paris and study under the portrait painter Léon Bonnat . He returned to Paris in 1882. Toulouse-Lautrec's mother had high ambitions and, with the aim of her son becoming a fashionable and respected painter, used their family's influence to gain him entry to Bonnat's studio. He

1215-431: A very vocal supporter of him, and his portrait of Oscar Wilde was painted the same year as Wilde's trial. Toulouse-Lautrec was mocked for his short stature and physical appearance, which some biographers have conjectured may have contributed to his abuse of alcohol. Toulouse-Lautrec initially drank only beer and wine, but his tastes expanded into spirits, namely absinthe . The "Earthquake Cocktail" (Tremblement de Terre)

1296-439: Is a distinction between counts (Swedish: greve ) created before and after 1809. All children in comital families elevated before 1809 were called count/countess. In families elevated after 1809, only the head of the family was called count, the rest have a status similar to barons and were called by the equivalent of "Mr/Ms/Mrs", before the recognition of titles of nobility was abolished. The following lists are originally based on

1377-552: Is a large hill in Paris 's northern 18th arrondissement . It is 130 m (430 ft) high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank . Montmartre is primarily known for its artistic history, for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit, and as a nightclub district. The other church on the hill, Saint Pierre de Montmartre , built in 1147, was

1458-483: Is also the setting for several hit films. The area is served by the underground Métro , with Line 2 stations at Barbès–Rochechouart , Anvers , Pigalle and Blanche , Line 4 stations at Château Rouge and Barbès–Rochechouart, as well as Line 12 stations at Pigalle, Abbesses , Lamarck–Caulaincourt and Jules Joffrin . It is also served by the Montmartre Funicular . The historic district established by

1539-572: Is attributed to Toulouse-Lautrec: a potent mixture containing half absinthe and half cognac in a wine goblet. Because of his underdeveloped legs, he walked with the aid of a cane, which he hollowed out and kept filled with liquor in order to ensure that he was never without alcohol. A fine and hospitable cook ( Toulouse-Lautrec Cooking , 1898, Édouard Vuillard), Toulouse-Lautrec built up a collection of favourite recipes – some original, some adapted – which were posthumously published by his friend and dealer Maurice Joyant as L'Art de la Cuisine . The book

1620-721: Is believed that they were lovers and that she wanted to marry him. Their relationship ended, and Valadon attempted suicide in 1888. In 1888, the Belgian critic Octave Maus invited Lautrec to present eleven pieces at the Vingt (the 'Twenties') exhibition in Brussels in February. Theo van Gogh , the brother of Vincent van Gogh , bought Poudre de Riz (Rice Powder) for 150 francs for the Goupil & Cie gallery. From 1889 to 1894, Toulouse-Lautrec took part in

1701-442: Is in the house where the painters Maurice Utrillo and Suzanne Valadon lived and worked in second-floor studios. The house was Pierre-Auguste Renoir 's first Montmartre address. Many other personalities moved through the premises. The mansion in the garden at the back is the oldest hotel on Montmartre, and one of its first owners was Claude de la Rose, a 17th-century actor known as Rosimond , who bought it in 1680. Claude de la Rose

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1782-530: Is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter, in some regions she could inherit the title. Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals, yet only a few contadi (countships; the word contadini for inhabitants of a "county" remains the Italian word for "peasant") were politically significant principalities, notably: The principalities tended to start out as margraviate or (promoted to) duchy, and became nominal archduchies within

1863-603: Is very prolific on the peninsula. In the eleventh century, Conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories. Even apparently "lower"-sounding titles, like Viscount , could describe powerful dynasts, such as the House of Visconti which ruled a major city such as Milan . The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans,

1944-619: The First Bulgarian Empire , a komit was a hereditary provincial ruler under the tsar documented since the reign of Presian (836-852) The Cometopouli dynasty was named after its founder, the komit of Sredets . The title of Serdar was used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as a noble title below that of Voivode equivalent to that of Count. In Denmark and historically in Denmark-Norway

2025-512: The Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages , a count might also be a count palatine , whose authority derived directly over a royal household, a palace in its original sense of the seat of power and administration. This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too: the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric, as comes rerum privatarum , in charge of

2106-744: The Salon des Indépendants regularly. He made several landscapes of Montmartre. Tucked deep into Montmartre in Monsieur Pere Foret's garden, Toulouse-Lautrec executed a series of pleasant en plein air paintings of Carmen Gaudin, the same red-headed model who appears in The Laundress (1888). In 1890, during the banquet of the XX exhibition in Brussels, he challenged to a duel the artist Henry de Groux , who criticised van Gogh's works. Paul Signac also declared he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour if Lautrec

2187-709: The Viscounts of Montfa ). His younger brother was born in 1867 but died the following year. Both sons enjoyed the titres de courtoisie of Comte . If Toulouse-Lautrec had outlived his father, he would have inherited the family title of Comte de Toulouse-Lautrec . After the death of his brother, Toulouse-Lautrec's parents separated, and a nanny cared for him. At the age of eight, Toulouse-Lautrec lived with his mother in Paris, where he drew sketches and caricatures in his exercise workbooks. A friend of his father, René Princeteau , sometimes visited to give informal lessons. Some of Toulouse-Lautrec's early paintings are of horses,

2268-467: The fontaine Saint-Denis (on modern impasse Girardon ), then descended the north slope of the hill, where he died. Hilduin wrote that a church had been built "in the place formerly called Mont de Mars, and then, by a happy change, 'Mont des Martyrs'." In 1134, King Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre , still standing. He also founded

2349-502: The place du Tertre . By the 19th century, the butte was famous for its cafés, guinguettes with public dancing, and cabarets. Le Chat Noir at 84 boulevard de Rochechouart was founded in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis , and became a popular haunt for writers and poets. The composer Eric Satie earned money by playing the piano there. The Moulin Rouge at 94 boulevard de Clichy was founded in 1889 by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler ; it became

2430-548: The 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship-peerages had died out, or were held by royal princes Other French countships of note included those of: See also above for parts of present France A Graf ruled over a territory known as a Grafschaft ('county'). See also various comital and related titles; especially those actually reigning over a principality: Gefürsteter Graf , Landgraf , Reichsgraf ; compare Markgraf , Burggraf , Pfalzgraf ( see Imperial quaternions ). The title of Conte

2511-429: The 19th century, the title, having lost its high rank (equivalent to that of Duke ), proliferated. Portugal itself started as a countship in 868, but became a kingdom in 1139 (see: County of Portugal ). Throughout the history of Portugal , especially during the constitutional monarchy many other countships were created. In Spain, no countships of wider importance exist, except in the former Spanish march. In

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2592-450: The 7th and 9th centuries, most of the sarcophagi found in ancient sites were made of molded gypsum. In modern times, the mining was done with explosives, which riddled the ground under the butte with tunnels, making the ground very unstable and difficult to build upon. The construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur required making a special foundation that descended 40 metres (130 ft) under

2673-526: The 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori (Mount Mercury); a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century and the remains of a major wall. Earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But (2 rue Pierre-Dac) found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century. The butte owes its particular religious importance to

2754-625: The City of Paris in 1995 contains 60 ha (150 acres). and is bordered by Rue Caulaincourt and Rue Custine on the north, the Rue de Clignancourt on the east and the Boulevard de Clichy and Boulevard de Rochechouart to the south. The toponym Mons Martis , Latin for "Mount of Mars", survived into Merovingian times, gallicised as Montmartre. Archaeological excavations show that the heights of Montmartre were occupied from at least Gallo-Roman times. Texts from

2835-558: The Folies-Bergère by Manet and the behind-the-scenes ballet dancers of Degas. Toulouse-Lautrec's style was also influenced by the Ukiyo-e genre of Japanese woodblock prints, which became popular in the Parisian art world . Toulouse-Lautrec excelled at depicting people in their working environments, with the colour and movement of the gaudy nightlife present but the glamour stripped away. He

2916-639: The French Army with heavy fighting at the end of May 1871, during what became known as the Semaine Sanglante , or "Bloody Week". In 1870, the future French prime minister during World War I, Georges Clemenceau , was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement, including Montmartre, by the new government of the Third Republic , and was also elected to the National Assembly . A member of the radical republican party, Clemenceau tried unsuccessfully to find

2997-500: The Habsburg dynasty; noteworthy are: Apart from various small ones, significant were : Count/Countess was one of the noble titles granted by the Pope as a temporal sovereign, and the title's holder was sometimes informally known as a papal count/papal countess or less so as a Roman count/Roman countess, but mostly as count/countess. The comital title, which could be for life or hereditary,

3078-507: The Middle Ages the title of jarl (earl) was the highest title of nobility. The title was eventually replaced by the title of duke, but that title was abolished in Denmark and Norway as early as the Middle Ages. Titles were only reintroduced with the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660, with count as the highest title. In Sweden the rank of count is the highest rank conferred upon nobles in

3159-818: The Paris studio and travelled throughout France. Both his physical and mental health began to decline due to alcoholism and syphilis . On 9 September 1901, at the age of 36, Toulouse-Lautrec died from complications due to alcoholism and syphilis at his mother's estate, Château Malromé , in Saint-André-du-Bois . He is buried in Cimetière de Verdelais , Gironde, a few kilometres from the estate. Toulouse-Lautrec's last words reportedly were "Le vieux con!" ("The old fool!"), his goodbye to his father. After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, his mother, Comtesse Adèle de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa, and his art dealer, Maurice Joyant, continued promoting his artwork. His mother contributed funds for

3240-568: The Royal Abbey of Montmartre , a monastery of the Benedictine order , whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a small chapel, called the Martyrium , at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a popular pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye d'en bas was built at that site, and in 1686 it was occupied by

3321-493: The area. The last of the bohemian Montmartre artists was Gen Paul (1895–1975), born in Montmartre and a friend of Utrillo. Paul's calligraphic expressionist lithographs, sometimes memorializing picturesque Montmartre itself, owe a lot to Raoul Dufy . Among the last of the neighborhood's bohemian gathering places was R-26 , an artistic salon frequented by Josephine Baker , Le Corbusier and Django Reinhardt . Its name

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3402-552: The birthplace of the French cancan . Artists who performed in the cabarets of Montmartre included Yvette Guilbert , Marcelle Lender , Aristide Bruant , La Goulue , Georges Guibourg , Mistinguett , Fréhel , Jane Avril , and Damia . During the Belle Époque from 1872 to 1914, many artists lived and worked in Montmartre, where the rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. Pierre-Auguste Renoir rented space at 12 rue Cortot in 1876 to paint Bal du moulin de la Galette , showing

3483-501: The board visible. Many of his works may be best described as "drawings in coloured paint." On 20 August 2018, Toulouse-Lautrec was the featured artist on the BBC television programme Fake or Fortune? . Researchers attempted to discover whether he had created two newly discovered sketchbooks. Count The title of count is typically not used in England or English-speaking countries, and

3564-804: The church of the prestigious Montmartre Abbey. On 15 August 1534, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Francis Xavier and five other companions bound themselves by vows in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, 11 Rue Yvonne Le Tac, the first step in the creation of the Jesuits . Near the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, during the Belle Époque , many artists lived, worked, or had studios in or around Montmartre, including Amedeo Modigliani , Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Suzanne Valadon , Piet Mondrian , Pablo Picasso , Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh . Montmartre

3645-522: The city. Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities ( faubourgs ) surrounding Paris, and became part of the 18th arrondissement of Paris . In 1871, Montmartre was the site of the beginning of the revolutionary uprising of the Paris Commune . During the Franco-Prussian War , the French army had stored

3726-559: The emergence of the title came the most powerful symbol of entitlement, that is the ownership of and jurisdiction over land, hence the term county . The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the control of a count ( earl ) or a viscount . The modern French is comté , and its equivalents in other languages are contea , contado , comtat , condado , Grafschaft , graafschap , etc. (cf. conte , comte , conde , Graf ). The title of Count

3807-678: The first free Constitution of Denmark of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Since then the title of count has been granted only to members of the Danish royal family , either as a replacement for a princely title when marrying a commoner, or in recent times, instead of that title in connection with divorce. Thus the first wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark , the younger son of Margrethe II of Denmark , became Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg on their divorce—initially retaining her title of princess, but losing it on her remarriage. In

3888-467: The former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries and gypsum mines. The mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period , first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground and put into sacks. Sold as montmartarite , it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water. Between

3969-478: The ground to hold the structure in place. A fossil tooth found in one of these mines was identified by Georges Cuvier as an extinct equine , which he dubbed Palaeotherium , the "ancient animal". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later. Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the Battle of Paris in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of

4050-400: The group of friends he kept for the rest of his life. At this time, he met Émile Bernard and Vincent van Gogh . Cormon, whose instruction was more relaxed than Bonnat's, allowed his pupils to roam Paris, looking for subjects to paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter with a prostitute (reputedly sponsored by his friends), which led him to paint his first painting of

4131-620: The high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials, either military or administrative. Before Anthemius became emperor in the West in 467, he was a military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier. In the Western Roman Empire , "count" came to indicate generically a military commander but was not a specific rank. In the Eastern Roman Empire , from about

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4212-488: The imperial lands, then as comes sacrarum largitionum ("count of the sacred doles"), concerned with the finances of the realm. In the United Kingdom, the title of earl is used instead of count . Although the exact reason is debated by historians and linguists, one of the more popular theories proposes that count fell into disuse because of its phonetic similarity to the vulgar slang word cunt . Originally, with

4293-537: The last decade of the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV placed his artillery on top of the butte of Montmartre to fire down into the city. The siege eventually failed when a large relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw. The abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution , and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines . The last abbess, Marie-Louise de Laval-Montmorency ,

4374-422: The late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. He is among the painters described as being Post-Impressionists , with Paul Cézanne , Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin , and Georges Seurat also commonly considered as belonging in this loose group. In a 2005 auction at Christie's auction house, La Blanchisseuse , Toulouse-Lautrec's early painting of a young laundress, sold for US$ 22.4 million, setting

4455-449: The life of these women. In 1892 and 1893, he created a series of two women in bed together called Le Lit , and in 1894 he painted Salón de la Rue des Moulins    [ it ; nl ] from memory in his studio. Toulouse-Lautrec declared, "A model is always a stuffed doll, but these women are alive. I wouldn't venture to pay them the hundred sous to sit for me, and God knows whether they would be worth it. They stretch out on

4536-511: The modern era and are, like their Danish and Norwegian counterparts, broadly comparable to that of dukes in other European countries. Unlike the rest of Scandinavia, the title of duke is still used in Sweden, but only by members of the royal family and are not considered part of the nobility. Like other major Western noble titles , Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as

4617-689: The neighbourhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them going to the Montparnasse quarter. Artists' associations such as Les Nabis and the Incohérents were formed and individuals including Vincent van Gogh , Pierre Brissaud , Alfred Jarry , Jacques Villon , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Henri Matisse , André Derain , Suzanne Valadon , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Théophile Steinlen , and African-American expatriates such as Langston Hughes worked in Montmartre and drew some of their inspiration from

4698-506: The process of indygenat , naturalisation. Somewhat similar to the native privileged class of nobles found in Poland, Hungary also had a class of Conditional nobles . As opposed to the plethora of hollow "gentry" counts, only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia ; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important. However, during

4779-659: The purchaser of land designated "feudal" was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte . This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early-19th century Italy, last of all in the Papal States . Poland was notable throughout its history for not granting titles of nobility. This was on the premise that one could only be born into nobility, outside rare exceptions. Instead, it conferred non-hereditary courtly or civic roles . The noble titles that were in use on its territory were mostly of foreign provenance and usually subject to

4860-435: The seventh century, "count" was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuriae (i.e., 200 men). The medieval title of comes was originally not hereditary. It was regarded as an administrative official dependent on the king, until the process of allodialisation during the 9th century in which such titles came to be private possessions of noble families. By virtue of their large estates, many counts could pass

4941-483: The sofas like animals, make no demand and they are not in the least bit conceited." He was well appreciated by the women, saying, "I have found girls of my own size! Nowhere else do I feel so much at home." When the Moulin Rouge cabaret opened in 1889, Toulouse-Lautrec was commissioned to produce a series of posters. His mother had left Paris and, though he had a regular income from his family, making posters offered him

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5022-422: The sometimes decadent affairs of those times. Born into the aristocracy, Toulouse-Lautrec broke both his legs around the time of his adolescence and, possibly due to the rare condition pycnodysostosis , was very short as an adult due to his undersized legs. In addition to alcoholism, he developed an affinity for brothels and prostitutes that directed the subject matter for many of his works, which record details of

5103-477: The term earl is used instead. A female holder of the title is still referred to as a countess , however. The word count came into English from the French comte , itself from Latin comes —in its accusative form comitem . It meant "companion" or "attendant", and as a title it indicated that someone was delegated to represent the ruler. In the late Roman Empire , the Latin title comes denoted

5184-568: The text entitled Miracles of Saint-Denis , written before 885 by Hilduin , abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis, which recounted how Saint Denis , a Christian bishop, was decapitated on the hilltop in 250 AD on orders of the Roman prefect Fescennius Sisinius for preaching the Christian faith to the Gallo-Roman inhabitants of Lutetia . According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as

5265-462: The title of count ( greve ) is the highest rank of nobility used in the modern period. Some Danish/Dano-Norwegian countships were associated with fiefs , and these counts were known as "feudal counts" ( lensgreve ). They rank above ordinary (titular) counts, and their position in the Danish aristocracy as the highest-ranking noblemen is broadly comparable to that of dukes in other European countries. With

5346-652: The title to their heirs—but not always. For instance, in Piast Poland , the position of komes was not hereditary, resembling the early Merovingian institution. The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the office had been replaced by others. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of "count" resurface in the title hrabia , derived from the German Graf . In

5427-507: The top of the butte, Espace Dalí showcases surrealist artist Salvador Dalí 's work. Montmartre is an officially designated historic district with limited development allowed in order to maintain its historic character. An inclined railway, the Funiculaire de Montmartre , operated by the RATP , ascends the hill from the south, while the Montmartre bus circles the hill. Downhill to the southwest

5508-402: Was signore , modeled on the French seigneur , used with the name of the fief . By the fourteenth century, conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous . Some titles of a count, according to the particulars of the patent, might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count. Younger brothers might be distinguished as "X dei conti di Y" ("X of the counts of Y"). However, if there

5589-412: Was a pairie , i.e. carried the exclusive rank of pair ; within the first (i.e. clerical) and second (noble) estates, the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal, the next three comital comté-pairies : Later other countships (and duchies, even baronies) have been raised to this French peerage, but mostly as apanages (for members of the royal house) or for foreigners; after

5670-628: Was a master at painting crowd scenes where each figure was highly individualised. At the time they were painted, the individual figures in his larger paintings could be identified by silhouette alone , and the names of many of these characters have been recorded. His treatment of his subject matter, whether as portraits, in scenes of Parisian nightlife, or as intimate studies, has been described as alternately "sympathetic" and "dispassionate". Toulouse-Lautrec's skilled depiction of people relied on his highly linear approach emphasising contours . He often applied paint in long, thin brushstrokes leaving much of

5751-471: Was also often conferred by the monarch as an honorific title for special services rendered, without a feudal estate (countship, county) being attached, so it was merely a title, with or without a domain name attached to it. In the United Kingdom , the equivalent "Earl" can also be used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke or marquess. In the Italian states , by contrast, all the sons of certain counts were little counts ( contini ). In Sweden there

5832-541: Was awarded in various forms by popes and Holy Roman Emperors since the Middle Ages, infrequently before the 14th century, and the pope continued to grant the comital and other noble titles even after 1870, it was largely discontinued in the mid 20th-century, on the accession of John XXIII . The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief. Until 1812 in some regions,

5913-464: Was commemorated by Reinhardt in his 1947 tune " R. vingt-six ". There is a small vineyard in the Rue Saint-Vincent, which continues the tradition of wine production in the Île de France, and a wild garden , occupied by midwife toads , also in the Rue Saint-Vincent. The vineyard yields about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 130 US gal) of wine per year, The Musée de Montmartre

5994-399: Was drawn to Montmartre , the area of Paris known for its bohemian lifestyle and the haunt of artists, writers, and philosophers. Studying with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec in the heart of Montmartre, an area he rarely left over the next 20 years. After Bonnat took a new job, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the studio of Fernand Cormon in 1882 and studied for a further five years and established

6075-469: Was elected as deputy for Montmartre and the 18th arrondissement. The Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur was built on Montmartre from 1876 to 1919, financed by public subscription as a gesture of expiation for the suffering of France during the Franco-Prussian War . Its white dome is a highly visible landmark in the city, and near it artists set up their easels each day amidst the tables and colourful umbrellas of

6156-580: Was guillotined in 1794. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved. At the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located (now 11 rue Yvonne-Le Tac), an oratory was built in 1855. It was renovated in 1994. In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris. That year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly , it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre , site of

6237-599: Was killed. De Groux apologised for the slight and left the group, and the duel never took place. Toulouse-Lautrec contributed several illustrations to the magazine Le Rire during the mid-1890s. In addition to his growing alcoholism, Toulouse-Lautrec also visited prostitutes. He was fascinated by their lifestyle as well as that of the "urban underclass", and he incorporated those characters into his paintings. Fellow painter Édouard Vuillard later said that while Toulouse-Lautrec did engage in sex with prostitutes, "the real reasons for his behaviour were moral ones ... Lautrec

6318-540: Was not as fluent as he pretended to be, he spoke English well enough. He travelled to London, where he was commissioned by the J. & E. Bella company to make a poster advertising their paper confetti (plaster confetti was banned after the 1892 Mardi Gras ) and the bicycle advert La Chaîne Simpson . While in London, Toulouse-Lautrec met and befriended Oscar Wilde . When Wilde faced imprisonment in Britain, Toulouse-Lautrec became

6399-536: Was republished in English translation in 1966 as The Art of Cuisine  – a tribute to his inventive (and wide-ranging) cooking. By February 1899, Toulouse-Lautrec's alcoholism began to take its toll, and he collapsed from exhaustion. His family had him committed to Folie Saint-James , a sanatorium in Neuilly-sur-Seine for three months. While committed, he drew 39 circus portraits. After his release, he returned to

6480-586: Was the actor who replaced Molière , and who, like his predecessor, died on stage. Nearby, day and night, tourists visit such sights as Place du Tertre and the cabaret du Lapin Agile , where the artists had worked and gathered. Many renowned artists, such as painter and sculptor Edgar Degas and film director François Truffaut , are buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre and the Cimetière Saint-Vincent . Near

6561-422: Was too proud to submit to his lot, as a physical freak, an aristocrat cut off from his kind by his grotesque appearance. He found an affinity between his condition and the moral penury of the prostitute." The prostitutes inspired Toulouse-Lautrec. He would frequently visit a brothel located in Rue d'Amboise, where he had a favourite called Mireille. He created about a hundred drawings and fifty paintings inspired by

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