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75-568: Path (stylized as PATH ) is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels , elevated walkways , and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto , Ontario, Canada. It connects more than 70 buildings via 30 kilometres (19 mi) of tunnels, walkways, and shopping areas. According to Guinness World Records , Path is the largest underground shopping complex in the world, with 371,600 square metres (4,000,000 sq ft) of retail space which includes over 1,200 retail fronts (2016). As of 2016, over 200,000 residents and workers use

150-599: A bridge, due to concerns about increased vehicle and air traffic along the waterfront. Mayor David Miller canceled the plans for the bridge soon after winning office. However, in 2009, a revised plan to connect the Island to the mainland emerged when the Toronto Port Authority began preliminary work on a $ 38 million pedestrian tunnel under the Western Gap , which was completed and opened to pedestrian traffic in 2015. To

225-457: A chain of small natural islands, form the southern border of the Inner Harbour. Most of the islands are today parkland, with a handful of permanent inhabitants. The westernmost portion of the islands are dominated by the island airport . The island airport is linked to the mainland by a ferry at Bathurst Street . Controversy arose in 2003 when the port authority proposed replacing the ferry with

300-530: A development application to link Sydney Central Plaza underground with 3 other properties on Pitt Street Mall and extend the tunnel network by a further 500 m (1,640 ft) or more. Perth has a small network of underground shopping malls running from the St Georges Terrace entrance to Trinity Arcade to Murray Street Mall. The small town of Coober Pedy in northern South Australia has numerous underground residences and other facilities. The area

375-509: A five-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities. Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for

450-460: A network of tunnels that connects buildings beneath street level that may house office blocks, shopping centres , metro stations , theatres , and other attractions. These passages can usually be accessed through the public space of any of the buildings connecting to them, and sometimes have separate entries as well. This latter definition encompasses many modern structures, whereas the former more generally covers tunnel systems from ancient times to

525-518: A new Film Studio sponsored by TEDCO. The southern portion of the Portlands was intended to be an outer harbour, but the demand for such a harbour never developed. Instead this area today is home to Cherry Beach , while the large breakwater known as the Leslie Street Spit is a popular park and birding area. East of the Portlands begins the well-known Beaches area of Toronto. This part of the city

600-572: A number of high end shops and restaurants. This area is also home to the Harbourfront Centre , a large cultural centre occupying 10 acres (40,000 m ) of former industrial land including an old power plant that is now a gallery. Some large industrial structures remain though most are shut down, most prominently the imposing Canada Malting Silos . Just to the north of the Gardiner is the former railway lands that have also seen rapid development in

675-608: A part of Rouge National Urban Park , a national park whose area includes the Rouge River , and its surrounding valleys. The park's waterfront area includes Rouge Pond, Rouge Beach, and the mouth of the Rouge River. The Rouge River forms the eastern end of Toronto's waterfront, as the river is used as the border between the City of Toronto and the neighbouring suburb to the east, Pickering . Two bridges connect Toronto's waterfront with Pickering,

750-463: A pedestrian bridge, and a railway bridge. Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the "Harbourfront Project" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre and Queen's Quay Terminal are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999,

825-496: A prominent Art Deco monument. The Scarborough portion of the waterfront is dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs , a series of cliffs that run along the lakeshore for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and standing at a height of 90 metres (300 ft) at its highest point. On the top of the cliffs are a number of suburban neighbourhoods such as Cliffside , Cliffcrest , Scarborough Village , Guildwood and West Hill . This area

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900-513: A task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization. In 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known as Waterfront Toronto ), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $ 1.5 billion to launch

975-538: A waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance. Etobicoke Creek forms the western border of the city of Toronto dividing it with neighbouring Mississauga , and its portion of the Lake Ontario waterfront. The Etobicoke section of the lakeshore is mainly privately owned with parklands and public lands. The neighbourhoods north of

1050-426: A wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges and WaveDecks rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half of Queens Quay will be turned into a pedestrian walkway. The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase

1125-897: Is a large underground shopping mall near the main train station. Sydney has a series of underground shopping malls around the Town Hall underground station. The tunnels run south to the George Street cinema district, west under the town hall, and north to Pitt Street Mall through the Queen Victoria Building . The northern branch links Queen Victoria Building with Galleries Victoria, Sydney Central Plaza (which in turn links underground to Westfield Sydney and internally above ground to Centrepoint, Imperial Arcade, Skygarden, Glasshouse and 25 Martin Place ). The linked centres run for over 3 km (2 mi). In 2005, Westfield Corporation submitted

1200-431: Is a series of linked subterranean spaces that may provide a defensive refuge; a place for living, working or shopping; a transit system; mausolea ; wine or storage cellars; cisterns or drainage channels; or several of these. Underground cities may be currently active modern creations or they may be historic including ancient sites, some of which may be entirely or partially open to the public. The term may also refer to

1275-541: Is also home to large manicured properties such as Rosetta McClain Gardens and extensive grounds of the St. Augustine Seminary . The most prominent site along the creek juncture with the lakeshore is Bluffer's Park , a large park and marina built on fill below the bluffs. The bluffs end at the ravines of Highland Creek . East of Highland Creek is Port Union , named after a port facility that existed there from 1832 to 1873. The community

1350-627: Is also the former site of Fort Rouillé , one of the first European settlements in the region. To the east of Exhibition Place begins a long stretch of former commercial and industrial areas that are rapidly being converted into some of Toronto's most expensive residences and condominiums. Historic commercial structures such as the Tip Top Tailors Building and the Queen's Quay Terminal have been turned into luxury condominiums with waterfront views. Associated with this Queens Quay has become home to

1425-579: Is continuous expansion of the Path system around Union Station . Two towers being built as part of CIBC Square will be linked to the Path system, extending it to the east to cross over Yonge Street by a pedestrian bridge into the Backstage Condominium building (Esplanade and Yonge corner), giving closed access to Union Station, Scotiabank Arena , and other buildings in Toronto's Financial District . In 1900,

1500-489: Is included in basement levels of key new buildings. The network was particularly hard-hit during the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto , with Bloomberg News calling the area a "ghost town". The pedestrian system's narrow halls in some locations were noted as a particular challenge, even once downtown employees returned to the office. The Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area has planned various movement modifications to

1575-468: Is named after the series of four connected beaches that lie along this section of the lakeshore. The western boundary of this region was once home to the Greenwood Raceway . The racetrack was demolished in the 1990s and a new residential neighbourhood was constructed in its stead. The eastern boundary is the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant , still the source of much of Toronto's water supply and also

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1650-439: Is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $ 17 billion in public and private funds to complete. According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and 300 hectares (740 acres) of parks and public spaces. Waterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to

1725-516: Is slated for development in the near future. Corus Quay is the first building to be built in the district as part of a public-private partnership led by TEDCO. It is expected that, in the next few years, thousands of new residences and millions of feet of commercial space will be built in this area. South of this, on two large projections separated by a ship canal, is the still-operating portion of Toronto Harbour which includes docking facilities for both freight and cruise ships. The Toronto Islands ,

1800-511: The Eaton's department store constructed a tunnel underneath James Street, allowing shoppers to walk between the Eaton's main store at Yonge and Queen streets and the Eaton's Annex located behind the (then) City Hall . It was the first underground pedestrian pathway in Toronto and is often credited as a historic precursor to the current Path network. The original Eaton's tunnel is still in use as part of

1875-490: The Lake Shore Boulevard / Gardiner Expressway corridor and Harbour Street). The City of Toronto constructed a 300-metre (980 ft), $ 65-million tunnel connecting Union Station to Wellington Street, the first publicly owned segment of the 370,000-square-metre (4,000,000 sq ft) Path subterranean shopping district. Toronto planners have begun work to guide future Path development and ensure Path construction

1950-474: The 1960s. Toronto's downtown sidewalks were overcrowded, and new office towers were removing the much-needed small businesses from the streets. Lawson thus convinced several important developers to construct underground malls, pledging that they would eventually be linked. The designers of the Toronto-Dominion Centre , the first of Toronto's major urban developments in the 1960s (completed in 1967), were

2025-625: The Catacombs of St. John and the underground museum of the Agora have limited access and many are not permitted to enter even to the locals by the Archaeological Department of the Thessaloniki underground Metro project. In general, many large railway stations house underground hallways featuring shops, restaurants, banks and money exchange offices. A striking example of such stations would be

2100-541: The Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008. The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within

2175-573: The Centro Obelisk of Buenos Aires area (three lines, four underground levels), Estación Retiro , Estación Constitución , Estación Once , and Federico Lacroze railway station being the most important ones. Santiago has some elements of an underground city in its "Metro" subway system. While all stations have a small mezzanine level above the tracks for ticket purchase, some key stations have extensive areas of shops and kiosks in addition. Some stations even have an additional mall-like level between

2250-468: The FDBIA completed a comprehensive update of all existing Path installations that brought this system to all buildings with Path installations. The new system no longer uses the colour-coded compass system and refers to neighbourhoods and landmarks instead. The system also integrates with TO360, Toronto’s neighbourhood mapping and wayfinding system. More than 50 buildings or office towers are connected through

2325-535: The Humber to Jameson Avenue in the east is the Sunnyside area of waterfront parklands and recreational uses. Adjoining the waterfront to the north is the large High Park . The Swansea , Roncesvalles , and Parkdale older neighbourhoods are north of the waterfront in this area. East of Jameson Ave, the waterfront area is home to Exhibition Place with Ontario Place just to the south on three artificial islands. This area

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2400-461: The Path network, developed by Urban Strategies Inc. As part of the expansion plan, there will be 45 new entry points, and the walkway expanded to as long as 60 kilometres (37 mi) when changes are completed. In August 2014, a major southward expansion of the Path network brought it closer to the Toronto waterfront , with the opening of a covered pedestrian bridge connecting Scotiabank Arena south to RBC WaterPark Place on Queens Quay (crossing

2475-514: The Path system daily with the number of private dwellings within walking distance at 30,115. The Path network's northern point is the Atrium on Bay at Dundas Street and Bay Street , including a now-closed tunnel to the former Toronto Coach Terminal , while its southern point is Waterpark Place on Queens Quay . Its main north–south axes of walkways generally parallel Yonge and Bay Streets, while its main east–west axis parallels King Street . There

2550-722: The Path system, although today it connects Toronto Eaton Centre to the Bell Trinity Square office complex on the site of the former Annex building. Another original underground linkage, built in 1927 to connect Union Station and the Royal York Hotel , remained an integral part of the Path network for many years until it was replaced by a newer connection between the Royal York Hotel and Royal Bank Plaza , which continues onward to Union Station. The network of underground walkways expanded under city planner Matthew Lawson in

2625-508: The Path system. It comprises twenty parking garages, five subway stations, two major department stores, two major shopping centres, six major hotels, and a railway terminal. The CN Tower , Ripley's Aquarium of Canada , and Rogers Centre are connected via an enclosed elevated walkway, called the SkyWalk , from Union Station , although the walkway does not have indoor connections to these attractions. Underground city An underground city

2700-486: The Path tunnel north from Scotia Plaza through the Bay Adelaide Centre started in the fourth quarter of 2007. Completion of this section closed the last remaining gap in the north–south route through Path that parallels Yonge Street, thus eliminating the need to double back from Bay Street to get between buildings located on the eastern edge of Path. In 2011, the City of Toronto released a long-term expansion plan for

2775-623: The Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service to Rochester , a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council. The 1972 Canadian election saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. The Federal Liberals promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating

2850-674: The West Don Lands in April 2008. The Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006. This charette was won by a team led by West 8 , a landscape architecture and urban design firm from Rotterdam , in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm. The proposed design includes

2925-485: The area from Bathurst Street to York Street along the waterfront for the "Harbourfront" project. Some buildings, such as Queen's Quay Terminal and Harbourfront Centre were remodeled, and others such as Maple Leaf Mills Silos demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north of Queens Quay has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street,

3000-1086: The basement of some major shopping malls in the area above. The stations themselves house a number of retail shops. Notable examples are the Central – Hong Kong stations and the Tsim Sha Tsui – East Tsim Sha Tsui stations. Only rarely are there not any shops. Additional underground networks have been proposed for Causeway Bay in 2006 and in Kwun Tong under Hoi Yuen Road in 2010. As of 2014 , studies are underway for underground networks in Tsim Sha Tsui , Kowloon Park , Victoria Park , Causeway Bay , Happy Valley , Admiralty , Wan Chai and Hong Kong Park . In 2017, The Development Bureau announced that two underground streets will be constructed, which would connect San Po Kong , Kai Tak station and Sung Wong Toi station . Historical underground cities of Persia include Samen , Nushabad , and Kariz. Taipei has underground streets connecting two or more metro stations. In addition, there

3075-455: The drainage of the lake triggered the Upper Dryas climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to sea level and the lake became brackish . Since the last ice age , silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of the Scarborough Bluffs and the eluvial rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from

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3150-459: The east of Cherry Street and the Inner Harbour is another area that is partially industrial and partially abandoned known as the Port Lands . This area is home to the shuttered Hearn Generating Station and the newly opened Portlands Energy Centre . There are long-term plans to transform this area into a mix of commercial and residential developments, but no firm proposals have been developed, except

3225-547: The east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred on Fort York . The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront from Ashbridges Bay east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs and development could not proceed to

3300-437: The economic viability of the city's downtown core and is also used to supplement sidewalk capacity in downtown Toronto. The system facilitates pedestrian linkages to public transit, accommodating more than 200,000 daily commuters and thousands of additional tourists and residents en route to sports and cultural events. Its underground nature provides pedestrians with a safe haven from the winter cold and snow, as well as relief from

3375-541: The first to include underground shopping in their complex, with the possibility of future expansion built in. The city originally helped fund the construction, but with the election of a reform city council , this practice ended. The reformers disliked the underground system, agreeing with Jane Jacobs 's notion that an active street life was important in keeping cities and neighbourhoods vital and that consumers should be encouraged to shop on street level stores rather than in malls (whether they be above ground or below); however,

3450-471: The lake are the former villages of Mimico , New Toronto and Long Branch , developed as suburbs of the original city. While in close proximity to the lake, these areas are also just to the south of the industrial belt surrounding the CNR rail line. Notable sights on this part of the waterfront include the lakeshore campus of Humber College , housed in a historic former asylum, and Humber Bay Park , and large park at

3525-465: The lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including the Toronto Islands . The shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present-day Toronto Harbour ) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline. Adding to the existing silt deposits, Ashbridges Bay was filled in and the Port Lands area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay

3600-616: The lands have been converted into a new residential area. The area between York Street and Jarvis Street along the water has remained in private ownership except for the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal . Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and the Toronto Star built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street. The Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along

3675-786: The main hallway of the Amsterdam central station , which connects to the city's metro system , although due to renovation and re-building it was temporarily (2012–2015) not possible to walk from the subway to the train station without going outside. The cold-winter northern continental climate of much of Canada makes underground pedestrian malls particularly useful in many cities. Buenos Aires , capital of Argentina , has an extensive number of underground cities in its Subte . Most stations have small shops, bars and kiosks, while main hubs interconnect through underground pedestrian walkways with railroad stations, governmental buildings, or shopping centres. Some have additional mall-like mezzanine levels, with

3750-433: The mouth of the Rouge River, negatively impacting the local environment. Remedial efforts began in 2001 to reverse the changes in the local environment, although the bridge and causeway remains. East of Port Union is West Rouge , Toronto's easternmost neighbourhood. The eastern terminus of Lawrence Avenue is situated near the southeast portion of West Rouge's waterfront. The easternmost portion of Toronto's waterfront forms

3825-698: The north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with the CN Tower in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (now Rogers Centre ), the Toronto Convention Centre , office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings. Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission

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3900-448: The north side of Davenport Road . Casa Loma has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline. When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was called Admiralty Lake . Some sources suggest

3975-518: The original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around the First World War , to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities from Port Union in the east to Mimico in

4050-511: The outlet of Mimico Creek . Both these sites have marinas . More parkland along the lakeshore is being built with the goal to extend the waterfront route of Martin Goodman Trail as far west as Long Branch. The western border of the old city of Toronto (with Etobicoke) is marked by the Humber River . At the waterfront, this river is crossed by the prominent new Humber Bay Arch Bridge . From

4125-582: The present day. Underground cities are especially functional in cities with very cold or hot climates, because they permit activities to be comfortably accessible year round without regard to the weather. Underground cities are similar in nature to skyway systems and may include some buildings linked by skyways or above-ground corridors rather than underground. Some cities also have tunnels that have been abandoned. Many MTR stations in Hong Kong form extended underground networks connecting to buildings and at

4200-541: The recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years. Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development at Harbourfront offering grandiose views of

4275-630: The redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13-member government appointed Board of Directors. Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization

4350-507: The result is the current system. Many complain the system is hard to navigate. In 2016, the Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area (FDBIA) and City of Toronto began study of updating Path signage and maps to make navigation easier. In 2018, Steer Davies Gleave completed design of a new wayfinding system that is still used today. This system was rolled out in some buildings in 2018. In 2024,

4425-519: The space for future use. In early November 2020, a connection was opened between the Maple Leaf Square complex (via the basement-level Longo's supermarket) and ÏCE Condominiums at York Centre. On December 5, 2020, the new Union Station Bus Terminal was opened within the new CIBC Square complex and connected via a skywalk to the Scotiabank Arena. Path provides an important contribution to

4500-462: The street and the mezzanine levels. Other parent categories from the same field: Types of underground spaces and people, and related topics: Toronto waterfront Lake Ontario is a recent lake. As the last glaciation , the Laurentian glaciation receded, a number of proglacial lakes filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those proglacial lakes was Lake Iroquois . Lake Iroquois

4575-408: The summer heat and humidity. In 1987, City Council adopted a unified wayfinding system throughout the network. The design firms Gottschalk+Ash International and Muller Design Associates were hired to design and implement the overall system in consultation with a diverse group of land owners, City staff and stakeholders. A colour-coded system with directional cues was deployed in the early 1990s. Within

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4650-562: The system continued to grow, as developers bowed to their tenants' wishes and connected their buildings to the system. This also converted low-valued basements into some of the most valuable retail space in the country. The next expansion of the network occurred in the early 1970s with the construction and underground connection of the Richmond-Adelaide Centre office tower with the Sheraton Centre hotel complex. Construction of

4725-505: The various buildings, pedestrians can find a Path system map, plus cardinal directions (red for south, orange for west, blue for north, yellow for east) on ceiling signs at selected junctions. These same colours are also used in the Path logo. The signage can be hard to find inside some of the various connected buildings. Building owners concerned about losing customers to neighbouring buildings insisted any signage not dominate their buildings or their own signage system. The city relented and

4800-551: The water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission. In 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayor David Crombie . It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of

4875-530: The water, the waterfront was unchanged. The recent bid by Toronto for the World's Fair 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed. As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low-rise developments, with

4950-621: The waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of

5025-593: The waterfront. In the 1950s, the Gardiner Expressway project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to

5100-491: The west. Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the Humber River , outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. The Sunnyside lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To

5175-527: The years since deindustrialization . This area is home to the Rogers Centre (SkyDome) and CN Tower , both of which are prominently visible from the waterfront. Between York and Yonge Streets is a cluster of large skyscrapers, many built in the 1970s in the first wave of redevelopment on the waterfront. This includes the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel and One Yonge Street . Also in this area

5250-652: Was Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant , a permanently docked cruise ship that served as a restaurant popular with tourists (now closed, and the ship has been removed) and the Redpath Sugar Building which remains an industrial site. East of Yonge Street running to Cherry Street is a stretch of area known as the East Bayfront , centred on the Parliament Street slip. Currently a mix of warehouses and brownlands it

5325-704: Was and is extensively mined for opal , and the settlers lived underground to escape the scorching daytime heat, often exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Melbourne is said to have the largest underground tunnel system in the world spanning over 1500km, with the clandestine group known as the Cave Clan who meet regularly to explore, vandalise, socialise and map out this network. The vast majority of these tunnels are decommissioned or for stormwater purposes. In Thessaloniki , Hellenistic , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman monuments coexist underground and several of these have been discovered and merged together. Monuments such as

5400-578: Was centred on the Adams Creek which was the site of a local ship builder who worked for the local merchants in the area which also had a winter harbour up the mouth of the Rouge River Valley. The little harbour disappeared in the late 1870s with the arrival of the Grand Trunk Railway . The railway built a causeway , as part of a bridge project, filling in part of the river, irreversibly changing

5475-725: Was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the Laurentian glacier still filled the valley of what is now the St. Lawrence River . The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over the Niagara Escarpment east of Rochester, and flowed to the Atlantic Ocean down what is now the Mohawk River , to the Hudson River . The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on

5550-564: Was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successor Toronto Port Authority , which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including the Island Airport . The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of

5625-543: Was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, the Don River , which used to flow into the bay to the south-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of the Keating Channel . Currently, there are proposals to restore

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