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36-661: Tortona ( Italian: [torˈtoːna] ; Piedmontese : Torton-a [tʊrˈtʊŋa] , locally [tʊrˈtɔŋa] ; Latin : Dertona ) is a comune of Piemonte , in the Province of Alessandria , Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines. Its frazione of Vho is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Known in ancient times as Dertona ,

72-548: A free commune with the name of Terdona . In 1133 the diocese was separated from the archbishopric of Milan to the new archdiocese of Genoa ( CE "Lombardy"). In 1155 Frederick Barbarossa besieged , captured and leveled Tortona to the ground, leaving not one stone upon another. During the Middle Ages , Tortona was a faithful ally of the Guelphs and was destroyed several times, notably by Frederick Barbarossa . From 1260 to 1347

108-498: A different color the next. These strains are more prevalent in Australia , where the grape is also known as Frontignac and Brown Muscat . South Africa's Muskadel strain tends to show the same darker characteristics. Variants where the differing grape colour is stable are typically classified as separate grape varieties Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains for red skin colour and Muscat Rose à Petit Grains for pink skin colour. In Greece ,

144-576: A long growing season as it tends to bud early and ripen late. It ripens early in Australia for production of low alcohol moscato style wines. Picking can commence in early February. Picking for fortified production can take place in mid-March; this would be regarded as mid-season, not late. Muscat blanc à petits grains is one of the first harvests in France, starting as early as mid August, in Mireval and other areas of

180-507: A marriage should be effected between her and Filippo Maria Visconti . According to Machiavelli "By this union Filippo became powerful, and reacquired Milan and the whole of Lombardy. By way of being grateful for these numerous favors, as princes commonly are, he accused Beatrice of adultery and caused her to be put to death". Then following the vicissitudes of the War of the Polish Succession ,

216-450: A recent survey. On the other hand, the same survey showed Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million and 3 million speakers out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful. Piedmontese

252-467: A standardized writing system. Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Muscat Blanc %C3%A0 Petits Grains Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains ( French pronunciation: [myska blɑ̃ a pəti ɡʁɛ̃] ) is a white wine grape of Greek origin that is a member of the Muscat family of Vitis vinifera . Its name comes from its characteristic small berry size and tight clusters. It

288-423: Is divided into three major groups The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same. The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart. The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in

324-448: Is known under a variety of local names such as Moscato bianco, Muscat blanc, Muscat Canelli, Muscat de Frontignan , Muscat de Lunel, Muscat d'Alsace, Muskateller, Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Moscatel rosé and Sárgamuskotály . While technically a white grape, there are strains of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains vines that produce berries that are pink or reddish brown. The same vine could potentially produce berries of one color one year and

360-645: Is pronounced separately, /ˈya/ . Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are: Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Lombard origin, as well as differences in native Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. A variety of Piedmontese

396-460: Is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language). A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa

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432-527: Is the primary grape in the Rhône wine Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise and a blending grape with Clairette blanc in the recherché sparkling wine Clairette de Die (brand label Tradition ). In Alsace , it is known for the highly aromatic and dry wines that it produces. In the Hérault region it is the primary grape for Muscat de Mireval . In Spain , the grape is primarily called Moscatel de Grano Menudo , and it

468-485: Is the second most planted Muscat for wine. It is found across Spain, with the majority of the plantings in Castilla-La Mancha . Spain grew 21,902 hectares (54,121 acres) of Moscatel de Grano Menudo in 2015. Its viticultural characteristics makes it prone to producing low yields and a susceptibility to mildew and the grape berry moth . It also tends to fall victim to leaf roll , odium and grey rot and requires

504-673: Is used to produce a Vin Doux Naturel . The grape is found throughout Greece however, with Spina in Crete being a notable mention, specialising on dry wines. In Italy , the grape is the most widely planted member of the Muscat family and is most commonly known as Moscato Bianco . It is the oldest known variety grown in Piedmont and is the primary component of the Asti and Moscato d'Asti wines, as well as for

540-417: Is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular verbs: dé , andé , sté (to give, to go, to stay). /v/ is realized as labio-velar [ w ] between /a/ and /u/ and as [ w ] or [ f ] when in word-final position. Allophones of / a / are [ ɑ, ɒ ] in stressed syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Piedmontese

576-430: Is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their IPA equivalent, are shown in the table below. Certain digraphs are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below. All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written. Grave accent marks stress (except for o which is marked by an acute to distinguish it from ò ) and breaks diphthongs, so ua and uà are /wa/ , but ùa

612-699: The Apiane vines planted by the Romans (so named because of the fondness that insects, such as bees (Latin apis ), have for devouring the flesh of the grapes). It was probably first introduced to France by the Greeks through their trading port at Marseille and later spread to the Narbonne region by Romans in their conquest of Gaul . It was a chief export of Frontignan by the time of Charlemagne and plantings were recorded in Germany by

648-478: The Battle of Mutina , and it was one of the places where a body of troops was usually stationed during the later ages of the empire. A bishopric was founded at Tortona early, but its first bishops are purely legendary, like Saint Marcianus of Tortona , called the first bishop of Piedmont and a disciple of Barnabas , the companion of Paul. Until the 9th century, the city was under the rule of its bishop; in 1090 it became

684-638: The Piedmont regional government but is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government. Due to the Italian diaspora Piedmontese has spread in the Argentinian Pampas , where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with the Venetian language . The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in

720-422: The public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Dertona". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Tortona ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Piedmontese language It has some support from

756-562: The 12th century, the sermones subalpini  [ it ] , when it was extremely close to Occitan , dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont. During the Renaissance, the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are the works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being

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792-504: The 12th century. It became a popular planting in Alsace by the 16th century. It was introduced to South Africa in the 18th century and became the mainstay of the famous Vin de Constance . It is believed that the grapes were sourced in Frontignan. Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains is known under a large number of synonyms, the more popular of which include Muscat Canelli, various combinations with

828-436: The Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini , when it was extremely close to Occitan . In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament, although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only to a limited extent. The last decade has seen

864-530: The Romans. Strabo speaks of it as one of the most considerable towns in this part of Italy, and from Pliny wrote that it was a Roman colony. Velleius mentions it among those founded under the Republic, it appears to have been recolonised under Augustus ; some inscriptions therefore give it the title of Julia Dertona . The assassin of Caesar, Brutus , encamped at Dertona on his march in pursuit of Mark Antony , after

900-458: The aromatized and fortified vermouths . It is also commonly used for fortified dessert wines as well as the semi-sparkling Frizzante . In France , the grape is used as a blending grape with Grenache blanc and Muscat of Alexandria in vins doux naturels wines from the Frontignan area such as Banyuls , Côtes d'Agly , Grand Roussillon , Rivesaltes and St-Jean de Minervois . It

936-482: The city was dominated by a series of different Italian noble families and adventurers. In 1347, Tortona was decisively incorporated into the territories of the Duchy of Milan , under which remained until 1735. One of the rulers in this period was Facino Cane , who in the unsettled affairs of Lombardy had assembled a string of lordships and great wealth which he bequeathed to his wife, Beatrice, and arranged with his friends that

972-514: The city was occupied by the King of Sardinia , and "count of Tortona" was added to the titles of the House of Savoy . Tortona is the capital of an area known as Colli Tortonesi, which stretches from the town to the border with Liguria . The area is known for the variety and of its products and for the intensive wine production, including Barbera , Dolcetto , Moscato and Timorasso , the autochthonous wine of

1008-680: The city was probably the oldest colony under Roman rule in the westernmost section of the Valley of the Po , on the road leading from Genua (Genoa) to Placentia (Piacenza). The city was founded c. 123–118 BC at the junction of the great roads; the Via Postumia and the Via Aemilia Scauri which merged to become the Via Julia Augusta . The site made Dertona an important military station under

1044-435: The east end with [dʒ] e/o [tʃ] for example the westerns [lajt] , [tyjt] , and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) in the east are [lɑtʃ] , [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ] . A typical eastern features is [i] as allophone of [e] : in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be ( western [leze] , [ese] vs . eastern [lezi] , [esi] ) and at words feminine plural gender . Although this development

1080-486: The grape is most important on the island of Samos and near Patras in the Peloponnese. On Samos , it produces a Vin Doux Naturel , aromatic dry white wines and a Liastos or straw wine . The high quality wines come from vineyards between 500 and 1000 metres above sea level. Samos now reinvents itself as a winemaking region, with emerging independent producers focusing more on dry, or even sparkling styles. Near Patras it

1116-590: The mediterranean basin, in hot dry years like 2009. The grapes used to produce the fruity sec are picked about seven to ten days earlier than the grapes used to produce the Vin Doux Naturel. Vendange tardive (late harvest) of the grapes is also made to exploit the high sugar and flavour concentrations. Ampelographers have identified the grape with the Anathelicon moschaton grape used by the Ancient Greeks and

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1152-612: The opera Jocunda. In the 1500s and 1600s, there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese. In the Baroque period, El Cont Piolèt , a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'Entraive was published. Literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry , theatre pieces, novels , and scientific work. The first documents in

1188-405: The publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to

1224-509: The region which traces its origin back to the 14th century. Truffles are another important fruit of this land and the Colli Tortonesi is the only place in Piedmont to have three varieties of truffle: White truffle , Black Truffle and scorzone. People born in Tortona, or with close links to the town, include: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in

1260-606: The word Frontignan. In Greece it's simply known as White Muscat (or Aspro Moschato). In Bulgaria it is known as Tamyanka, in Macedonia as Temjanika and in Serbia as Tamjanika. In Austria (and Germany) it is known as Gelber Muskateller. In Spain it is called Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Moscatel Castellano, Moscatel Commun, Moscatel de Frontignan, Moscatel de Grano Pequeño, Moscatel Fino, Moscatel Morisco, and Moscatell Gra Menut in Catalan. This grape

1296-650: Was Judeo-Piedmontese , a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese Jews until the Second World War , when most were killed during the Holocaust . Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from Provencal , Spanish and Hebrew . It kept many conservative features that Piedmontese abandoned over time. The language never became as large in terms of words as larger Jewish languages like Yiddish , and it never developed

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