A tote board (or totalisator / totalizator ) is a numeric or alphanumeric display used to convey information, typically at a race track (to display the odds or payoffs for each horse) or at a telethon (to display the total amount donated to the charitable organization sponsoring the event).
62-503: The term "tote board" comes from the colloquialism for "totalizator" (or "totalisator"), the name for the automated system which runs parimutuel betting , calculating payoff odds, displaying them, and producing tickets based on incoming bets. Parimutuel systems had used totalisator boards since the 1860s, and they were often housed in substantial buildings. However, the manual systems often resulted in substantial delays in calculations of clients' payouts. The first all-mechanical totalisator
124-594: A casino setting. Gambling games that take place outside of casinos include bingo (as played in the US and UK ), dead pool , lotteries , pull-tab games and scratchcards , and Mahjong . Other non-casino gambling games include: *Although coin tossing is not usually played in a casino, it has been known to be an official gambling game in some Australian casinos Fixed-odds betting and Parimutuel betting frequently occur at many types of sporting events, and political elections. In addition many bookmakers offer fixed odds on
186-727: A "gaming" company offers (legal) "gambling" activities to the public and may be regulated by one of many gaming control boards , for example, the Nevada Gaming Control Board . However, this distinction is not universally observed in the English-speaking world. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the regulator of gambling activities is called the Gambling Commission (not the Gaming Commission). The word gaming
248-441: A Canadian or Super Yankee trying to pick five; these also include subsidiary bets. There are also other bets which are large combinations of singles, doubles, trebles and accumulators some of them are called Lucky 15, Lucky 31, Heinz, Super Heinz, Goliath. The term nap identifies the best bet of the day. Tote Ireland operates the following pools Bet types for harness racing (trotting): The Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) operates
310-444: A bet involving two or more races. For example, a 1-all daily double wheel bets the 1-horse in the first race with every horse in the second. People making straight bets commonly employ the strategy of an "each way" bet. Here the bettor picks a horse and bets it will win, and makes an additional bet that it will show, so that theoretically if the horse runs third it will at least pay back the two bets. The Canadian and American equivalent
372-648: A gambling contract may not give a casino bona fide purchaser status, permitting the recovery of stolen funds in some situations. In Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd , where a solicitor used stolen funds to gamble at a casino, the House of Lords overruled the High Court's previous verdict, adjudicating that the casino return the stolen funds less those subject to any change of position defence. U.S. Law precedents are somewhat similar. For case law on recovery of gambling losses where
434-563: A house bias can quite easily be missed unless the devices are checked carefully. Most jurisdictions that allow gambling require participants to be above a certain age. In some jurisdictions, the gambling age differs depending on the type of gambling. For example, in many American states one must be over 21 to enter a casino, but may buy a lottery ticket after turning 18. Because contracts of insurance have many features in common with wagers, insurance contracts are often distinguished in law as agreements in which either party has an interest in
496-423: A hypothetical event that has eight possible outcomes, in a country using a decimal currency such as dollars , each outcome has a certain amount of money wagered: Thus, the total pool of money on the event is $ 1028.00. Following the start of the event, no more wagers are accepted. The event is decided and the winning outcome is determined to be Outcome 4 with $ 110.00 wagered. The payout is now calculated. First
558-403: A negative breakage may occur—for example, in horse racing when an overwhelming favorite wins (or shows or places). The parimutuel calculation results might call for a very small winning payout (say, $ 1.02 or $ 1.03 on a dollar bet), but legal regulations might require a larger payout (e.g., minimum $ 1.10 on a dollar bet). This condition is sometimes referred to as a minus pool. In an event with
620-587: A number of non-sports related outcomes, for example the direction and extent of movement of various financial indices , the winner of television competitions such as Big Brother , and election results. Interactive prediction markets also offer trading on these outcomes, with "shares" of results trading on an open market. One of the most widespread forms of gambling involves betting on horse or greyhound racing . Wagering may take place through parimutuel pools, or bookmakers may take bets personally. Parimutuel wagers pay off at prices determined by support in
682-419: A set of n possible single-winner outcomes, with wagers W 1 , W 2 , ..., W n the total pool of money on the event is W T = ∑ i = 1 n W i . {\displaystyle W_{T}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}W_{i}.} After the wagering company deducts a commission rate of r from the pool, the amount remaining to be distributed between
SECTION 10
#1733114871658744-750: A source of destruction in Singalovada Sutra . Professions that are seen to violate the precept against theft include working in the gambling industry. Ancient Hindu poems like the Gambler's Lament and the Mahabharata testify to the existence of gambling among ancient Indians, while highlighting its destructive impact. The text Arthashastra ( c. 4th century BCE ) recommends taxation and control of gambling. Ancient Jewish authorities frowned on gambling, even disqualifying professional gamblers from testifying in court. The Catholic Church holds
806-430: A statement is true or false, or that a specified event will happen (a "back bet") or will not happen (a "lay bet") within a specified time. This occurs in particular when two people have opposing but strongly held views on truth or events. Not only do the parties hope to gain from the bet, they place the bet also to demonstrate their certainty about the issue. Some means of determining the issue at stake must exist. Sometimes
868-585: Is a consensus among the ‘ Ulema ’ ( Arabic : عُـلـمـاء , Scholars (of Islam )) that gambling is haraam ( Arabic : حَـرام , sinful or forbidden). In assertions made during its prohibition, Muslim jurists describe gambling as being both un- Qur’anic , and as being generally harmful to the Muslim Ummah ( Arabic : أُمَّـة , Community). The Arabic terminology for gambling is Maisir . They ask you about intoxicants and gambling. Say: 'In them both lies grave sin, though some benefit, to mankind. But their sin
930-603: Is a device to add up the bets in a pari-mutuel betting system. The whole of the pot (the stakes on all competitors) is divided pro rata to the stakes placed on the winning competitor, and those tickets are paid out. Essentially, it implements a system of starting price (SP) betting. In particular, it refers to the invention of George Julius , the English-born, New Zealand educated, Australian inventor, engineer and businessman, though there have been other claimants, notably engineer Joseph G. Nash. The term automatic refers to
992-464: Is a theoretically risk-free betting system in which every outcome of an event is bet upon so that a known profit will be made by the bettor upon completion of the event regardless of the outcome. Arbitrage betting is a combination of the ancient art of arbitrage trading and gambling, which has been made possible by the large numbers of bookmakers in the marketplace, creating occasional opportunities for arbitrage. One can also bet with another person that
1054-543: Is acceptable is a matter of debate: Investments are also usually not considered gambling, although some investments can involve significant risk. Examples of investments include stocks , bonds and real estate . Starting a business can also be considered a form of investment. Investments are generally not considered gambling when they meet the following criteria: Some speculative investment activities are particularly risky, but are sometimes perceived to be different from gambling: A levant or levanting characterises
1116-413: Is determined by a set multiple of the outcome, for example $ 60 for a five horse boxed trifecta at one unit ($ 1)—or $ 30 at half unit (50c). If the bet is successful, the bettor will get either the full winning amount shown on the board, or half the winning amount. Under a flexi system the bettor can nominate their desired total wager, and their percentage of payout is determined by this wager's relationship to
1178-616: Is more grave than their benefit.' In parts of the world that implement full Shari‘ah, such as Aceh , punishments for Muslim gamblers can range up to 12 lashes or a one-year prison term and a fine for those who provide a venue for such practises. Some Islamic nations prohibit gambling; most other countries regulate it . According to the Most Holy Book , paragraph 155, gambling is forbidden. While almost any game can be played for money, and any game typically played for money can also be played just for fun, some games are generally offered in
1240-508: Is reached, and the motivation is entertainment and not personal gain leading to the "love of money" or making a living. In general, Catholic bishops have opposed casino gambling on the grounds that it too often tempts people into problem gambling or addiction, and has particularly negative effects on poor people; they sometimes also cite secondary effects such as increases in loan sharking, prostitution, corruption, and general public immorality. Some parish pastors have also opposed casinos for
1302-424: Is the bet across (short for across the board ): the bettor bets equal sums on the horse to win, place, and show. A parlay, accumulator or roll-up consists of a series of bets in which bettors stake the winnings from one race on the next in order until either the bettor loses or the series completes successfully. In Australia, certain exotic bet types can be laid as "flexi" bets. Usually the price of an exotic bet
SECTION 20
#17331148716581364-400: Is used more frequently since the rise of computer and video games to describe activities that do not necessarily involve wagering, especially online gaming , with the new usage still not having displaced the old usage as the primary definition in common dictionaries. "Gaming" has also been used euphemistically to circumvent laws against "gambling". The media and others have used one term or
1426-468: The k winners, those who bet on outcome m will receive a payout of ( W R / k ) / W m for every dollar they bet on it. The parimutuel system was invented by French- Catalan entrepreneur and showman impresario Joseph Oller in 1867. The large amount of calculation involved in this system led to the invention of a specialized mechanical calculating machine known as a totalisator , "automatic totalisator" or "tote board", invented by
1488-616: The Australian engineer George Alfred Julius . The first was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse , Auckland , New Zealand, in 1913, and they came into widespread use at race courses throughout the world. The U.S. introduction was in 1927, which led to the opening of the suburban Arlington Racetrack in Arlington Park , near Chicago, and Sportsman's Park in Cicero, Illinois , in 1932. Unlike many forms of casino gambling, in parimutuel betting
1550-981: The Christian Reformed Church in North America , the Church of the Lutheran Confession , the Southern Baptist Convention , the Assemblies of God , and the Seventh-day Adventist Church . Other churches that oppose gambling include the Jehovah's Witnesses , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Iglesia ni Cristo , and the Members Church of God International . There
1612-426: The commission or take for the wagering company is deducted from the pool. For example, with a commission rate of 14.25% the calculation is: $ 1028 × 0.1425 = $ 146.49. This leaves a remaining amount of $ 881.51. This remaining amount in the pool is now distributed to those who wagered on Outcome 4: $ 881.51 / $ 110.00 = 8.01 ≈ $ 8 payout for $ 1 wagered. This payout includes the $ 1 wagered plus an additional $ 7 profit. Thus,
1674-607: The "bet-upon" outcome beyond the specific financial terms; for example, a "bet" with an insurer on whether one's house will burn down is not gambling, but rather insurance , as the homeowner has an obvious interest in the continued existence of the home independent of the purely financial aspects of the "bet" (i.e., the insurance policy). Nonetheless, both insurance and gambling contracts are typically considered aleatory contracts under most legal systems, though they are subject to different types of regulation. Under common law , particularly English Law ( English unjust enrichment ),
1736-667: The 17th century. The first known casino, the Ridotto , started operating in 1638 in Venice, Italy. Gambling has been a main recreational activity in Great Britain for centuries. Queen Elizabeth I chartered a lottery that was drawn in 1569. Horseracing has been a favorite theme for over three centuries. It has been heavily regulated. Historically much of the opposition comes from Nonconformist Protestants , and from social reformers. Gambling has been part of Singapore's history, though it
1798-563: The Australian, New Zealand and American horse-racing industries and for greyhound racing in the UK, although there were other installations in countries as diverse as France, Venezuela and Singapore. Parimutuel betting Parimutuel betting or pool betting is a betting system in which all bets of a particular type are placed together in a pool; taxes and the "house-take" or "vigorish" are deducted, and payoff odds are calculated by sharing
1860-598: The United States were at Hialeah Park , Florida , in 1932 (by ATL), and at Arlington Park racecourse, Chicago , in 1933 by American Totalisator . The first entirely electronic totalisator was developed in 1966. Totalisators have been superseded by general purpose computers running specialised wagering software such as Autotote . In many cases beyond older systems, telethon tote boards have either been replaced by LCD displays showing totals, or scoreboards adapted to display dollar amounts. An automatic totalisator
1922-621: The act of absconding following the outcome of a bet. Problem gambling has multiple symptoms. Gamblers often play again to try to win back money they have lost, and some gamble to relieve feelings of helplessness and anxiety. In the United Kingdom, the Advertising Standards Authority has censured several betting firms for advertisements disguised as news articles suggesting falsely that a person had cleared debts and paid for medical expenses by gambling online. The firms face possible fines. A 2020 study of 32 countries found that
Tote board - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-713: The additional reason that they would take customers away from church bingo and annual festivals where games such as blackjack , roulette , craps , and poker are used for fundraising. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that gambling should be especially forbidden where the losing bettor is underage or otherwise not able to consent to the transaction. Gambling has often been seen as having social consequences , as satirized by Balzac . For these social and religious reasons, most legal jurisdictions limit gambling, as advocated by Pascal . Gambling views among Protestants vary, with some either discouraging or forbidding their members from participation in gambling. Methodists , in accordance with
2046-413: The amount bet remains nominal, demonstrating the outcome as one of principle rather than of financial importance. Betting exchanges allow consumers to both back and lay at odds of their choice. Similar in some ways to a stock exchange, a bettor may want to back a horse (hoping it will win) or lay a horse (hoping it will lose, effectively acting as bookmaker). Spread betting allows gamblers to wager on
2108-535: The bettor. They may reduce their take from 15–18% to as little as 1–2%, while still generating a profit by operating with minimal overhead . There may be several different types of bets, in which case each type of bet has its own pool. The basic bets involve predicting the order of finish for a single participant, as follows: In Canada and the United States , the most common types of bet on horse races include: Win, place and show wagers class as straight bets, and
2170-507: The collectible game pieces (respectively, small discs and trading cards) as stakes, resulting in a meta-game regarding the value of a player's collection of pieces. Gambling dates back at least to the Paleolithic period, before written history. In Mesopotamia the earliest six-sided dice date to about 3000 BCE . However, they were based on astragali dating back thousands of years earlier. In China, gambling houses were widespread in
2232-708: The doctrine of outward holiness , oppose gambling which they believe is a sin that feeds on greed. Other denominations that discourage gambling are the United Methodist Church , the Free Methodist Church , the Evangelical Wesleyan Church , the Salvation Army , and the Church of the Nazarene . Other Protestants that oppose gambling include Mennonites , Schwarzenau Brethren , Quakers ,
2294-415: The early 20th century, gambling was almost uniformly outlawed throughout the U.S. and thus became a largely illegal activity, helping to spur the growth of the mafia and other criminal organizations . The late 20th century saw a softening in attitudes towards gambling and a relaxation of laws against it. Many jurisdictions, local as well as national, either ban gambling or heavily control it by licensing
2356-403: The fact that the bets were automatically summed and a ticket issued when a bet was registered on the issuing machines, and it provided a safe and virtually fraud-free method of betting, replacing the earlier jam-pot totes , which used either paper transactions or some method of counting bets like steel ball bearings. The machine did not actually calculate the payout. The method was widely used in
2418-427: The final payout is not determined until the pool is closed – in fixed-odds betting, the payout is agreed at the time the bet is sold. Parimutuel gambling is frequently state-regulated, and offered in many places where gambling is otherwise illegal. Parimutuel gambling is often also offered at " off track " facilities, where players may bet on the events without actually being present to observe them in person. In
2480-571: The first millennium BCE, and betting on fighting animals was common. Lotto games and dominoes (precursors of Pai Gow ) appeared in China as early as the 10th century. Playing cards appeared in the 9th century CE in China. Records trace gambling in Japan back at least as far as the 14th century. Poker , the most popular U.S. card game associated with gambling, derives from the Persian game As-Nas , dating back to
2542-527: The following common bet types and pools for horse racing. In Japan , horse racing (競馬, keiba ), velodrome cycling (競輪, keirin ), stock outboard powerboat racing (競艇, Kyōtei ), and paved flat track motorcycle racing (オートレース, Auto Race ) operate the following parimutuel types. Wager must be a multiple of 100 yen except Each-way. The following bet type are offered by the government-controlled betting agency Pari Mutuel Urbain (PMU). Tiercé, Quarté+ and Quinté+ bets are typically only offered on
Tote board - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-566: The full unit price. Using a five horse box trifecta, the bettor may wish to lay only $ 20 on the outcome. Their percentage of winnings is now calculated as $ 20/$ 60 = 33.3%. If the bet is successful, the payout will be 33.3% of the winning amount for a full unit bet. In recent times the "Roving Banker" variant for Trifecta and First4 betting is now offered. For a Roving Banker First4 the player selects one, two or three runners they believe will definitely finish 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th, and up to three selections as Roving Banker(s) with other runners to fill
2666-482: The gambler bets against other gamblers, not the house, which necessarily implies that the bank cannot be broken . The science of predicting the outcome of a race is called handicapping . Independent off-track bookmakers typically have a smaller take and thus offer better payoffs, but they are illegal in some countries. However, the introduction of Internet gambling led to "rebate shops". These off-shore betting shops promise to return some percentage of every bet made to
2728-415: The largest race of the day. Gambling Gambling (also known as betting or gaming ) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elements to be present: consideration (an amount wagered), risk (chance), and a prize . The outcome of
2790-552: The loser had stolen the funds see "Rights of owner of stolen money as against one who won it in gambling transaction from thief". An interesting question is what happens when the person trying to make recovery is the gambler's spouse, and the money or property lost was either the spouse's, or was community property . This was a minor plot point in a Perry Mason novel, The Case of the Singing Skirt , and it cites an actual case Novo v. Hotel Del Rio . The Buddha stated gambling as
2852-410: The odds on Outcome 4 are 7-to-1 (or, expressed as decimal odds , 8.01). Prior to the event, betting agencies will often provide an approximate pay-out figure for each given outcome should no more bets be accepted after the current time. Using the wagers and commission rate above (14.25%), an approximates table in decimal odds and fractional odds would be: In real-life examples, such as horse racing ,
2914-490: The other to frame conversations around the subjects, resulting in a shift of perceptions among their audiences. Gambling is also a major international commercial activity, with the legal gambling market totaling an estimated $ 335 billion in 2009. In other forms, gambling can be conducted with materials that have a value, but are not real money. For example, players of marbles games might wager marbles, and likewise games of Pogs or Magic: The Gathering can be played with
2976-605: The outcome of an event where the pay-off is based on the accuracy of the wager, rather than a simple "win or lose" outcome. For example, a wager can be based on the when a point is scored in the game in minutes and each minute away from the prediction increases or reduces the payout. Many betting systems have been created in an attempt to "beat the house" but no system can make a mathematically unprofitable bet in terms of expected value profitable over time. Widely used systems include: Many risk-return choices are sometimes referred to colloquially as "gambling." Whether this terminology
3038-482: The pool among all winning bets. In some countries it is known as the tote after the totalisator , which calculates and displays bets already made. The parimutuel system is used in gambling on horse racing , greyhound racing , jai alai , and other sporting events of relatively short duration in which participants finish in a ranked order. A modified parimutuel system is also used in some lottery games. Parimutuel betting differs from fixed-odds betting in that
3100-483: The pool size often extends into millions of dollars with many different types of outcomes (winning horses) and complex commission calculations. Sometimes, the amounts paid out are rounded down to a denomination interval—in California , Australia , and British Columbia , 10¢ intervals are used. The rounding loss is known as breakage and is retained by the betting agency as part of the commission. In some situations,
3162-401: The position that there is no moral impediment to gambling, so long as it is fair, all bettors have a reasonable chance of winning, there is no fraud involved, and the parties involved do not have actual knowledge of the outcome of the bet (unless they have disclosed this knowledge), and as long as the following conditions are met: the gambler can afford to lose the bet, and stops when the limit
SECTION 50
#17331148716583224-505: The remaining place(s). A Roving Banker Trifecta is where the player believes that one or two runners will definitely finish 1st, 2nd or 3rd. The bet can be placed by picking the player's favourite runner to finish in any place within the bet and complete the Trifecta with any number of other runners to fill the other placing(s). The following pools are operated at meetings in mainland Britain: Exotic wagers are usually made on horses running at
3286-459: The remaining wagers as exotic bets. Bettors usually make multiple wagers on exotic bets. A box consists of a multiple wager in which bettors bet all possible combinations of a group of horses in the same race. A key involves making a multiple wager with a single horse in one race bet in one position with all possible combinations of other selected horses in a single race. A multi-race wheel (cf. wheel, above) consists of betting all horses in one race of
3348-565: The same track on the same program. In the United Kingdom , bookmakers also offer exotic wagers on horses at different tracks. Probably the Yankee occurs most commonly: in this the bettor tries to pick the winner of four races. This bet also includes subsidiary wagers on smaller combinations of the chosen horses; for example, if only two of the four horses win, the bettor still collects for their double. A Trixie requires trying to pick three winners, and
3410-408: The successful bettors is W R = W T (1 − r ) . Those who bet on the successful outcome m will receive a payout of W R / W m for every dollar they bet on it. When there are k possible winners, such as a North American "place" bet which has k = 2 winners, the total amount to be distributed W R is first divided into k equal shares. If m is one of
3472-641: The vendors. Such regulation generally leads to gambling tourism and illegal gambling in the areas where it is not allowed. The involvement of governments, through regulation and taxation, has led to a close connection between many governments and gambling organizations, where legal gambling provides significant government revenue, such as in Monaco and Macau , China. There is generally legislation requiring that gambling devices be statistically random , to prevent manufacturers from making some high-payoff results impossible. Since these high payoffs have very low probability ,
3534-441: The wager is often immediate, such as a single roll of dice , a spin of a roulette wheel, or a horse crossing the finish line, but longer time frames are also common, allowing wagers on the outcome of a future sports contest or even an entire sports season. The term "gaming" in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law . The two words are not mutually exclusive; i.e. ,
3596-931: The wagering pools, while bookmakers pay off either at the odds offered at the time of accepting the bet; or at the median odds offered by track bookmakers at the time the race started. Betting on team sports has become an important service industry in many countries. Before the advent of the internet, millions of people played the football pools every week in the United Kingdom . In addition to organized sports betting, both legal and illegal, there are many side-betting games played by casual groups of spectators, such as NCAA basketball tournament Bracket Pools, Super Bowl Squares, Fantasy Sports Leagues with monetary entry fees and winnings, and in-person spectator games like Moundball . Based on Sports Betting, Virtual Sports are fantasy and never played sports events made by software that can be played every time without wondering about external things like weather conditions. Arbitrage betting
3658-629: Was deemed to be excessive. The first all-mechanical machine was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse in New Zealand in 1913 (first used on the Holy Saturday races on 22 March 1913), and the second was installed at Gloucester Park Racetrack in Western Australia in 1917. George Julius founded Automatic Totalisators Limited (ATL) in 1917, which supplied the "Premier Totalisator: now including electrical components". The first totalisators installed in
3720-399: Was himself an amateur mechanic, with a reputation for fixing clocks and organs in parishes he visited. Initially, George Julius was attempting to develop a voting calculating machine for the Australian government, to automatically reduce the instances of voter fraud and create a cheat-free political environment. He went on to present his unique invention, only to have his design rejected as it
3782-484: Was invented by George Julius . Julius was a consulting engineer, based in Sydney. His father, Churchill Julius , an Anglican Bishop, had campaigned, in the early years of the twentieth century, against the iniquities of gambling using totalisators and its damage to New Zealand society. That attitude had changed by late 1907 when he argued that the totalisator removed much of the evil of gambling with bookmakers. Bishop Churchill
SECTION 60
#17331148716583844-448: Was strictly controlled by the government for many years. In the mid-20th century, illegal gambling was common. However, with the opening of regulated casinos in 2010, the approach shifted. Today, the government enforces strict laws to promote responsible gambling and prevent illegal activities. Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States for centuries. It has also been suppressed by law in many areas for almost as long. By
#657342