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41-503: The name Topola means poplar . Topola is famous for its yearly Oplenac vintage festival, attended by several thousand visitors each year. Aside from the town of Topola (5,422), the municipality includes the following settlements, according to 2002 census (population in brackets): The region was heavily settled after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, seen in the many medieval cemeteries in villages of Topola. Despot Stefan Lazarević died and

82-473: A clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known. There are currently 57 accepted species in the genus. Some of the most easily identifiable fossils of this genus belongs to Poplus wilmattae , which come from the Late Paleocene of North America about 58 million years ago. However, fossils from

123-578: A common mangrove species , lenticels appear on pneumatophores (specialized roots ), where the parenchyma cells that connect to the aerenchyma structure increase in size and go through cell division. In contrast, lenticels in grapes are located on the pedicels and act as a function of temperature . If they are blocked, hypoxia and successive ethanol accumulation may result and lead to cell death . Lenticels are also present on many fruits, quite noticeably on many apples and pears. On European pears , they can serve as an indicator of when to pick

164-406: A large genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m (49–164 ft) tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in diameter. The bark on young trees is smooth and white to greenish or dark gray, and often has conspicuous lenticels ; on old trees, it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows )

205-408: A large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches (610 mm)), "under" (18–24 inches (460–610 mm)), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches (460 mm)). Although the wood from Populus is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus Liriodendron . Populus wood

246-467: A number of large intercellular spaces between cells . This tissue fills the lenticel and arises from cell division in the phellogen or substomatal ground tissue . Discoloration of lenticels may also occur, such as in mangoes , that may be due to the amount of lignin in cell walls . In oxygen deprived conditions, making respiration a daily challenge, different species may possess specialized structures where lenticels can be found. For example, in

287-421: A particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional sitka spruce , poplar is beginning to be targeted by some harp luthiers as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their sound boards : in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune

328-620: A positive energy balance and a high energy efficiency . Biofuel is another option for using poplar as bioenergy supply. In the United States, scientists studied converting short rotation coppice poplar into sugars for biofuel (e.g. ethanol) production. Considering the relative cheap price, the process of making biofuel from SRC can be economically feasible, although the conversion yield from short rotation coppice (as juvenile crops) were lower than regular mature wood. Besides biochemical conversion, thermochemical conversion (e.g. fast pyrolysis)

369-405: A single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn. The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious ) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of

410-824: A substantial reduction in weight. In addition to the foliage and other parts of Populus species being consumed by animals, the starchy sap layer (underneath the outer bark) is edible to humans, both raw and cooked. In Pakistan, poplar is grown on a commercial level by farmers in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces. However, all varieties are seriously susceptible to termite attack, causing significant losses to poplar every year. Logs of poplar are therefore also used as bait in termite traps for biocontrol of termites in crops. Interest exists in using poplar as an energy crop for biomass , in energy forestry systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in to energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential, and fast growth. In

451-424: A system that was open for aeration and gas exchange in these plants. In plant bodies that produce secondary growth , lenticels promote gas exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide , and water vapor . Lenticel formation usually begins beneath stomatal complexes during primary growth preceding the development of the first periderm . The formation of lenticels seem to be directly related to the growth and strength of

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492-475: Is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae , native to most of the Northern Hemisphere . English names variously applied to different species include poplar ( / ˈ p ɒ p l ər / ), aspen , and cottonwood . The western balsam poplar ( P. trichocarpa ) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing , in 2006. The genus has

533-475: Is a global skin disorder of apples in which lenticels develop dark 1–8 mm diameter pits shortly after processing and packing. It is most common on the ' Gala ' ( Malus × domestica ) variety, particularly the ' Royal Gala ', and also occurs in ' Fuji ', ' Granny Smith ', ' Golden Delicious ', and 'Delicious' varieties. It is more common in arid regions, and is thought to be related to relative humidity and temperature. The effect can be mitigated by spraying

574-503: Is a lighter, more porous material. Its flexibility and close grain make it suitable for a number of applications, similar to those of willow. The Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and Pliny the Elder also recommended poplar for this purpose. Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through the Middle Ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but with

615-440: Is one of the characteristics used for tree identification. Before there was much evidence for the existence and functionality of lenticels, the fossil record has shown the first primary mechanism of aeration in early vascular plants to be the stomata . However, in woody plants , with vascular and cork cambial activity and secondary growth , the entire epidermis may be replaced by a suberized periderm or bark in which

656-402: The bark of woody stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledonous flowering plants. It functions as a pore, providing a pathway for the direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark, which is otherwise impermeable to gases. The name lenticel, pronounced with an [ s ] , derives from its lenticular ( lens -like) shape. The shape of lenticels

697-519: The cuticle over the stomata opening or the substomatal layer seals. Closing can also begin if the substomatal cells become suberized , like cork . The number of lenticels usually varies between the species of apples, where the range may be from 450 to 800 or from 1500 to 2500 in Winesap and Spitzenburg apples, respectively. This wide range may be due to the water availability during the early stages of development of each apple type. "Lenticel breakdown"

738-487: The leaf . Parichnoi were thought to eventually give rise to lenticels as they helped solve the issue of long-range oxygen transport in these woody plants during the Carboniferous period. They also acquired secondary connections as they evolved to become transversely elongated to efficiently aerate the maximum number of vertical rays as well as the central core tissue of the stem. The evolutionary significance of parichnoi

779-460: The shoot and on the hydrose of the tissue, which refers to the internal moisture . As stems and roots mature lenticel development continues in the new periderm (for example, periderm that forms at the bottom of cracks in the bark). Lenticels are found as raised circular, oval, or elongated areas on stems and roots. In woody plants, lenticels commonly appear as rough, cork-like structures on young branches . Underneath them, porous tissue creates

820-644: The Cretaceous of this genus have been found in Tibet and Heilongjiang, China. Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees. Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. Pleurotus populinus , the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America. Several species of Populus in

861-476: The Lonely Poplars Grow"). In 1973, the 15 white poplars still left (with age ranges between 233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments. In Ukraine, one of neighborhoods of Kyiv is named after Populus nigra as Osokorky , a local name. Lenticel A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and

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902-493: The United Kingdom and other parts of Europe have experienced heavy dieback ; this is thought in part to be due to Sesia apiformis which bores into the trunk of the tree during its larval stage. Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees , with numerous cultivars used. They have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on

943-464: The United Kingdom, poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a short rotation coppice system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven-dry tonnes per hectare every year. In warmer regions like Italy this crop can produce up to 13.8, 16.4 oven-dry tonnes of biomass per hectare every year for biannual and triennial cutting cycles also showing

984-726: The acoustic properties. Lombardy poplars are frequently used as a windbreak around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion. Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for shiitake mushrooms. Poplar represents a suitable candidate for phytoremediation since it has the ability to remove and store harmful pollutants in its trunk while also removing air pollution. This plant has been successfully used to target many types of pollutants including trace element (TEs) in soil and sewage sludge , Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs). Two notable poems in English lament

1025-431: The basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups. Some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited),

1066-634: The cells open longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two- to four-valved dehiscent capsule , green to reddish-brown, mature in midsummer, containing numerous minute, light-brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs aiding wind dispersal. The genus Populus has traditionally been divided into six sections on

1107-461: The cutting down of poplars, William Cowper 's "The Poplar Field" and Gerard Manley Hopkins ' " Binsey Poplars felled 1879". In Billie Holiday 's " Strange Fruit ", she sings "Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze/Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees…". The Odd Poplars Alley, in Iași , Romania, is one of the spots where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration in his works (the poem "Down Where

1148-408: The fruit, as light lenticels on the immature fruit darken and become brown and shallow from the formation of cork cells. Certain bacterial and fungal infections can penetrate fruits through their lenticels, with susceptibility sometimes increasing with its age. While the term lenticel is usually associated with the breakage of periderm tissue that is associated with gas exchange, it also refers to

1189-414: The functions of the stomata are replaced by lenticels. The extinct arboreal plants of the genera Lepidodendron and Sigillaria were the first to have distinct aeration structures that rendered these modifications. "Parichnoi" (singular: parichnos) are canal-like structures that, in association with foliar traces of the stem , connected the stem's outer and middle cortex to the mesophyll of

1230-469: The ground (they also often have remarkable suckering abilities, and can form huge colonies from a single original tree, such as the famous Pando forest made of thousands of Populus tremuloides clones). Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows , poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 metres (130 ft) from

1271-486: The leaves from the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, and usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla , and comprise a group of four to 60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments are short and pale yellow; anthers are oblong, purple or red, introrse, and two-celled;

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1312-468: The lightly colored spots found on apples (a type of pome fruit ). "Lenticel" seems to be the most appropriate term to describe both structures mentioned in light of their similar function in gas exchange. Pome lenticels can be derived from no longer functioning stomata, epidermal breaks from the removal of trichomes , and other epidermal breaks that usually occur in the early development of young pome fruits. The closing of pome lenticels can arise when

1353-458: The preconditions necessary for development of a tourism industry. Historical and cultural monuments ( Cultural Heritage of Serbia ) exist: revolutionary and royal (Karageorge's town), ecclesiastical (St. George's church, Nikolje monasteries). It is a wine region (Oplenac), and a large hunting ground Kamenica . 44°15′N 20°42′E  /  44.250°N 20.700°E  / 44.250; 20.700 Populus See text Populus

1394-525: The son of Karageorge, renewed the city and settled people in a higher degree, streets were built with nicer buildings and shops. With the comeback of the House of Obrenović in 1858, Topola saw further development. Topola is an agricultural area and farmers are producing fruit , vegetables and breeding cattle . The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): Topola has

1435-544: The successful revolts, Topola gains a political importance. The Vožd further expanded the town, from 1808 to 1813 he built large walls, towers, konaks , a school, a church and many other buildings. Topola became the centre of Revolutionary Serbia , where Karageorge was seated. In 1814, just when the city was finished, the Ottomans tackle the Uprising and Topola was seriously damaged, only ruins were left. Aleksandar Karađorđević ,

1476-405: The terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole ; in species in the sections Populus and Aigeiros , the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on

1517-803: The trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture. A simple, reproducible, high-frequency micropropagation protocol in eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009. In India, the poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the Punjab region. Common poplar varieties are: The trees are grown from kalam or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, and commercially available up to 15   November. Poplars are most commonly used to make plywood : Yamuna Nagar in Haryana state has

1558-590: Was also studied for making biofuel from short rotation coppice poplar and was found to have higher energy recovery than that from bioconversion. Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings ; the Mona Lisa and most famous early Italian Renaissance paintings are on poplar. The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish colour. Some stringed instruments are made with one-piece poplar backs; violas made in this fashion are said to have

1599-478: Was buried in the nearby Crkvine hamlet. On June 20, 1459, the city of Rudnik fell to the Ottomans, situated south of Topola. A hamlet was named Despotovica in memory of the fallen Serbian Despotate . The region was further settled with the great migration of Serbs in the 17th century. The town was established in 1781, by Vožd Karageorge , on the right of the Kamenica River  [ sr ] . The town

1640-485: Was destroyed during the First Serbian Uprising , when Kučuk-Alija ravaged the Šumadija region in 1804, also burning down Karageorge's house. The renovation began in 1805, when the town was renewed as a fortified city; Karageorge built a new mansion on the ruins of his previous house, and several buildings surrounding, they were all protected with palisades and peep holes, making Topola a strategic settlement. With

1681-420: Was their functionality in the absence of cauline stomata, where they can also be affected and destroyed by pressure similar to what can damage to stomatal tissue. Evidently, in both conifers and Lepidodendroids, the parichnoi, as the primary lenticular structure, appear as paired structures on either side of leaf scars . The development and increase in the number of these primitive lenticels were key to providing

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