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25-529: A toque is any of a variety of hats. Toque may also refer to: Toque A toque ( / t oʊ k / or / t ɒ k / ) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all. Toques were popular from the 13th to the 16th century in Europe, especially France. They were revived in the 1930s; nowadays, they are primarily known as the traditional headgear for professional cooks , except in Canada, where

50-476: A baron three feathers and one lambrequin, a knight only one ostrich feather (see Nobility of the First French Empire ). Toque is also used for a hard-type hat or helmet , worn for riding, especially in equestrian sports, often black and covered with black velvet . In Canada , toque or tuque / t uː k / is the common name for a knitted winter cap . While the spelling toque has become

75-827: A "style of hair-dressing among the Indians" which was a tall, conical fashion not unlike the shape of the Voyageur-style cap described above. Dictionaries are divided on the matter of spelling, with the Gage Canadian preferring toque and the Nelson Canadian listing tuque (the Nelson Gage of a few years later would settle on toque ). The first Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles lists separate entries and definitions for both toque and tuque which cross-reference each other, though an illustrative line drawing

100-561: A less luxurious fabric. Velvet can also be made from fibers such as linen , mohair , and wool . A cloth made by the Kuba people of the Democratic Republic of Congo from the raffia palm is often referred to as "Kuba velvet" . Modern velvet can be polyester , nylon , viscose , acetate , or blends of synthetics and natural fibers (for example, viscose mixed with silk produces a very soft, reflective fabric). A small percentage of spandex

125-508: A poll to ask viewers how they spelled the word. The options given were toque , tuque or touque . Nearly 6,500 people voted, with Edmontonians remaining divided on the issue. Though touque was voted most popular in that instance, there is almost no formal usage to support its popularity. The Canadian English term was borrowed from Canadian French word tuque , and first documented in Canadian English in that form in 1865; by 1880

150-470: A short dense piled surface. In all probability the art of velvet-weaving originated in the Far East; and it is not till about the beginning of the 14th century that we find any mention of the textile. The peculiar properties of velvet, the splendid yet softened depth of dye-colour it exhibited, at once marked it out as a fit material for ecclesiastical vestments , royal and state robes, and sumptuous hangings; and

175-571: A variety of names, including beanie , watch cap or stocking cap ; the terms toque and tuque are unique to Canada and northern areas of the United States close to the Canada–United States border . Velvet Velvet is woven on a special loom that weaves two thicknesses of the material at the same time; the two layers are connected with an extra warp yarn that is woven over rods or wires. The two pieces are then cut apart to create

200-648: Is Middle Breton, and the Modern Breton spelling is tok . Old Breton spells the word toc . The word was borrowed into the French language for both the chef's uniform and the knit cap. A tall, black toque made of silk or velvet , often ornamented with an aigrette , was fashionable among the Spanish nobility during the 1500s. This style is seen in a 1584 portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia as well as Sofonisba Anguissola 's 1573 portrait of Philip II of Spain , both in

225-406: Is a tall, round, pleated, starched white hat worn by chefs . The toque most likely originated as the result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks throughout the centuries. Their roots are sometimes traced to the casque à meche (stocking cap) worn by 18th-century French chefs. The colour of the casque à meche denoted the rank of the wearer. Boucher, the personal chef of

250-473: Is also called a toque. In the Napoleonic era , the French first empire replaced the coronets of traditional ("royal") heraldry with a rigorously standardized system (as other respects of "Napoleonic" coats of arms ) of toques, reflecting the rank of the bearer. Thus a Napoleonic duke used a toque with seven ostrich feathers and three lambrequins , a count a toque with five feathers and two lambrequins,

275-428: Is created by cutting the weft yarns. Velvet can be made from several different kinds of fibers, the most expensive of which is silk . Much of the velvet sold today as "silk velvet" is a blend of silk and another fiber, often rayon or cotton . Velvet made entirely from silk is rare and usually has market prices of several hundred US dollars per yard. Cotton is also used to make velvet, though this often results in

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300-625: Is presented with the latter. Perhaps most importantly, the Canadian Oxford chose toque , and as the Canadian Press Stylebook bows to the Canadian Oxford as the final word in spelling, most Canadian publications have followed suit. Though the requirement of the toque to have a pom-pom or no can be a hard line for some Canadians, for the most part the country agrees: one of these three spellings must be "correct" no matter what

325-486: Is sometimes added to give the final material a certain amount of stretch (hence "stretch velvet"). Velvet has a thick pile and can be cut 'pile up' or 'pile down' for more shine or more saturated color. Because of its unusual softness and appearance as well as its high cost of production, velvet has often been associated with nobility. Velvet was introduced to Baghdad during the rule of Harun al-Rashid (786–809) by Kashmiri merchants and to Al-Andalus by Ziryab . In

350-614: The Mamluk era, Cairo was the world's largest producer of velvet. Much of it was exported to Venice (whence it spread to most of Europe), Iberia and the Mali Empire . Mansa Musa , the ruler of the Mali Empire, visited Cairo on his pilgrimage to Mecca . Many Arab velvet makers accompanied him back to Timbuktu . Later Ibn Battuta mentions how Suleyman , the ruler of Mali, wore a locally produced complete crimson velvet kaftan on Eid . During

375-508: The Museo del Prado . The style spread across Europe, being adopted in France, England, Germany, and Italy. The toque diminished in popularity in the 1600s as wide-brimmed and cocked hats became fashionable, but reappeared as a predominantly young women's fashion in the 1800s, accompanying long dresses and chignon hairstyles. A toque blanche ( French for 'white hat'), often shortened to toque,

400-450: The French statesman Talleyrand , was the first to insist on white toques for sanitary reasons. The modern toque is popularly believed to have originated with the French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who stiffened the casque à meche with cardboard. The pleated, low, round hat worn in French universities – the equivalent of the mortarboard or tam at British and American universities –

425-400: The art was taken up by Flemish weavers, and in the sixteenth century, Bruges attained a reputation for velvets that were not inferior to those of the great Italian cities. As mechanization was incorporated into the production of textiles in the 19th century, velvet became a more attainable fabric for the middle class. The development of "double velvet" in the 1830s allowed for two pieces of

450-439: The fabric's pile, and the two lengths of fabric are wound on separate take-up rolls. This complicated process meant that velvet was expensive to make before industrial power looms became available, and well-made velvet remains a fairly costly fabric. Velvet is difficult to clean because of its pile, but modern dry cleaning methods make cleaning more feasible. Velvet pile is created by cutting the warp yarns, while velveteen pile

475-483: The long "end of the sock cap" of the Voyageurs hung down and touched their shoulders; and another source adamant that the word is borrowed from "the old Languedoc dialect word tuc " meaning "summit" or "the head of a mountain". The spelling of toque , on the other hand, is borrowed from the original usage as described elsewhere in this article. Toque also appears in the 1941 Dictionary of Mississippi Valley French as

500-653: The most formally accepted in Canada, as recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles , the alternate spelling of tuque is most commonly used in French Canada and often occurs in Canadian media. The spelling touque , although not recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary , is also sometimes seen in written English. In 2013, CBC Edmonton launched

525-521: The most magnificent textures of medieval times were Italian velvets. These were in many ways most effectively treated for ornamentation, such as by varying the colour of the pile, by producing pile of different lengths (pile upon pile, or double pile), and by brocading with plain silk, with uncut pile or with a ground of gold tissue, &c. The earliest sources of European artistic velvets were Catanzaro , Lucca , Genoa , Florence , and Venice, which continued to send out rich velvet textures. Somewhat later

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550-427: The reign of Mehmed II , assistant cooks wore blue dresses ( câme-i kebûd ), conical hats ( کلاه , külâh ) and baggy trousers ( چاقشیر , çakşır ) made from Bursa velvet. King Richard II of England directed in his will that his body should be clothed in velveto in 1399. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition described velvet and its history thus: VELVET, a silken textile fabric having

575-467: The specifics of shape. As the Canadian Encyclopedia claims, "We all know a tuque when we see one, [we just] can't agree on how to spell the word." In recent years knit toques have resurfaced as an extremely popular fashion item. They are used all year round, seen not only used outdoors for weather but as an indoor fashion accessory. Such hats are known in other English-speaking countries by

600-518: The spelling toque is documented. The fashion is said to have originated with the coureurs de bois , French and Métis fur traders, who kept their woollen nightcaps on for warmth during cold winter days. This spelling is attributed to a number of different sources, one being the Breton toc or tok , "meaning simply 'hat'"; another suggesting that it is a Francization of the Spanish tocar, to touch, as

625-660: The term toque is used interchangeably with the French Canadian spelling of tuque knit caps . The word toque has been known in English since around 1500. It is a loan word from the French tuque (15th century), presumably by the way of the Spanish toca 'woman's headdress', from Arabic * taqa طاقة, itself from Old Persian taq 'veil, shawl'. The word toque in Breton means 'hat'. The spelling with ⟨que⟩

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