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66-533: The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists ; for a listing see List of Tosafists . The word tosafot literally means "additions". The reason for the title is a matter of dispute among modern scholars. Many of them, including Heinrich Graetz , think the glosses are so-called as additions to Rashi 's commentary on the Talmud. In fact, the period of the Tosafot began immediately after Rashi had written his commentary;

132-565: A compendium of the Tosafot of Sens and of Évreux; this compendium is called the Tosafot of Touques, and forms the basis of the edited tosafot. Eliezer's own glosses, written on the margin, are known as the Tosafot Gillayon or Gilyon Tosafot. It must be premised, however, that the Tosafot of Touques did not remain untouched; they were revised afterward and supplemented by the glosses of later tosafists. Gershon Soncino, who printed these tosafot, declares that his ancestor Moses of Fürth, who lived in

198-741: A few others. The most recent editions of the Talmud, such as the Friedmann edition published by Oz vHadar, incorporate these collections at the back of each volume, in a synoptic fashion. Most of the other collections remain in manuscript or in the form of quotations in later works. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Joseph Jacobs and M. Seligsohn (1901–1906). "Tosafot" . In Singer, Isidore ; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. List of Tosafists Tosafists were rabbis of France , Germany , Bohemia and Austria , who lived from

264-457: A fourth son, Solomon. Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry 's son Samuel, father of the tosafist Isaac the Elder , was Meir's son-in-law. Meir's son Isaac, the often-quoted tosafist, died in the prime of life, leaving seven children. This loss distressed the father to such an extent that he felt indisposed to answer a halakic question addressed to him by his friend Eleazar ben Nathan of Mainz. Meir lived to

330-456: A great extent his continuator. It was Judah who completed Rashi's commentary on Makkot (from 19b to the end) and who wrote the commentary on Nazir which is erroneously attributed to Rashi. He wrote, besides, independent commentaries on Eruvin, Shabbat, Yebamot and Pesachim. Finally, Halberstam manuscript No. 323 contains a fragment of Judah's commentary on Nedarim. It is generally considered that Judah b. Nathan wrote tosafot to several tractates of

396-455: A law that prohibited possession of the Talmud under pain of death and 24 wagon loads of scrolls of the Talmud were gathered from all of France and burned in the center of Paris . The intention of the church was that the study of the Talmud should be forgotten and once forgotten it would remain forgotten for all generations since there would be nobody to teach it. As a result, the Tosafists devised

462-485: A pupil of a certain R. Isaac; the author of the tosafot to Ḥagigah wrote tosafot to other treatises also. Those to Ta'anit belong to the post-tosafot period, and differ in style from those to other treatises. Quoted by Joseph Colon (Responsa, Nos. 5, 31) and Judah Minz (Responsa, No. 10). The term may designate either the tosafot of Samuel b. Meïr and Moses of Évreux , or glosses to Alfasi 's Halakot . Mentioned by Joseph Solomon Delmedigo and Solomon Algazi ,

528-438: A system where they could study the Talmud without the existence of a text despite the vastness of the Talmud. They appointed scholars, each to be expert in one of the volumes of the Talmud, to know it by heart and very well, and so through these scholars they would have expertise and knowledge in all of the Talmud. As they would study a particular text in one volume of the Talmud those scholars who were expert in different volumes of

594-439: A very old age, and is sometimes designated as "the old" ( ha-yashish ). From the fact that his grandson, Isaac ben Samuel (born about 1120) speaks of religious customs which he found conspicuous in his grandfather's house, and from other indications, it has been concluded that Meir was still alive in 1135. Meir was one of the founders of the school of tosafists in northern France. Not only his son and pupil Rabbenu Tam, but also

660-424: Is known to have compiled tosafot decisions; in fact, references to two groups of Pisḳe Tosafot are found in the works of the later commentators. This term is used by Joseph Colon and by Jacob Baruch Landau and may apply to Talmudic novellae by Spanish authors. Jeshuah b. Joseph ha-Levi , for instance, applies the term "tosafot" to the novellae of Isaac ben Sheshet . The tosafot which have been published with

726-515: Is replaced by tosafot . The Tosafot resemble the Gemara in other respects also, for just as the latter is the work of different schools carried on through a long period, so the former were written at different times and by different schools, and gathered later into one body. Up to and including Rashi, the Talmudic commentators occupied themselves only with the plain meaning ("peshaṭ") of the text; but after

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792-869: The Ma'aseh Rokem (Pisa, 1806). His tosafot to Niddah are included in the Vilna Romm edition of the Talmud. Born in Worms, he lived in Regensburg. Author of tosafot to Baba Kamma, extracts from which are found in Bezalel Ashkenazi 's Shitah Mekubetzet. Flourished at the end of the 12th century; his tosafot are mentioned by Abraham ben David (RABaD) in his "Temim De'im" and in the edited tosafot to Bava Metzia 11b and Shevuot 28a. His tosafot to Nedarim are referred to by Joseph Colon (Responsa, No. 52); those to Megillah, in Isaiah di Trani

858-456: The Vilna edition of the Talmud edited by Romm , the "old tosafot" to several treatises are printed. By Rabbi Isaiah di Trani . A small collection of tosafot composed by rabbis from England. A commentary in tosafot style, and largely dependent on the earlier tosafot collections, composed by Asher ben Jehiel . The Tosafot shelanu are printed in most Talmud editions, in the column farther from

924-554: The "Dissensiones" to the Roman Code of the first quarter of the twelfth century) deal only with difficult passages of the Talmud. Single sentences are explained by quotations which are taken from other Talmudic treatises and which seem at first glance to have no connection with the sentences in question. On the other hand, sentences which seem to be related and interdependent are separated and embodied in different treatises. The Tosafot can be understood only by those who are well advanced in

990-1121: The 12th century. One of the older tosafists, his interpretations of the Talmud are quoted several times in the Tosafot. He is mentioned as the father of three daughters. He was the father-in-law of Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon , and therefore a contemporary of Rabbeinu Tam of Rameru , the head of the tosafistic school in the middle of the 12th century. Resided in Cologne and later in Toledo, Spain . His tosafot, entitled Tosefot haRosh or Tosefei Tosafot, appeared in various epochs and works. Many of them were inserted by Bezalel Ashkenazi in Shitah Mekubetzet ; those to Yebamot and Ketubot appeared separately at Livorno , 1776; to Sotah , partly at Prague , 1725, and partly in Jacob Faitusi 's Mar'eh haOfannim (1810); to Megillah and Shevuot , in Elijah Borgel 's Migdanot Natan (1785); and to Kiddushin , in

1056-459: The 12th to the mid-15th centuries, in the period of Rishonim . The Tosafists composed critical and explanatory glosses (questions, notes, interpretations, rulings and sources) on the Talmud , which are collectively called Tosafot ("additions"). The Tosafot are important to the practical application of Jewish law , because the law depends on how the Talmud is understood and interpreted. Not all of

1122-463: The 13th century; mentioned as an author of tosafot in "Mordechai" and "Haggahot Mordechai" (to Shabbat 14). Extracts from the tosafot of Israel's students were reproduced by Bezaleel Ashkenazi (l.c.). Supposedly a contemporary of Meir of Rothenburg , and perhaps identical with Judah ha-Kohen, Meir's relative. In the extracts from his tosafot to Baba Kamma, inserted in Shitah Mekubetzet , he quotes (among many other authorities) his still living teacher,

1188-652: The Elder's " Ha-Makria " (No. 31, p. 19d); those to Avadah Zarah, in "Mordechai" (No. 1364). Flourished in the beginning of the 13th century in Germany; author of tosafot to several tractates, and to Sefer Ra'avyah . Wrote about the Persecutions of 1096 . Author of tosafot to several tractates, of which those to Hullin were seen by Azulai . French tosafist of the beginning of the 13th century, whose tosafot are mentioned in Shibbolei HaLeket . French tosafist of

1254-513: The Elder. He was the author of tosafot and of decisions (" pesakim "). He is quoted also in the edited tosafot (to Kinnim 23a). Leading tosafist, who lived in the 12th century. Grandson of Rashi. 13th century French tosafist. Defended Judaism in the Disputation of Paris . Reported to have moved to Acre, Israel in about 1258, approximately ten years before his death. Flourished, according to Zunz, about 1150. Zunz identifies this Joseph with

1320-479: The German tosafists, who wrote numerous tosafot, which are mentioned by Abraham ben David , and which are very often cited in the edited tosafot. But Isaac ben Asher's tosafot were revised by his pupils, who, according to Rabbeinu Tam, sometimes ascribed to their teacher opinions which were not his. Zedekiah ben Abraham , however, refutes Rabbeinu Tam's assertion. The most prominent tosafist immediately after Rabbeinu Tam

1386-454: The Isaac b. Reuben who made a comment on Rashi to Bava Kamma 32d. French tosafist and Biblical commentator who flourished in the 12th century. Italian tosafist of the first half of the 13th century. The greater part of his tosafot were published under the title "Tosefot R. Yesha'yahu" (Lemberg, 1861–69); and many were inserted by Betzalel Ashkenazi in Shitah Mekubetzet . Lived in the middle of

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1452-559: The Italian school was represented by Isaiah di Trani . If the tosafot of Asher b. Jehiel (RoSH) (d. 1328) are to be included, the tosafistic period extended through more than two centuries. When the fanaticism of the French monasteries and the judgement of King Louis IX brought about the destruction of the Talmud, the writing of tosafot in France soon ceased. Each generation of Tosafists would add to

1518-453: The Kohen whom Zunz supposes to be identical with Avigdor Cohen of Vienna . From Shitah Mekubetzet to Baba Metzia it is seen that J. Cohen wrote tosafot to the same tractate. Lived in the 13th century; student of Isaac ben Abraham, author of a "Shiṭṭah" He himself is quoted in the edited tosafot (Berachot 12a; Nazir 53a; et al.). Flourished at Speyer about 1130; a student of Kalonymus b. Isaac

1584-635: The Latin translation of the catalogue of the Oppenheim Library, No. 667). Manuscript No. 7 of the Günzburg collection bears the superscription "Tosafot of Gornish to Yebamot," and in these tosafot French and German rabbis are quoted. Manuscript No. 603 of the same collection contains also the Tosafot of Gornish and novellae by Judah Minz , and fragments of Gornish tosafot are found in manuscripts in other libraries. Different theories have been advanced with regard to

1650-491: The Mishnah; they are scattered in various parts, and their number is quite considerable. Neither are they stated in fixed terms; a generally accepted rule is followed by "This is the way of the Talmud" or "The Talmud usually declares." Sometimes the negative expression is found, "This is not the way of the Talmud." A frequently recurring rule is indicated by some such formula as "We find many like this." The above description concerns

1716-451: The Talmud would tell of anything in the volume of the Talmud that they were expert on that would contradict their understanding of the text at hand. Thus an important aspect of the scholarship of the Tosafists is to use texts in different areas of the Talmud to disprove certain interpretations of the Talmud (often those of Rashi) and to determine the correct way to understand the Talmud. The Tosafot quote principally Rashi (very often under

1782-428: The Talmud, and he is mentioned as a tosafist in "Haggahot Mordechai" (Sanhedrin, No. 696). He is often quoted in the edited tosafot. 11th century French rabbi His tosafot are quoted in the "Mordechai" (Bava Metzia 4, end). Leading tosafist of 13th century Germany. Abducted by Christians and died in prison. Son-in-law of Rashi. His tosafot are mentioned by his son Jacob Tam (" Sefer ha-Yashar ," No. 252) and often in

1848-579: The Talmud. For just as the Gemara is a critical and analytical commentary on the Mishnah , so are the Tosafot critical and analytical glosses on those two parts of the Talmud. Further, the term tosafot was not applied for the first time to the glosses of Rashi's continuators, but to the Tosefta , the additions to the Mishnah compiled by Judah ha-Nasi I. Tosefta is a Babylonian term, which in Jerusalem writings

1914-487: The Talmud. Isaac himself is often quoted in the edited tosafot (Shabbat 138a; Ketuvot 29b et passim). Flourished in the 12th century; student of Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi . He corresponded with Jacob Tam and was a fellow student of Moses b. Joel and Ephraim b. Isaac. His tosafot are quoted by Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi and Meir of Rothenburg . He is often quoted also in the edited tosafot. His tosafot are mentioned in Shitah Mekubetzet , Ketubot 43a. He may be identical with

1980-403: The Tosafot of Évreux . It may be presumed that the "Tosafot of R. Moses" mentioned by Mordechai ben Hillel are identical with the tosafot just mentioned. According to Joseph Colon and Elijah Mizraḥi , Moses wrote his glosses on the margin of Isaac Alfasi 's "Halakhot," probably at the time of the burning of the Talmud. Eliezer of Touques , of the second half of the thirteenth century, made

2046-616: The Tosafot, as in the case of an Eliezer of Sens , a Jacob of Orléans , and many Abrahams and Isaacs. Some are mentioned just once, including Eliezer of "Pelire" [Falaise? Montpellier?], Ephraim b. David, and one Hezekiah. A commentary on the Pentateuch entitled "Da'at Zeḳenim" (Leghorn, 1783) is attributed to the Tosafists. In form this commentary follows the style of the Tosafot; Rashi is often discussed, and sometimes corrected. The earliest collection, compiled by Samson ben Abraham of Sens . It

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2112-453: The acronym "Rash", and within Tosafot as "Rashba". Flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries; author of the " Sefer Keritut ." In this work Samson refers to his glosses on Eruvin and Avodah Zarah; he appears to have written glosses on other Talmudic tractates also. Me%C3%AFr b. Samuel Meir ben Samuel ( Hebrew : מאיר בן שמואל ), also known by the Hebrew acronym RaM for Rabbi Meir,

2178-428: The actual father of the tosafot in France was Jacob b. Meir, known colloquially as Rabbeinu Tam , whose style was adopted by his successors. He wrote a great number of tosafot, many of which are to be found in his "Sefer ha-Yashar"; but not all, as many passages that are cited in the edited tosafot are not found in the work just mentioned. In Germany, at the same time, flourished Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi (RIBA), leader of

2244-414: The beginning of the twelfth century the spirit of criticism took possession of the teachers of the Talmud. Thus some of Rashi's continuators, as his sons-in-law and his grandson Samuel ben Meïr (RaSHBaM), while they wrote commentaries on the Talmud after the manner of Rashi's, wrote also glosses on it in a style peculiar to themselves. The Tosafot do not constitute a continuous commentary, but rather (like

2310-559: The binding. The Vilna edition also includes tosafot from other collections, such as Tosafot Yeshanim, Tosafot ha-Ri and Tosafot ha-Rid on a few tractates. The Piske Tosafot (decisions of the Tosafot) are printed at the end of each tractate. Complete sets of the Tosafot ha-Rosh and the Tosafot of Rabbi Peretz are published separately, as are individual volumes from the Tosafot Yeshanim and

2376-460: The compiled glosses, and therefore there are many different versions of the Tosafot . In addition, each compilation of the Tosafos did not contain everything that was said by the Tosafists on the subject so compilations will differ in what they say. Therefore, some things that were said by the Tosafists will be found only in obscure versions of the Tosafot . The final version of these commentaries

2442-610: The designation qonṭres "pamphlet" (Rashi initially published his commentary in pamphlets), many of the ancient authorities (as Kalonymus of Lucca , Nathan ben Jehiel , and Chananel ben Chushiel ), some contemporary scholars (as Abraham ben David , Maimonides , Abraham ibn Ezra , and others), and about 130 German and French Talmudists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Many of the last-named are known as authors of general Talmudic works, as, for instance, Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz, Judah of Corbeil , and Jacob of Coucy ; but many of them are known only through their being quoted in

2508-513: The earlier tosafists ("ba'ale tosafot yeshanim"). He was the author of a commentary on Ketubot quoted by Or Zarua . He is quoted very often in the edited tosafot (Yevamot 5b; Bava Kamma 72a; et al.). French Tosafist; lived at Sens , probably, in the second half of the 13th century. Grandson of Rashi, and brother of RaSHBaM and Rabbeinu Tam; died before his father, leaving four children. Although he died young, Isaac wrote tosafot, mentioned by Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi , to several tractates of

2574-440: The edited tosafot (and many of which were seen in manuscript by Azulai), he revised those of his predecessors. His pupils were not less active; their additions are known as the Tosafot of Perez b. Elijah's Pupils. Mentioned in the novellae on Tamid ascribed to Abraham b. David . Zunz thinks that the Tosafot of Sens may be referred to under this title; but the fact that Abraham b. David was much earlier than Samson of Sens leads to

2640-676: The edited tosafot. French tosafist, early 13th century. Author of Sefer Mitzvot Gadol . Italian tosafist of the 13th century, whose tosafot were used by the compiler of the "Haggahot Maimuniyyot." Moses himself used the tosafot of Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon , although it is doubtful whether he was Judah's pupil. French tosafist, early 13th century. 13th-century Tosafist from Bohemia. French tosafist, 13th century. Mentioned in Baba Kama 2b s.v. "umilta," as well as by Hagahot Maimoniyot to Rambam 's laws of chametz and matzah , chapter 6, note 9. France, late 12th-early 13th century. Known by

2706-425: The first tosafists were Rashi's sons-in-law and grandsons, and the Tosafot consist mainly of strictures on Rashi's commentary. Others, especially Isaac Hirsch Weiss , object that many tosafot — particularly those of Isaiah di Trani  — have no reference to Rashi. Weiss, followed by other scholars, asserts that tosafot means additions to the Talmud , that is to say, they are an extension and development of

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2772-465: The following French tosafists of the thirteenth century: (1) Moses of Évreux , (2) Eliezer of Touques , and (3) Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil. It has been said that the first German tosafist, Isaac b. Asher ha-Levi, was the head of a school, and that his pupils, besides composing tosafot of their own, revised his. In the thirteenth century the German schools were represented by Baruch ben Isaac , in Regensburg, and later by Meir of Rothenburg (MaHaRaM);

2838-514: The general features of the Tosafot; nevertheless, the writings of different tosafists differ somewhat in style and method. With regard to method, it should be said that the Tosafot of Touques (see below) concern particularly the casuistic interpretation of the traditional law, but do not touch halakhic decisions. In spite of the great respect in which Rashi was held by the Tosafists, the latter freely disputed his explanations; see Rashi § Criticism of Rashi . The chief home of tosafot literature

2904-480: The general tosafot of Sens, including those appearing among the edited tosafot; (2) the earlier unedited tosafot (for example, those to Ḳiddushin by Isaac b. Samuel haZaken of Dampierre, and those to Avodah Zarah by his son Elhanan ben Isaac ); these sometimes appear separately under the title of Tosafot ha-Ri ; (3) a collection of old tosafot published by Joseph Jessel b. Wolf ha-Levi in "Sugyot ha-Shas" (Berlin, 1736); (4) various tosafot found in ancient manuscripts, as

2970-399: The late 13th century. His tosafot are mentioned in " Haggahot Maimuniyyot ," Kinnim, No. 20. French tosafist of 12th century, contemporary and disputant of Rabbeinu Tam . Rabbeinu Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (12th century) was a student and colleague of Rabbeinu Tam. RI (probably R. Isaac, but not to be confused with Isaac ben Samuel , who occurs most often as RI) His tosafot, in which

3036-447: The latter quoting these tosafot to Bava kamma . But as the same quotation is made by Betzalel Ashkenazi and ascribed to a pupil of Perez ben Elijah , Azulai concludes that these tosafot originated in Perez b. Elijah's school. Still, Mordecai ben Hillel mentions a R. Judah of Gornish, and Abraham ibn Akra reproduces Talmudic novellae by "M. of Gornish" (Embden gives "Meïr of Gornish" in

3102-511: The many tosafists are known by name. The following is an alphabetical list of them; many, however, are known only through citations. Quoted in the edited Tosafot to Mo'ed Katan 14b, 19a, 20b, 21a etc. Also known as Avigdor ben Elijah ha-Kohen. Flourished in the middle of the 13th century and an early Talmudists of Austria; his tosafot are mentioned in the edited tosafot to Ketuvot 63b. French Talmudist; lived in Orleans , and perhaps London, in

3168-424: The middle of the fifteenth century, was a descendant in the fifth generation of Moses of Speyer, who is mentioned in the Tosafot of Touques. It is supposed that the last redactor of these tosafot was a pupil of Samson of Chinon. Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil was one of the most active of the later tosafists. Besides supplying tosafot to several treatises, which are quoted by many old authorities and are included among

3234-470: The name "Gornish." According to S. Schechter , it is a corruption of " Mayence ", while H. Adler thinks it a corruption of "Norwich". Gross (l.c.) thinks that Gornish may be identical with Gournay, in France, and that "M. of Gornish," apparently the author of the Tosafot of Gornish, may be Moses of Gornish and identical with the Moses of גריינץ mentioned in the Tosafot of Sens (to Pesaḥim ). It may be added that in

3300-449: The older RI is quoted, are mentioned by Samson ben Zadok . Brother of Samson ben Abraham of Sens . Succeeded his teacher Isaac ben Samuel as head of the school of Dampierre, and as a result is also known as Rabbi Isaac haBaḥur ("Rabbi Isaac the Younger"), or RIBA (acronym of Rabbi Isaac Ben Abraham). The earliest known Tosafist, a student of Rashi . Student of Rabbeinu Tam and one of

3366-417: The schools where the Tosafists learned and gathered all of the different manuscripts of that final version of the Tosafos and printed them in his Talmud. Since then every publication of the Talmud was printed with the Tosafos on the outer side of the page (the inner side has the commentary of Rashi) and is an integral part of the study of the Talmud. During the period of the Tosafists the church enacted

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3432-545: The student of Rashbam whose glosses are quoted in the edited tosafot (to Ket. 70a), and thinks he may be identical with the Joseph of Orleans often cited in the edited tosafot (Shabbat 12a et passim). If so, he must be identified, according to Henri Gross , with Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor . Weiss, however, suggests that this Joseph might have been either Joseph Bonfils , Rabbeinu Tam 's teacher, or Joseph b. Isaac of Troyes, one of Rashi 's students. Thus it seems that in any case

3498-457: The study of the Talmud, for the most entangled discussions are treated as though they were simple. Glosses explaining the meaning of a word or containing a grammatical observation are very rare. The Tosafot may be considered from the point of view of a methodology of the Talmud. The rules are certainly not gathered together in one series, as they are, for instance, in Maimonides ' introduction to

3564-408: The supplement to Zacuto 's Yuḥasin a David of "Durnish" occurs. Tosafot which are neither of Sens nor of Touques. They are so called by Betzalel Ashkenazi ; he included many fragments of them in his Shitah Mekubetzet , to Bava Metzia , Nazir , etc. Name sometimes applied to the recensions of Perez b. Elijah or to the tosafot of Jehiel of Paris . This group comprises four smaller ones: (1)

3630-446: The supposition that the glosses indicated are those of previous tosafists, as Rabbeinu Tam, Isaac b. Asher ha-Levi, and Isaac b. Samuel ha-Zaḳen and his son. Collection of halakic decisions gathered from the edited tosafot to thirty-six treatises— Nazir and Me'ilah being excepted—and generally printed in the margin of the Tosafot; in the later editions of the Talmud, after the text. These decisions number 5,931; of these 2,009 belong to

3696-529: The text of the Talmud ever since its earliest edition (see Talmud, Editions of ). They extend to thirty-eight treatises of the Babylonian Talmud. Most of the treatises are covered by the Tosafot of Touques, some by the Tosafot of Sens; many are provided with the tosafot of various authors, revised by Perez b. Elijah's school. The authorship of the tosafot to seventeen treatises only can be established with certainty: The tosafot to Mo'ed Ḳaṭon were written by

3762-678: The tosafist mentioned in the " Sefer haYashar " must be distinguished from the one mentioned in Tosafot Ketuvot 70a, as the latter was a student of Rashbam. Many fragments of his tosafot to Shabbat are included in the edited tosafot. 12th-13th centuries; a French tosafist born in Paris. He founded an important school of tosafists, in which were trained, among others, Yechiel of Paris (Sir Leon's successor), Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (author of Or Zarua), Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise , and Moses ben Jacob of Coucy . Son-in-law and pupil of Rashi, and to

3828-561: The tosafot quote his ritual decisions. It was Meir who changed the text of the Kol Nidre formula. A running commentary on a whole passage of the Gemara , written by him and his son Samuel in the manner of Rashi's commentary, is printed at the end of the first chapter of Menachot . Meir composed also a seliḥah beginning "Avo lefanekha," which has been translated into German by Zunz, but which has no considerable poetic value. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

3894-487: The tosafot to Chullin written in 1360, the manuscript of which is in the Munich Library (No. 236). In the collection published by Joseph Jessel b. Wolf haLevi (No. 3), besides the old tosafot to Yoma by Moses of Coucy , there are single tosafot to sixteen treatises—Shabbat, Rosh HaShanah, Megillah, Gittin, Bava Metzia, Menaḥot, Bechorot, Eruvin, Beitzah, Ketubot, Kiddushin, Nazir, Bava Batra, Horayot, Keritot, and Niddah. In

3960-553: The tractate Berakot and the order Mo'ed ; 1,398 to Niddah and the order Nashim ; 1,503 to Neziḳin ; and 1,021 to Ḳodashim . The decisions contained in the tosafot to Shabbat , Pesaḥim , Giṭṭin , Ketubot , Baba Ḳamma , Baba Meẓi'a , Baba Batra , and Ḥullin number fully one-half of those recognized as authoritative. The compiler of these decisions can not be identified with certainty; Asher b. Jehiel , his son Jacob b. Asher , and Ezekiel, uncle of Eliezer of Touques , are given by different authorities. Jacob Nordhausen , also,

4026-458: Was 11th century France. It began with Rashi's pupils, and was continued mainly by the heads of the French schools. While tosafot began to be written in Germany at the same time as in France, the French tosafists always predominated numerically. The first tosafot recorded are those written by Rashi's two sons-in-law, Meïr b. Samuel of Ramerupt (RaM) and Judah ben Nathan (RIBaN), and by a certain R. Joseph. But their tosafot not being otherwise known,

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4092-684: Was a French rabbi and tosafist , who was born in about 1060 in Ramerupt , and died after 1135. His father was an eminent scholar. Meir received his education in the Talmudical schools of Lorraine , his principal teachers being Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi and Eleazar ben Isaac of Mainz, with whom he later carried on a correspondence. Meir married Rashi 's first daughter, Jochebed , by whom he had three sons, Samuel ben Meïr (RaSHBaM), Isaac ben Meïr (RIBaM), and Jacob ben Meïr (Rabbenu Tam), all of them well-known scholars. According to Gross, Meir had also

4158-485: Was also very active; he wrote tosafot to several Talmudic treatises, of which those to Berakhot were published at Warsaw (1863); some of those to 'Abodah Zarah are extant in manuscript. Among the many French tosafists deserving special mention was Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise (Sir Morel), who, owing to the destruction of the Talmud in France in his time, relied for the text entirely upon his memory. The edited tosafot owe their existence particularly to Samson of Sens and to

4224-472: Was his pupil and relative Isaac ben Samuel ha-Zaḳen (RI) of Dampierre, whose tosafot form a part of the Tosafot Yeshanim (see below). Isaac was succeeded by his pupil Samson ben Abraham of Sens (R"SH) (d. about 1235), who, besides enriching the literature with his own compositions, revised those of his predecessors, especially his teacher's, and compiled them into the group known as the Tosafot of Sens . Samson's fellow pupil Judah b. Isaac of Paris (Sir Leon)

4290-414: Was one of the main sources for the Tosafot of Touques , which in turn underlies the present printed Tosafot (" Tosafot shelanu "). Passages from the Tosafot of Sens which did not find their way into the main collection are sometimes printed under the title of Tosafot Yeshanim . Moses of Évreux , one of the most prolific tosafists, furnished glosses to the whole Talmud; they form a distinct group known as

4356-544: Was published on the outer side of the pages of the Soncino edition of the Talmud, printed in Soncino , Italy (16th century), and was the first printed edition of the full Talmud. The publisher of that edition was a nephew of Rabbi Moshe of Spires (Shapiro) who was of the last generation of Tosafists and who initiated a project of writing a final compilation of the Tosafos . Before he published his Talmud he traveled throughout France to

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