71-496: Physalis ixocarpa Brot. The tomatillo ( Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa ), also known as the Mexican husk tomato , is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated in Mexico and were cultivated in the pre-Columbian era . A staple of Mexican cuisine , they are eaten raw and cooked in
142-486: A pH between 5.5 and 7.3. Tomatillo plants are cold sensitive . They grow best at 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F). Below 16 °C (61 °F), growth is very poor. Tomatillo plants prefer full sun exposure and warm locations. Transplanting is the most common practice for planting tomatillo plants. Transplants are produced in greenhouses or transplant beds. Germination occurs at 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F). Transplanting occurs 6 to 8 weeks after seeding and when
213-467: A basal or terminal group of leaves or neither of these types. The leaves are generally alternate or alternate to opposed (that is, alternate at the base of the plant and opposed towards the inflorescence ). The leaves can be herbaceous, leathery, or transformed into spines . The leaves are generally petiolate or subsessile, rarely sessile. They are frequently inodorous, but some are aromatic or fetid. The foliar lamina can be either simple or compound, and
284-416: A cold and humid environment. Tomatillos can be harvested at different stages of ripeness. For salsa verde , harvesting may be done early when the fruit is sour with a light flavor. Tomatillos can be picked later when the fruits are seedier for a sweeter taste. Tomatillos have diverse uses in stews, soups, salads, curries , stirfries , baking, cooking with meats, marmalade , and desserts. Tomatillos are
355-784: A diverse range of alkaloids. To humans, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both. The tropanes are the most well-known of the alkaloids found in the Solanaceae. The plants that contain these substances have been used for centuries as poisons. However, despite being recognized as poisons, many of these substances have invaluable pharmaceutical properties. Many species contain a variety of alkaloids that can be more or less active or poisonous, such as scopolamine , atropine , hyoscyamine , and nicotine . They are found in plants such as henbane ( Hyoscyamus albus ), belladonna ( Atropa belladonna ), jimson weed ( Datura stramonium ), mandrake ( Mandragora autumnalis ), tobacco , and others. Some of
426-570: A few (two pairs in each locule in Grabowskia , one pair in each locule in Lycium ) and very occasionally only one ovule is in each locule as for example in Melananthus . The fruits of the great majority of the Solanaceae are berries or capsules (including pyxidia) and less often drupes. Berries are common in the subfamilies Cestroideae, Solanoideae (with the exception of Datura , Oryctus , Grabowskia and
497-449: A great number of different ecosystems , from deserts to rainforests , and are often found in the secondary vegetation that colonizes disturbed areas. In general, plants in this family are of tropical and temperate distribution. The potato tuber moth ( Phthorimaea operculella ) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, especially the potato plant ( Solanum tuberosum ). Female P. operculella use
568-469: A hint of tomato flavor. The tomatillo flavor is used in fusion cuisines for blending flavors from Latin American dishes with those of Europe and North America. P. ixocarpa is often confused with P. philadelphica due to morphological similarities and the fact that neither species have had a clear type designation . Physalis ixocarpa and Physalis philadelphica have blue anthers that twist after opening,
639-463: A home-grown garden plant. Tomatillos are mainly cultivated in outdoor fields in Mexico and Guatemala on a large scale. Smaller crops are planted in many parts of the United States. In Mexico, tomatillos are planted within a wide range of altitudes. In general, tomatillo plants are tolerant to many different soil conditions. However, they do best in well-drained, sandy, fertile soil conditions with
710-549: A hypogynous disk. The calyx is gamosepalous (as the sepals are joined forming a tube), with the (4)5(6) segments equal, it has five lobes, with the lobes shorter than the tube, it is persistent and often accrescent. The corolla usually has five petals that are also joined forming a tube. Flower shapes are typically rotate (wheel-shaped, spreading in one plane, with a short tube) or tubular (elongated cylindrical tube), campanulated, or funnel-shaped. The androecium has (2)(4)5(6) free stamens within its opposite sepals (they alternate with
781-487: A key ingredient in fresh and cooked Mexican and Central-American green sauces . The green color and tart flavor are the main culinary contributions of the fruit. Purple and red-ripening cultivars often have a slight sweetness, unlike the green- and yellow-ripening cultivars, so they generally are used in jams and preserves. Like their close relative, the Cape gooseberry , tomatillos have a high pectin content. Another characteristic
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#1732859347636852-454: A number of ornamental plants such as Petunia , Browallia , and Lycianthes , and sources of psychoactive alkaloids, Datura , Mandragora (mandrake), and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Certain species are widely known for their medicinal uses, their psychotropic effects, or for being poisonous. This family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents except Antarctica . The greatest diversity in species
923-417: A period of 3 days. Other shrub species that are grown for their attractive flowers are Lycianthes rantonnetii (Blue Potato Bush or Paraguay Nightshade) with violet-blue flowers and Nicotiana glauca ("Tree Tobacco") Other solanaceous species and genera that are grown as ornamentals are the petunia (Petunia × hybrida) , Lycium , Solanum , Cestrum , Calibrachoa × hybrida and Solandra . There
994-469: A variety of dishes, particularly salsa verde . The tomatillo is a perennial plant , but is generally grown for agriculture each year as if it were an annual . The tomatillo (from Nahuatl , tomatl ) is also known as husk tomato, Mexican groundcherry, large-flowered tomatillo, or Mexican husk tomato. Some of these names, however, can also refer to other species in the genus Physalis . Other names are Mexican green tomato and miltomate. In Spanish , it
1065-458: A wider, less dense canopy. The leaves are typically serrated and can be either smooth or pubescent . The tomatillo is a member of the genus Physalis , erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck described the tomatillo under the name Physlis philadelphica in 1786. Other species, such as P. aeuata and P. violacea were described later. The tomatillo is also often classified as P. ixocarpa Brot . However, P. philadelphica
1136-451: A yellow corolla with five blue-tinged spots or smudges, and a 10-ribbed calyx filled or burst by the berry. The two species differ in flower size and stigma type. P. philadelphica grow up to 15 to 60 cm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and have few hairs on the stem. The leaves have acute and irregularly separated dents on the side. They are typically about one meter (3.3 ft) in height, and can be either compact and upright or prostrate with
1207-466: Is entomophilous . The flowers can be solitary or grouped into terminal, cymose, or axillary inflorescences. The flowers are medium-sized, fragrant ( Nicotiana ), fetid ( Anthocercis ), or inodorous. The flowers are usually actinomorphic , slightly zygomorphic , or markedly zygomorphic (for example, in flowers with a bilabial corolla in Schizanthus species). The irregularities in symmetry can be due to
1278-446: Is a perennial plant , overwintering is difficult, so it is normally cultivated as an annual plant. Tomatillo plants can reach heights of 1.5 to 2 meters (4.9 to 6.6 ft). Due to their rapid and branching growth, it is recommended to stake them. Staking also facilitates later harvesting and prevents the fruit from touching the ground, which reduces damage to fruit and husk. Staking can also reduce disease and slug damage. Fertilization
1349-419: Is called tomate de cáscara (husk tomato), tomate de fresadilla (little strawberry tomato), tomate milpero (field tomato), tomate verde (green tomato), tomatillo (Mexico; this term means "little tomato " elsewhere), miltomate (Mexico, Guatemala ), farolito (little lantern), or simply tomate (in which case the tomato is called jitomate from Nahuatl xitomatl ). The tomatillo genus name Physalis
1420-479: Is common among wild populations, tomatillos carry self-incompatible traits. The plant, i.e., the fertile hermaphrodite , is not able to produce zygotes after self-pollination occurs. This limits the ability to improve tomatillo production regarding the seed quality and the production of varieties. The self-compatibility gene is situated in the chromosomes of the tomatillo and is not inherited through cytoplasm . Only heterozygous plants can be self-compatible as
1491-499: Is even a hybrid between Petunia and Calibrachoa (which constitutes a new nothogenus called × Petchoa G. Boker & J. Shaw) that is being sold as an ornamental. Many other species, in particular those that produce alkaloids, are used in pharmacology and medicine ( Nicotiana , Hyoscyamus , and Datura ). Many of the species belonging to this family, among them tobacco and the tomato, are model organisms that are used for research into fundamental biological questions. One of
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#17328593476361562-523: Is explosive. In terms of fruit type, the Schizanthoidae retain the plesiomorphic fruit form of the family Solanaceae, capsules , which rely on an anemochorous , abiotic form of dispersal. This is present in Schizanthoidae due both to the genetic constraints of early divergence (see below) as well as Schizanthus evolution and presence in open habitats. The embryo is curved. The basic chromosome number
1633-528: Is found in South America and Central America . In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil species belonging to the living genus Physalis , Physalis infinemundi , found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years ago. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the plant family Solanaceae. Most of the economically important genera are contained in
1704-441: Is from New Latin physalis , coined by Linnaeus from Ancient Greek φυσαλλίς ( physallís , "bladder, wind instrument"), itself from φυσιόω ( physióō , "to puff up, blow up"), φυσώ (physṓ). Ixocarpa means "slimy fruit", referencing a sticky or slimey coat often on a Tomatillo before it ruptures from the calyx . Tomatillos are native to Central America and Mexico , having a wild growth range from Mexico to Costa Rica . The plant
1775-498: Is grown mostly in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and Morelos , and in the highlands of Guatemala where it is known as miltomate . In the United States, tomatillos have been cultivated since 1863, with one dubbed "jamberry" in 1945 and others with the names "Mayan husk tomato" and "jumbo husk tomato". Further distribution occurred in the Bahamas , Puerto Rico , Jamaica , and Florida . By
1846-470: Is located in an oblique position relative to the flower's median plane. They have one style and one stigma ; the latter is simple or bilobate. Each locule has one to 50 ovules that are anatropous or hemianatropous with axillar placentation. The development of the embryo sack can be the same as for Polygonum or Allium species. The embryo sack's nuclear poles become fused before fertilization . The three antipodes are usually ephemeral or persistent as in
1917-614: Is recommended at a moderate level. An application of 40–90 kg/ha (36–80 lb/acre) of phosphorus is common. Other nutrients and fertilizers (N/ K) may be required depending on soil type and irrigation. For non-commercial production, regular fertilization is recommended. Although tomatillo plants become more drought-tolerant as they age, regular watering is required. Tomatillo plants require 25–38 mm (1.0–1.5 in) of water per week. Water can come from rainfall or irrigation. Irrigation can be managed by drip, sprinkler, furrow, or watering can. Irrigation frequency depends on weather and
1988-426: Is that they tend to have a varying degree of a sappy, sticky coating, mostly when used on the green side out of the husk. Ripe tomatillos keep refrigerated for about two weeks. They keep longer with the husks removed and the fruit refrigerated in sealed plastic bags. They may also be frozen whole or sliced. Tomatillos can also be dried to enhance the sweetness of the fruit in a way similar to dried cranberries , with
2059-527: Is the most important species economically. The nomenclature for Physalis has changed since the 1950s. P. philadelphica was at one time classified as a variety of P. ixocarpa . Later, the classification of P. ixocarpa was revised under the species of P. philadelphica . Today, the name P. ixocarpa is commonly used for the domestic plant and P. philadelphica for the wild one. Flowers come in several colors: white, light green, bright yellow, and sometimes purple. Flowers may or may not have purple spots toward
2130-409: Is unusual discomfort felt by some people when in a cool environment. Cold sensitivity may be a symptom of hypothyroidism , anemia , low body weight, iron deficiency , vitamin B 12 deficiency , fevers , fibromyalgia or vasoconstriction . There may also be differences in people in the expression of uncoupling proteins , thus affecting their amount of thermogenesis . Psychology may also play
2201-424: Is x=10. Schizanthus is a somewhat atypical genus among the Solanaceae due to its strongly zygomorphic flowers and basic chromosome number. Morphological and molecular data suggest Schizanthus is a sister genus to the other Solanaceae and diverged early from the rest, probably in the late Cretaceous or in the early Cenozoic , 50 million years ago. The great diversity of flower types within Schizanthus has been
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2272-433: Is x=12. It includes four genera and some 30 species distributed throughout South America. The following genera have not yet been placed in any of the recognized subfamilies within the solanaceas ( incertae sedis ) The Solanaceae contain 98 genera and some 2,700 species. Despite this immense richness of species, they are not uniformly distributed between the genera. The eight most important genera contain more than 60% of
2343-579: The Classical Latin word solanum , referring to nightshades (especially Solanum nigrum ), "probably from sol , 'sun', + -anum , neuter of -anus ." Even though members of the Solanaceae are found on all continents except Antarctica, the greatest variety of species are found in Central America and South America . Centers of diversity also occur in Australia and Africa . Solanaceae occupy
2414-512: The androecium , to the perianth , or both at the same time. In the great majority of species, the flowers have a differentiated perianth with a calyx and corolla (with five sepals and five petals, respectively) an androecium with five stamens and two carpels forming a gynoecium with a superior ovary (they are therefore referred to as pentamers and tetracyclic). The stamens are epipetalous and are typically present in multiples of four or five, most commonly four or eight. They usually have
2485-515: The psychoactive species of the family. The Solanaceae family includes a number of commonly collected or cultivated species. The most economically important genus of the family is Solanum , which contains the potato ( S. tuberosum , in fact, another common name of the family is the "potato family"), the tomato ( S. lycopersicum ), and the eggplant or aubergine ( S. melongena ). Another important genus, Capsicum , produces both chili peppers and bell peppers . The genus Physalis produces
2556-510: The Americas. The genus Cestrum is the most important, as it contains 175 of the 195 species in the subfamily. The Cestreae tribe is unusual because it includes taxa with long chromosomes (from 7.21 to 11.511 μm in length), when the rest of the family generally possesses short chromosomes (for example between 1.5 and 3.52 μm in the Nicotianoideae). This subfamily is characterized by
2627-555: The Solanaceae have 2n=24 chromosomes , but the number may be a higher multiple of 12 due to polyploidy . Wild potatoes , of which there are about 200, are predominantly diploid (2 × 12 = 24 chromosomes), but triploid (3 × 12 = 36 chromosomes), tetraploid (4 × 12 = 48 chromosomes), pentaploid (5 × 12 = 60) and even hexaploid (6 × 12 = 72 chromosome) species or populations exist. The cultivated species Solanum tuberosum has 4 × 12 = 48 chromosomes. Some Capsicum species have 2 × 12 = 24 chromosomes, while others have 26 chromosomes. Despite
2698-454: The Solanaceae, including subfamilies, tribes and genera, is based on the most recent molecular phylogenetics studies of the family: This subfamily is characterised by the presence of pericyclic fibres, an androecium with four or five stamens, frequently didynamous. The basic chromosome numbers are highly variable, from x=7 to x=13. The subfamily consists of eight genera (divided into three tribes) and about 195 species distributed throughout
2769-403: The aspects of the solanaceas' genomics is an international project that is trying to understand how the same collection of genes and proteins can give rise to a group of organisms that are so morphologically and ecologically different. The first objective of this project was to sequence the genome of the tomato. In order to achieve this each of the 12 chromosomes of the tomato's haploid genome
2840-573: The case of Atropa . The fruit can be a berry as in the case of the tomato or wolfberry, or a dehiscent capsule as in Datura , or a drupe . The fruit has axial placentation . The capsules are normally septicidal or rarely loculicidal or valvate. The seeds are usually endospermic, oily (rarely starchy), and without obvious hairs. The seeds of most Solanaceae are round and flat, about 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) in diameter. The embryo can be straight or curved, and has two cotyledons. Most species in
2911-442: The center of the corolla . The anthers are typically dark purple to pale blue. Tomatillo plants are highly self-incompatible , and two or more plants are needed for proper pollination . Thus, isolated tomatillo plants rarely set fruit. The tomatillo fruit is surrounded by an inedible, paper-like husk formed from the calyx. As the fruit matures, it fills the husk and can split it open by harvest time. The husk turns brown, and
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2982-449: The coralline tube or exserted. The plants demonstrate simultaneous microsporogenesis, the microspores are tetrad, tetrahedral, or isobilateral. The pollen grains are bicellular at the moment of dehiscence, usually open and angular. The gynoecium is bicarpelar (rarely three- or five-locular) with a superior ovary and two locules , which may be secondarily divided by false septa , as is the case for Nicandreae and Datureae. The gynoecium
3053-443: The crop's growth stage, ranging from once or twice a week to daily during hot weather. Weeds are a serious challenge in tomatillo production and are especially important during the first few weeks. Plastic and organic mulches help to control weeds effectively. Applications of plastic mulches also help to restrict soil water evaporation and modify microclimate , thereby affecting tomatillo growth and yield. Tomatillos are harvested when
3124-726: The earliest appearance of the Solanaceae plant family and the Physalis genus of which the tomatillo is a part. Tomatillos were domesticated in Mexico before the coming of Europeans and played an important part in the culture of the Maya and the Aztecs , more important than the tomato . The specific name philadelphica dates to the 18th century. There is limited information about tomatillo production, even though tomatillos are distributed and grown worldwide as
3195-452: The family contain potent alkaloids , and some are highly toxic , but many—including tomatoes , potatoes , eggplant , bell , and chili peppers —are used as food . The family belongs to the order Solanales , in the asterid group and class Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons ). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats , morphology and ecology . The name Solanaceae derives from
3266-422: The fruit can be ripe in several colors, including yellow, green, or even purple. The freshness and greenness of the husk are quality criteria. Flower types: There are several varieties of tomatillos, with differences in tastes, traits, and ripening colors. Some cultivars include Amarylla, Chupon, Gigante, Green Husk, Mexican, Pineapple, Purple de Milpa, Rio Grande Verde, and Yellow. Although self-compatibility
3337-421: The fruits fill the calyx. This state is normally achieved 65 to 100 days after transplanting. Fruit production continues for 1 to 2 months or until the first frost. Harvesting occurs regularly, typically every day, and is done by hand. A plant produces 60 to 200 fruits within a single growing season, with an average yield of about 9 short tons per acre (20 t/ha). Tomatillos can be stored for up to three weeks in
3408-498: The genera originated in Patagonia. Benthamiella , Combera , and Pantacantha form a clade that can be categorized as a tribe (Benthamielleae) that should be in the subfamily Goetzeoideae. The Schizanthoideae include annual and biennial plants with tropane alkaloids, without pericyclic fibres, with characteristic hair and pollen grains. The flowers are zygomorphic. The androecium has two stamens and three staminodes, anther dehiscence
3479-496: The genus Solanum . The etymology of the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a perceived resemblance of certain solanaceous flowers to the sun and its rays. At least one species of Solanum is known as the "sunberry". Alternatively, the name could originate from the Latin verb solare , meaning "to soothe", presumably referring to the soothing pharmacological properties of some of
3550-570: The inter-specific hybrid pollinations that were attempted. Tomatillo is generally a resistant crop as long as its climatic requirements are met. However, as with all crops, mass production brings exposure to pests and diseases. As of 2017, two diseases affecting tomatillos have been documented, namely tomato yellow leaf curl virus and turnip mosaic virus . Symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, including chlorotic margins and interveinal yellowing, were found in several tomato and tomatillo crops in Mexico and Guatemala in 2006. After laboratory tests,
3621-464: The latter can be either pinnatifid or ternate. The leaves have reticulated venation and lack a basal meristem . The laminae are generally dorsiventral and lack secretory cavities. The stomata are generally confined to one of a leaf's two sides; they are rarely found on both sides. The flowers are generally hermaphrodites , although some are monoecious , andromonoecious , or dioecious species (such as some Solanum or Symonanthus ). Pollination
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#17328593476363692-412: The leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf. After feeding on the foliage, the larvae will then delve down and feed on the tubers and roots of the plant. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic substances produced by plants as a secondary metabolite and which have an intense physiological action on animals even at low doses. Solanaceae are known for having
3763-428: The main types of alkaloids are: The family Solanaceae contains such important food species as the potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), the pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) and the aubergine or eggplant ( Solanum melongena ). Nicotiana tabacum , originally from South America, is now cultivated throughout the world to produce tobacco. Many solanaceas are important weeds in various parts of
3834-473: The middle of the 20th century, the plant was further exported to India , Australia , South Africa , and Kenya . The wild tomatillo and related plants are found everywhere in the Americas except in the far north, with the highest diversity in Mexico. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of Physalis infinemundi , a fossil Physalis found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years BP . The finding has pushed back
3905-454: The objective of developing a biological control through the use of insects. A wide variety of plant species and their cultivars belonging to the Solanaceae are grown as ornamental trees, shrubs, annuals and herbaceous perennials Examples include Brugmansia × candida ("angel's trumpet") grown for its large pendulous trumpet-shaped flowers, or Brunfelsia latifolia , whose flowers are very fragrant and change colour from violet to white over
3976-813: The ovary is usually the same as the number of carpels. However, some species occur in which the numbers are not the same due to the existence of false septa (internal walls that subdivide each locule), such as in Datura and some members of the Lycieae (the genera Grabowskia and Vassobia ). The ovules are generally inverted, folded sharply backwards (anatropous), but some genera have ovules that are rotated at right angles to their stalk (campilotropous) as in Phrodus , Grabowskia or Vassobia ), or are partially inverted (hemitropous as in Cestrum , Capsicum , Schizanthus and Lycium ). The number of ovules per locule also varies from
4047-526: The petals). They are usually fertile or, in some cases (for example in Salpiglossideae) they have staminodes . In the latter case, there is usually either one staminode ( Salpiglossis ) or three ( Schizanthus ). The anthers touch on their upper end forming a ring, or they are completely free, dorsifixed, or basifixed with poricide dehiscence or through small longitudinal cracks. The stamen's filament can be filiform or flat. The stamens can be inserted inside
4118-470: The presence of drupes as fruit and seeds with curved embryos and large fleshy cotyledons. The basic chromosome number is x=13. It includes four genera and five species distributed throughout the Greater Antilles . Some authors suggest their molecular data indicate the monotypic genera Tsoala Bosser & D'Arcy should be included in this subfamily, endemic to Madagascar , and Metternichia to
4189-664: The previous description, the Solanaceae exhibit a large morphological variability, even in their reproductive characteristics. Examples of this diversity include: In general, the Solanaceae have a gynoecium (the female part of the flower) formed of two carpels. However, Melananthus has a monocarpelar gynoecium, there are three or four carpels in Capsicum , three to five in Nicandra , some species of Jaborosa and Trianaea and four carpels in Iochroma umbellatum . The number of locules in
4260-503: The product of the species' adaptation to the different types of pollinators that existed in the Mediterranean, high alpine, and desert ecosystems then present in Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina. Annual plants with pericyclic fibres, their flowers are zygomorphic, the androecium has four didynamous stamens or three staminodes; the embryo is straight and short. The basic chromosome number
4331-532: The risk of frost is past. Transplants produced indoors need to harden off in a warm, sunny place for a few days before being planted outside. Direct outdoor seeding can only be done if no frost risk exists and soil temperature is higher than 15 °C (59 °F). Direct outdoor seeding leads to the shortening of the vegetation period. Due to its branching growing pattern, a single plant requires sufficient growing space. Tomatillos are typically grown in rows 0.7 to 1.6 m (2.3 to 5.2 ft) apart. Although tomatillo
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#17328593476364402-526: The so-called groundcherries, as well as the tomatillo ( Physalis philadelphica ) and Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry). Alkekengi officinarum (Chinese Lantern) was previously included in the genus Physalis (as Physalis alkekengi ), until molecular and genetic evidence placed it as the type species of a new genus. The genus Lycium contains the boxthorns and the goji berry, Lycium barbarum . Nicotiana contains, among other species, tobacco . Some other important members of Solanaceae include
4473-606: The southeast of Brazil . Goetzeaceae Airy Shaw is considered as a synonym of this subfamily. Molecular phylogenetics indicates that Petunioideae is the sister clade of the subfamilies with chromosome number x=12 ( Solanoideae and Nicotianoideae ). They contain calistegins, alkaloids similar to the tropanes. The androecium is formed of four stamens (rarely five), usually with two different lengths. The basic chromosome number of this subfamily can be x=7, 8, 9 or 11. It consists of 13 genera and some 160 species distributed throughout Central and South America. Molecular data suggest
4544-536: The species, as shown in the table below. Solanum – the genus that typifies the family – includes nearly 50% of the total species of the Solanacea. The name "Solanaceae" ( US : / ˌ s oʊ l ə ˈ n eɪ s i , - s i ˌ aɪ , - s i ˌ eɪ , - s i ˌ iː / ) comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin , from Solanum , the type genus , + -aceae , a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from
4615-657: The subfamily Solanoideae , with the exceptions of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum , Nicotianoideae) and petunia ( Petunia × hybrida , Petunioideae). Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of fundamental biological questions at the cellular , molecular , and genetic levels. Plants in the Solanaceae can take the form of herbs, shrubs , trees , vines and lianas, and sometimes epiphytes . They can be annuals , biennials , or perennials , upright or decumbent. Some have subterranean tubers . They do not have laticifers , nor latex , nor coloured saps . They can have
4686-463: The trait is controlled by a dominant gene . Tomatillo can thus produce seeds through self-pollination due to the involvement of self-compatibility traits, but the germination viability is different throughout the produced seeds. This suggests that not only incompatible pollen is involved but also inviability at the seedling stage. A study in 2022 using a commercial cultivar found that it was self-compatible and demonstrated incompatibility only in some of
4757-465: The tribe Hyoscyameae) and the tribe Juanulloideae (with the exception of Markea ). Capsules are characteristic of the subfamilies Cestroideae (with the exception of Cestrum ) and Schizanthoideae, the tribes Salpiglossoideae and Anthocercidoideae, and the genus Datura . The tribe Hyoscyameae has pyxidia. Drupes are typical of the Lycieae tribe and in Iochrominae. The following taxonomic synopsis of
4828-524: The turnip mosaic virus, this could be a threat to tomatillo production in California. Nightshade The Solanaceae ( / ˌ s ɒ l ə ˈ n eɪ s i . iː , - ˌ aɪ / ), or the nightshades , is a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines , lianas , epiphytes , shrubs , and trees , and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants , spices , weeds , and ornamentals . Many members of
4899-422: The virus was confirmed. Symptomatic plants were associated with the presence of whiteflies , which were likely the cause of this outbreak. Turnip mosaic virus was discovered in several tomatillo crops in California in 2011, rendering 2% of commercially grown tomatillo plants unmarketable, with severe stunting and leaf distortion. The green peach aphid is a common pest in California, and since it readily transmits
4970-711: The world. Their importance lies in the fact that they can host pathogens or diseases of the cultivated plants, therefore their presence increases the loss of yield or the quality of the harvested product. An example of this can be seen with Acnistus arborescens and Browalia americana that host thrips , which cause damage to associated cultivated plants, and certain species of Datura that play host to various types of virus that are later transmitted to cultivated solanaceas. Some species of weeds such as, Solanum mauritianum in South Africa represent such serious ecological and economic problems that studies are being carried out with
5041-947: Was assigned to different sequencing centres in different countries. So chromosomes 1 and 10 were sequenced in the United States, 3 and 11 in China, 2 in Korea , 4 in Britain, 5 in India, 7 in France, 8 in Japan, 9 in Spain and 12 in Italy. The sequencing of the mitochondrial genome was carried out in Argentina and the chloroplast genome was sequenced in the European Union . Cold sensitivity Cold sensitivity or cold intolerance
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