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46-532: The first cathedral at Toulon existed in the 5th century, but no trace of it remains. The present building was begun in 1096 by Gilbert, Count of Provence , according to tradition in gratitude for his safe return from the Crusades . The first three travées, or bays of the nave , remain from the Romanesque 11th century church and the present Chapel of Saint Joseph was originally the choir apse . The Chapel of Relics

92-595: A military campaign to impose his authority over the cities of Provence, ending the independence of Grasse and Tarascon, occupying Nice, which had tried to ally with Genoa; and founding a new town, Barcelonette , in the far east of Provence, near the Italian border. The ambitions of Ramon Berenguer were energetically resisted by the new Count of Toulouse, Raymond VII, who had lost most of his own territory to France. Raymond VII became an ally of Marseille and Avignon in their fight against Ramon Berenguer. In 1232 his army devastated

138-456: A noblewoman named Wandelmoda: By low-born mistress named Pezola, and whom the people called Venerem: By Rotruda of Pavia , called Iunonem by the people and widow of Giselbert I of Bergamo : By a Roman woman named Stephanie, to whom the people gave the nickname Semelen: By an unknown mistress: A young page educated at Hugh's court at the traditional Lombard capital, Pavia , grew up to be Liutprand , Bishop of Cremona and chronicler of

184-494: A rope and rejoining his army, but Marozia was imprisoned until her death a few years later. Hugh's power in Italy was damaged but not destroyed by these events. To strengthen his hand in the affairs of Milan , he tonsured his younger illegitimate son, Tebald , to groom him for the position of Archbishop of Milan ; however, the ancient cleric, Arderic , whom he installed pro tem lived another twenty-two years. He continued to organise

230-633: A royal style. He also took control of the right to grant fiefs in Provence. During his early years of reign, Hugh somewhat improved the central administration of the kingdom, achieving rather more (though not total) success against the Magyar raids that had been plaguing Italy for several decades. In September 928, Hugh met with Rudolph of France and Herbert II of Vermandois in Burgundy. Hugh granted Herbert's son Odo Vienne in opposition to Charles Constantine. He

276-404: A second marriage failed disastrously. His bride was Marozia , senatrix and effective ruler of Rome and widow first of Alberic I of Spoleto and then of Hugh's own half-brother Guy of Tuscany . This last fact, though, meant that the marriage was illegal under canon law , because of the relationship of affinity between them – a matter that Hugh tried to circumvent by disowning and eliminating

322-552: The Byzantine Empire and, in 942, Hugh even came to terms with Alberic, who married one of Hugh's daughters. Within the kingdom, Hugh intensified his existing habit of giving any available offices or lands to relations, including his numerous legitimate and illegitimate progeny, and a small circle of old and trusted friends. The effect this had on Italian nobles who saw this as a threat eventually resulted in rebellion. In 941, Hugh expelled Berengar of Ivrea from Italy and abolished

368-552: The March of Ivrea . In 945, Berengar returned from exile in Germany and defeated Hugh in battle. By a diet Berengar held at Milan, Hugh was deposed, though he managed to come to terms by which he nominally kept the crown and the title rex (king) but returned to Provence, leaving Lothair as nominal king, but with all real power in Berengar's hands. Hugh retired to Provence, but continued to carry

414-533: The Catalan Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona , who as a result became Raymond Berenguer I, Count of Provence. He ruled Provence until 1131, and his descendants, the Catalan Dynasty , ruled Provence until 1246. The claim of the other line, sometimes using the title of Margraves of Provence , passed by marriage to William III, Count of Toulouse . This led to a long-standing Toulouse claim to

460-558: The Cathars, excommunicated him, and invited an army of French knights on a crusade to cleanse the south of France of the heresy . A war began in Provence between the French knights and the soldiers of Raymond VI and his son Raymond VII . Soldiers from Tarascon, Marseille and Avignon joined the army of the Counts of Provence to fight the French. The French commander, Simon de Montfort , was killed at

506-560: The Counts of Provence. In 1423 the army of Alphonse V of Aragon captured Marseille, and in 1443 captured Naples and forced its ruler, King René I of Naples , to flee. He eventually settled in one of his remaining territories, Provence. History and legend has given René the title "Good King René of Provence", though he only lived in Provence in the last ten years of his life, from 1470 to 1480, and his political policies of territorial expansion were costly and unsuccessful. Provence benefitted from population growth and economic expansion, and René

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552-654: The County of Provence and the County of Forcalquier . was ended by an intra-dynastic marriage in 1193. Following the Crusades , international commerce began to resume in the ports of the Mediterranean and along the Rhône. The port of Marseille flourished again. A new city built on the Petit-Rhône, Saint-Gilles , became a transit point for cloth from Flanders and spices and the products of

598-649: The Italian Riviera and north to the alpine valleys of Piedmont . In 973, the Saracens captured Maiolus , the abbot of the monastery at Cluny , and held him for ransom. The ransom was paid and the abbot was released. Count William I , the Count of Arles, organized an army with the help of allied soldiers from Piedmont, and defeated the Saracens near La Garde-Freinet at the Battle of Tourtour . The Saracens who were not killed at

644-610: The Italian nobility to recognise his son Lothair as their next king and crowned him in April 931. That same year, he accused his half-brother Lambert of Tuscany of conspiring for the crown – perhaps with the support of a faction of nobles – and deposed him, bestowing the March of Tuscany on his brother Boso. Hugh, however, had other reasons for deposing Lambert, who presented an obstacle to his second marriage to Marozia . Lambert's supporters called in Rudolph of Burgundy, whom Hugh bribed off with

690-511: The Rhône and Italian border except the rebellious city of Marseille. Ramon Berenguer had four daughters, but no sons. After his death his youngest daughter and heiress, Beatrice , married Charles, Count of Anjou , the youngest son of Louis VIII of France . Provence's fortunes became even more closely tied to the Angevin dynasty . The 15th century saw a series of wars between the Kings of Aragon and

736-526: The Salic forced the childless King of Burgundy , Rudolph III , to name him as successor which in 1032 led to Provence becoming a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire , which it remained until 1246. There was a tradition of shared inheritance practiced by the family of the Counts, leading to two lines each using the title of Count. In 1112, a descendant of Count William I, Douce I, Countess of Provence , married

782-634: The authority of the Counts. In the 13th century the counts of Provence suppressed most of the consulates, but the seeds of civil liberty and democracy had been planted in the cities. In the early 13th century the Albigensian crusade in neighboring Languedoc upset the existing order in Provence. Pope Innocent III sent missionaries and then soldiers to suppress the Cathar religious movement in Languedoc . The Pope accused Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse of supporting

828-468: The battle were forcibly baptized and made into slaves, and the remaining Saracens in Provence fled the region. The expulsion of the Saracens in 973 became an epic event in the history and legends of Provence. William became known as "William the Liberator." He distributed the lands taken from the Saracens between Toulon and Nice to his entourage. His descendants became the recognized leaders of Provence, above

874-558: The cathedral is the eighteenth century Baroque retable made to hold the Holy Sacrament , located in the Corpus Christi chapel . The original retable was designed by the sculptor and painter Pierre Puget , and made of wood. The original was destroyed by fire in 1661, and replaced in 1681 by a replica made of marble and stucco by Puget's nephew and student, Christophe Veyrier . Count of Provence The County of Provence

920-510: The cities of Marseille and Avignon, against Ramon Berenguer for authority in Provence. Arles was blockaded and all traffic on the Rhône stopped. The French army finally intervened to help Ramon Berenguer, the French king's father-in-law. Raymond VII was forced to abandon his quest, and Ramon Berenguer was able to appoint his own candidate as bishop of Avignon and to subdue the rest of eastern Provence. When Ramon Berenguer died in 1245, not quite forty years old, he controlled all of Provence between

966-562: The county for the next century and a half. Despite unsuccessful attempts by Louis and Hugh to expel them, partially because they had been occupied in Italy, the Muslim Saracens had established a base on the coast of Provence called Fraxinetum , near modern-day Saint-Tropez . From here they controlled the mountains of the Massif des Maures and the coast between modern Fréjus and Hyères , and raided throughout Provence getting as far east as

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1012-548: The county, finally resolved by partition in 1125. Provence north and west of the Durance went to the Count of Toulouse , while the lands between the Durance and the Mediterranean, and from the Rhône to the Alps, stayed with the Counts of Provence. The capital of Provence was moved from Arles to Aix-en-Provence, and later to Brignoles . A shorter lasting partition in the next generation, between

1058-412: The descendants of his mother's second marriage and giving Tuscany to a relative on his father's side of the family, Boso. This in turn, however, alarmed Alberic II , Marozia's teenage son or stepson from her first marriage, who, appealing to Roman distrust of the foreign troops Hugh had brought with him, launched a coup d'état during the wedding festivities. Hugh managed to flee the castle by sliding down

1104-638: The eastern Mediterranean. Tarascon and Avignon on the Rhône became important trading ports. During the 12th century some of the cities of Provence became virtually autonomous. They were ruled by consuls, formally under the Counts of Provence but with considerable autonomy. Consulates existed in Avignon in 1229, 1131 in Arles, between 1140 and 1150 in Tarascon, Nice and Grasse, and 1178 in Marseille. Marseille went farther than

1150-521: The end of the winter, King Francis paid a large bribe to the Turkish admiral to persuade him and his fleet to leave. As the naval port of Toulon was enlarged by Henri IV and Louis XIV , and the city became more important, the cathedral was also enlarged. Additions between 1654 and 1659 had the effect of enclosing the original Romanesque building and incorporating the Chapel of Relics. From 1696 to 1701, during

1196-570: The fight against the Magyars and the Andalusian pirates based at Fraxinet in Provence. Active, if sometimes dubious, diplomacy paid off. He concluded a treaty with Rudolph in 933 by which Rudolf abandoned his claims to Italy in return for being handed Provence over the heads of Louis the Blind's heirs and the marriage of Rudolph's daughter Adelaide to Hugh's son Lothair. Friendly relations were maintained with

1242-468: The gift of the Viennois and Lyonnais, which Rudolph successfully occupied. In 933, Rudolph relinquished all his rights to Italy. In 936, Hugh replaced Boso of Tuscany with his own son Humbert . He granted Octavion in the Viennois to Hugh Taillefer and patched up his relations with Charles Constantine in a final effort to save influence in Provence. However, Hugh's attempt to strengthen his power further by

1288-446: The other counts of the region. During this long period of wars and banditry in Provence, the population retreated to walled cities, maritime trade was rare, and little new art or architecture, other than fortification, was created. The Provençal language was formed, closer to Latin than the French spoken in northern France. In the 11th century Provençal terms began to appear, mixed with Latin, in documents. The German Emperor Conrad

1334-570: The other side of the river, and by a treaty signed in Paris on April 12, 1229, the part of Provence west of the Rhône that had belonged to the Counts of Toulouse became part of France. Beginning in 1220, Provence east of the Rhône had a new ruler, Ramon Berenguer IV , of the Catalan dynasty. He was the first Count of Provence to actually reside in Provence permanently, usually living with his court in Aix. He launched

1380-436: The others, establishing a confrerie or charitable and religious organization of the one hundred leaders of the professions, crafts and businesses in the city, which drew up a code of justice and municipal regulations. Several Provençal cities directly negotiated commercial treaties with the republics of Pisa and Genoa in Italy. Other cities, however, such as Aix, Toulon, Hyères, Digne, Cavaillon and Carpentras, remained under

1426-615: The reign of Louis XIV, the Toulon church's classical façade was constructed. Angels on the tympanum of the massive porch, supported on Corinthian columns , hold the arms of Toulon. The façade was badly damaged in the French Revolution , but was restored to its original appearance in 1816. It also displays a memorial plaque from 1239, dedicated to Gilbert of Baux, who died in 1239, and to Gaufridet of Trets and Toulon, and his wife Dame Guillaumette, both of whom died in 1234. The clock tower

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1472-507: The royal prerogatives were exercised by Hugh and Louis ceded him the titles dux of Provence and marchio of the Viennois . He moved the capital to his family's chief seat of Arles and in 912 married Willa , widow of King Rudolph I of Burgundy . Hugh then unsuccessfully attempted to take Burgundy from Rudolph's son, Rudolph II . At an unknown date, a Provençal army led by Hugh, his brother Boso , and Hugh Taillefer invaded Lombardy with

1518-461: The royal title until 947. By four wives and at least four mistresses, Hugh left eight children. With his first wife, Willa of Provence, Hugh had no children. His only legitimate children were both from his second wife, Alda or Hilda, of German origin, whom he married before 924. By his third wife, Marozia , and his fourth, Bertha of Swabia , widow of Rudolph II, Hugh had no children. Hugh had several illegitimate children with several mistresses. By

1564-405: The siege of Toulouse in 1218. Then Raymond VI died in 1222, and a dispute over his lands in Provence began. King Louis VIII of France decided to intervene, and a French royal army marched down the valley of the Rhône and laid siege to Avignon. The city held out for three months but was finally forced by hunger to surrender. Avignon was forced to destroy its city walls and accept a French castle on

1610-527: The support of Hugh's mother. On the basis of the account of Constantine Porphyrogenitus , this event has been dated to as late as 923–924, but the account of Liutprand of Cremona dates the event earlier, between 917 and 920. About 922, a sizable faction of Italian nobles revolted against the by-then Emperor Berengar and elected Rudolph II as their king. This started a civil war, which resulted in Berengar's death in 924. Rather than accept Rudolph, Berengar's partisans now elected Hugh as king (925). Rudolph

1656-529: The territories of Ramon Berenguer around Tarascon and Arles. Ramon Berenguer responded to this attack by strengthening his alliance with France; he married his daughter, Marguerite, to King Louis IX of France , and appealed to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , for support. In exchange for his support, Frederic demanded that the cities of Arles and Avignon be governed by the Holy Roman Empire. A prolonged struggle took place between Raymond VII and his allies,

1702-403: The title Duke of Provence. Hugh became King of Italy in 926 ruling both Italy and Provence for twenty years. He traded Provence to Rudolph I of Burgundy in exchange for preserving his power in Italy. After Hugh's death Conrad of Burgundy became Count of Provence as King of Burgundy. He named a number of counts of Burgundian origin, one of whom Rotbald founded a new dynasty who would control

1748-515: Was Boso who made himself king and was confirmed by the Synod of Mantaille , whose Bosonid descendants would rule Provence for a time. His son Louis was a short lasting Holy Roman Emperor who despite being crowned in 901 was twice expelled from Italy and on the second time was blinded and returned to Provence which was now effectively governed by his cousin, Hugh of Arles . Hugh moved the capital of Provence from Vienne to Arles, and when Louis died took

1794-525: Was a generous patron of the arts, sponsoring painters Nicolas Froment , Louis Bréa , and other masters. He also completed one of the finest castles in Provence at Tarascon , on the Rhône. When René died in 1480, his title passed to his nephew Charles du Maine . One year later, in 1481, when Charles died, the title passed to Louis XI of France . Provence was legally incorporated into the French royal domain in 1486. Hugh of Arles Hugh (c. 880–947), known as Hugh of Arles or Hugh of Provence ,

1840-618: Was a largely autonomous medieval state that eventually became incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1481. For four centuries Provence was ruled by a series of counts that were vassals of the Carolingian Empire , Burgundy and finally the Holy Roman Empire , but in practice they were largely independent. There is no clear date of the first use of the title of Count of Provence , although an independent state had been forming for some time. The first non Carolingian ruler of Provence

1886-402: Was born in 880/1, the eldest surviving son of Count Theobald of Arles and Bertha of Lotharingia . By inheritance, he was count of Arles and Vienne , which made him one of the most important and influential nobles in the Kingdom of Provence . After Emperor Louis III was captured, blinded, and exiled from Italy in 905, Hugh became his chief adviser in Provence and regent . By 911, most of

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1932-534: Was built between 1737 and 1740, around the same time as the monumental gate of the Toulon Arsenal. It is 36 meters high, and three meters thick at the base. On top of the tower is an iron campanile , where a bell has kept time in Toulon since 1524. The original bells were taken and melted down during the French Revolution. In 1806 and 1807 they were replaced by four new bells. The most notable work of art in

1978-521: Was constructed in the 15th century. In the winter of 1543–1544 the cathedral, the largest building in the city, was temporarily transformed into a mosque for the 30,000 crew members of the ships of the Ottoman-Barbary admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa , at that time an ally of Francis I of France . The residents of Toulon were temporarily expelled from the city to make room for the Turkish sailors. At

2024-441: Was ejected from Italy in 926 and Hugh crossed the Alps to be crowned. In his absence, Louis of Provence transferred his county of Vienne to Charles-Constantine . Louis died on 5 June 928 and Hugh returned to Provence to sort out a succession. For whatever reasons, neither Charles Constantine nor Hugh was elected king, but Hugh annexed the kingdom to Italy de facto , issuing diplomata concerning Provence from his Italian chancery in

2070-531: Was still in conflict with Rudolph of Burgundy and hoped to ally with the King of France against the Burgundian monarch. By 930, however, Charles was in complete control of Vienne and by 931, Rudolph of France was claiming suzerainty over the Viennois and Lyonnais . In light of these reverses in his transalpine policy, Hugh turned his attention towards securing his rule in Italy and receiving the imperial crown . He induced

2116-470: Was the king of Italy from 926 until his death. He belonged to the Bosonid family. During his reign, he empowered his relatives at the expense of the aristocracy and tried to establish a relationship with the Byzantine Empire . He had success in defending the realm from external enemies, but his domestic habits and policies created many internal foes and he was removed from power before his death. Hugh of Arles

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