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27-507: The highest peak is the Monte Maggiore (633 m above sea level). The Monti della Tolfa consists mostly of trachytes formed during the Eocene and the early Pleistocene . The mountains are an important source of alunite , from which alum is extracted. The mineral was discovered there in 1461, and extensively mined until the mine closed in 1941, after almost 500 years; for much of this time it

54-708: A feldspathoid such as nepheline may also be present. This is reflected in the position of the trachyte fields in the QAPF diagram . Biotite , clinopyroxene and olivine are common accessory minerals. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich oligoclase . The alkali feldspar is typically also sodium-rich sanidine ( anorthoclase ) and is often cryptoperthitic , with alternating microscopic bands of sodium feldspar ( albite ) and potassium feldspar (sanidine). Trachytes are typically fine-grained and light-colored, but can be black if they consist mostly of glass. They are often porphyritic, with large well-shaped crystals of sanidine in

81-519: A groundmass containing much smaller imperfect sanidine laths. Rhomb porphyry is an example with usually large porphyritic rhomb shaped phenocrysts embedded in a very fine-grained matrix . Some of the best known trachytes, such as the trachyte of Drachenfels on the Rhine, show striking porphyritic character, having large sanidine crystals of tabular form an inch or two in length scattered through their fine-grained groundmass. In many trachytes, however,

108-596: A mosaic or like the tiles on a roof. They often cover the surfaces of the larger feldspars or line the vesicles of the rock, where they may be mingled with amorphous opal or fibrous chalcedony . In the older trachytes, secondary quartz from the recrystallization of tridymite is not rare. Of the mafic minerals present, augite is the most common. It is usually of pale green color, and its small crystals are often very perfect in form. Brown hornblende and biotite occur also, and are usually surrounded by black corrosion borders composed of magnetite and pyroxene ; sometimes

135-495: A silica content between 45 and 55 wt% , corresponding to the silica content of basalt in the TAS classification . Such rocks are enriched in iron, magnesium and calcium and typically dark in color. In contrast, the felsic rocks are typically light in color and enriched in aluminium and silicon along with potassium and sodium . The mafic rocks also typically have a higher density than felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to

162-575: Is a portmanteau of "magnesium" and "ferric" and was coined by Charles Whitman Cross , Joseph P. Iddings , Louis V. Pirsson , and Henry Stephens Washington in 1912. Cross' group had previously divided the major rock-forming minerals found in igneous rocks into salic minerals, such as quartz , feldspars , or feldspathoids , and femic minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene . However, micas and aluminium-rich amphiboles were excluded, while some calcium minerals containing little iron or magnesium, such as wollastonite or apatite , were included in

189-431: Is a silicate mineral or igneous rock rich in magnesium and iron . Most mafic minerals are dark in color, and common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine , pyroxene , amphibole , and biotite . Common mafic rocks include basalt , diabase and gabbro . Mafic rocks often also contain calcium -rich varieties of plagioclase feldspar. Mafic materials can also be described as ferromagnesian . The term mafic

216-520: Is formed by the rapid cooling of lava (or shallow intrusions) enriched with silica and alkali metals . It is the volcanic equivalent of syenite . Trachyte is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including in late stages of ocean island volcanism and in continental rift valleys , above mantle plumes , and in areas of back-arc extension. Trachyte has also been found in Gale crater on Mars. Trachyte has been used as decorative building stone and

243-462: Is not used as a rock classification in the IUGS classification scheme. Mafic rocks are sometimes more precisely defined as igneous rocks with a high proportion of pyroxene and olivine, so that their color index (the volume fraction of dark mafic minerals) is between 50 and 90. Most mafic volcanic rocks are more precisely classified as basalts . Chemically, mafic rocks are sometimes defined as rocks with

270-610: Is one known voluminous flow from Puʻu Waʻawaʻa on the north flank of Hualālai in Hawaiʻi. Here the trachyte is glassy and black in color. In Iceland, the Azores , Tenerife and Ascension there are recent trachytic lavas, and rocks of this kind occur also in New South Wales ( Cambewarra Range ), Queensland ( Main Range ), East Africa, Madagascar , Yemen and in many other districts. Among

297-442: Is the rock type called keratophyre , which is the sodium-rich-plagioclase equivalent of trachyte. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Flett, John S. (1911). " Trachyte ". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117. Ferromagnesian A mafic mineral or rock

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324-799: The Eifel , also in Auvergne, Bohemia and the Euganean Hills . In the neighborhood of Rome, Naples and the island of Ischia trachytic lavas and tuffs are of common occurrence. Trachytes are also found on the island of Pantelleria . In the United States, trachytes crop out extensively in the Davis Mountains , Chisos Mountains , and Big Bend Ranch State Park in the Big Bend (Texas) region, as well as southern Nevada and South Dakota ( Black Hills ). There

351-524: The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) classification of igneous rocks, include some light-colored ferromagnesian minerals, such as melilite , in the mafic mineral fraction. Accessory minerals , such as zircon or apatite, may also be included in the mafic mineral fraction for purposes of precise classification. When applied to rocks, the term mafic is used primarily as a field term to describe dark-colored igneous rocks. The term

378-793: The Rhine valley, but their augite and biotite are often replaced by chlorite and other secondary products. Permian trachytes occur also in Thuringia and the Saar district in Germany. Alkaline rocks such as trachyte are rare in the Archean , but become common in the Proterozoic . Alkaline rocks with an age close to 570 million years are common around the perimeters of many continental shields and are evidence of worldwide rifting at that time. Closely allied to trachyte

405-604: The alkaline magma series , in which alkaline basaltic magma experiences fractional crystallization while still underground. This process removes calcium, magnesium, and iron from the magma to give it a composition close to that of alkali feldspar. As a result, trachyte is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including late eruptions of ocean islands and in continental rift valleys and mantle plumes . Only rarely does magmatic differentiation proceed beyond trachyte to phonolite or even more evolved alkaline magmas. Trachyte also occurs in areas of back-arc extension, such as

432-412: The feldspathoid group, such as nepheline , sodalite and leucite , are present in trachytes, and rocks of this kind are known as foid-bearing trachytes. The sodium-bearing amphiboles and pyroxenes so characteristic of the phonolites may also be found in some trachytes; thus aegirine or aegirine augite forms outgrowths on diopside crystals, and riebeckite may be present in spongy growths among

459-509: The feldspars of the groundmass (as in the trachyte of Berkum on the Rhine ). Glassy forms of trachyte ( obsidian ) occur, as in Iceland , and pumiceous varieties are known (in Tenerife and elsewhere), but these rocks as contrasted with the rhyolites have a remarkably strong tendency to crystallize, and are rarely to any considerable extent vitreous. Trachyte is the usual silica-rich end member of

486-455: The femic minerals. Cross and his coinvestigators later clarified that micas and aluminium amphiboles belonged to a separate category of alferric minerals. They then introduced the term mafic for ferromagnesian minerals of all types, in preference to the term femag coined by A. Johannsen in 1911, whose sound they disliked. The term mafic is still widely used for dark-colored ferromagnesian minerals. Modern classification schemes, such as

513-610: The northern Aegean Sea and the Aeolian arc of Italy. The Aeolian back-arc includes the Campi Flegrei volcanic field, where trachytes have been erupted. Trachytes are well represented among the Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Europe. In Britain they occur in Skye as lava flows and as dikes or intrusions, but they are much more common on the continent of Europe, as in the Rhine district and

540-569: The older volcanic rocks trachytes also are not scarce, though they have often been described under the names orthophyre and orthoclase-porphyry, while trachyte was reserved for Tertiary and recent rocks of similar composition. In England there are Permian trachytes in the Exeter district, and Carboniferous trachytes are found in many parts of the central valley of Scotland. The latter differ in no essential respect from their modern representatives in Italy and

567-412: The phenocrysts are few and small, and the groundmass comparatively coarse. The ferromagnesian minerals rarely occur in large crystals, and are usually not conspicuous in hand-sized specimens of these rocks. Two types of groundmass are generally recognized: the trachytic, composed mainly of long, narrow, subparallel rods of sanidine, and the orthophyric, consisting of small squarish or rectangular prisms of

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594-730: The replacement is complete and no hornblende or biotite is left, though the outlines of the cluster of magnetite and augite may clearly indicate from which of these minerals it was derived. Olivine is unusual, though found in some trachytes, for example those of the Arso in Ischia . Basic varieties of plagioclase, such as labradorite , are known also as phenocrysts in some Italian trachytes. Dark brown varieties of augite and rhombic pyroxene ( hypersthene or bronzite ) have been observed but are not common. Apatite , zircon and magnetite are practically always present as accessory minerals. Occasionally minerals of

621-548: The rock type. Trachydacite occupies the same field in the TAS diagram as trachyte, but is distinguished from trachyte by a normative quartz content over 20%. Trachydacite is not a recognized rock type in the QAPF classification, where rocks rich in alkali feldspar and with quartz over 20% would be classified as rhyolites. The mineral assemblage of trachytes consists of essential alkali feldspar. Relatively minor plagioclase and quartz or

648-420: The same mineral. Sometimes granular augite or spongy riebeckite occurs in the groundmass, but as a rule this part of the rock is highly feldspathic. Trachytes very often have minute irregular vesicles which make the broken surfaces of specimens of these rocks rough and irregular, and it is from this distinctive texture that they received their name. It was first given to rocks of this class from Auvergne , and

675-529: Was extensively used as dimension stone in the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice . Trachyte has a silica content of 60 to 65% and an alkali oxide content of over 7%. This gives it less SiO 2 than rhyolite and more (Na 2 O plus K 2 O) than dacite . These chemical differences are consistent with the position of trachyte in the TAS classification , and they account for the feldspar-rich mineralogy of

702-513: Was long used in a much wider sense than that defined above, so that it included quartz-trachytes (now known as liparites and rhyolites ) and oligoclase -trachytes, which are now classified as andesites . Quartz is rare in trachyte, but tridymite (which likewise consists of silica ) is not uncommon. It is rarely in crystals large enough to be visible without the aid of the microscope , but in thin sections it may appear as small hexagonal plates, which overlap and form dense aggregates , like

729-539: Was the principal source of alum in Europe. The Tolfetano breed of horse originates in the area, and takes its name from it. 42°08′N 11°54′E  /  42.133°N 11.900°E  / 42.133; 11.900 Trachyte Trachyte ( / ˈ t r eɪ k aɪ t , ˈ t r æ k -/ ) is an extrusive igneous rock composed mostly of alkali feldspar . It is usually light-colored and aphanitic (fine-grained), with minor amounts of mafic minerals, and

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