51-629: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams ( TTD ) is an independent government trust in India managed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh . The trust primarily oversees the operations and finances of the richest and the most visited religious center Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala . It is also involved in various social, religious, literary and educational activities. TTD is headquartered at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh , India and employs about 16,000 people. Srivani trust
102-595: A binary search algorithm (with cost O ( log n ) {\displaystyle O(\log n)} ) outperforms a sequential search (cost O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} ) when used for table lookups on sorted lists or arrays. The analysis, and study of algorithms is a discipline of computer science . Algorithms are often studied abstractly, without referencing any specific programming language or implementation. Algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines as it focuses on
153-580: A computation . Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing . More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making ) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning ). In contrast, a heuristic is an approach to solving problems that do not have well-defined correct or optimal results. For example, although social media recommender systems are commonly called "algorithms", they actually rely on heuristics as there
204-468: A flowchart offers a way to describe and document an algorithm (and a computer program corresponding to it). It has four primary symbols: arrows showing program flow, rectangles (SEQUENCE, GOTO), diamonds (IF-THEN-ELSE), and dots (OR-tie). Sub-structures can "nest" in rectangles, but only if a single exit occurs from the superstructure. It is often important to know how much time, storage, or other cost an algorithm may require. Methods have been developed for
255-680: A computer-executable form, but are also used to define or document algorithms. There are many possible representations and Turing machine programs can be expressed as a sequence of machine tables (see finite-state machine , state-transition table , and control table for more), as flowcharts and drakon-charts (see state diagram for more), as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called "sets of quadruples", and more. Algorithm representations can also be classified into three accepted levels of Turing machine description: high-level description, implementation description, and formal description. A high-level description describes qualities of
306-713: A computing machine or a human who could only carry out specific elementary operations on symbols . Most algorithms are intended to be implemented as computer programs . However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network (for example, the human brain performing arithmetic or an insect looking for food), in an electrical circuit , or a mechanical device. Step-by-step procedures for solving mathematical problems have been recorded since antiquity. This includes in Babylonian mathematics (around 2500 BC), Egyptian mathematics (around 1550 BC), Indian mathematics (around 800 BC and later),
357-475: A final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic ; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms , incorporate random input. Around 825 AD, Persian scientist and polymath Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī wrote kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Book of Indian computation") and kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic"). In
408-525: A programmer can write structured programs using only these instructions; on the other hand "it is also possible, and not too hard, to write badly structured programs in a structured language". Tausworthe augments the three Böhm-Jacopini canonical structures : SEQUENCE, IF-THEN-ELSE, and WHILE-DO, with two more: DO-WHILE and CASE. An additional benefit of a structured program is that it lends itself to proofs of correctness using mathematical induction . By themselves, algorithms are not usually patentable. In
459-477: A sequence of operations", which would include all computer programs (including programs that do not perform numeric calculations), and any prescribed bureaucratic procedure or cook-book recipe . In general, a program is an algorithm only if it stops eventually —even though infinite loops may sometimes prove desirable. Boolos, Jeffrey & 1974, 1999 define an algorithm to be an explicit set of instructions for determining an output, that can be followed by
510-517: A share of the hundi proceeds were abolished. After increased pressure from the priests over a long period, the Andhra Pradesh government made an amendment to the act in 2006, to discontinue these two controversial clauses. It is mandatory for non-Hindus visiting the temple to sign a declaration form before entering the temple, stating that they have faith in the presiding deity, Lord Venkateswara . Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams trust primarily manages
561-593: Is ₹ 3,000,000,000,000 (US$ 36 billion) ( ₹3 lakh crore ), making it the richest Hindu temple board in the world. Traditional TTD was established in 1932 as a result of the TTD Act of 1932. According to the act administration of the temple was vested in a committee of seven members and overseen by a paid commissioner appointed by the Governemnt of Madras Presidency . Advising the committee were two advisory councils – one composed of priests and temple administrators to aid
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#1732851328727612-416: Is a method or mathematical process for problem-solving and engineering algorithms. The design of algorithms is part of many solution theories, such as divide-and-conquer or dynamic programming within operation research . Techniques for designing and implementing algorithm designs are also called algorithm design patterns, with examples including the template method pattern and the decorator pattern. One of
663-576: Is a more specific classification of algorithms; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following: One of the simplest algorithms finds the largest number in a list of numbers of random order. Finding the solution requires looking at every number in the list. From this follows a simple algorithm, which can be described in plain English as: High-level description: (Quasi-)formal description: Written in prose but much closer to
714-483: Is at the top. It is flanked by the word "Andhra Pradesh" written in English and Devanagari lipi . The word 'Satyameva Jayathe' in Telugu scripts appears at the bottom. Algorithm In mathematics and computer science , an algorithm ( / ˈ æ l ɡ ə r ɪ ð əm / ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform
765-590: Is currently bicameral consisting of: [REDACTED] High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad was the highest court of appeal at the state level till 2019. After Andhra Pradesh High Court was inaugurated in Amaravati on 1 January 2019, it became the High Court for the State of Andhra Pradesh. It has subordinate Civil and Criminal Courts in every District. Decisions of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh can be appealed in
816-460: Is no truly "correct" recommendation. As an effective method , an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function . Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty ), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed , proceeds through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output" and terminating at
867-502: Is the state government and the administrative body responsible for the governance of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . Amaravati is the capital of the state and houses the state executive, legislature and head of judiciary. Under the Constitution of India , de jure executive authority lies with the governor , although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of,
918-453: Is useful for uncovering unexpected interactions that affect performance. Benchmarks may be used to compare before/after potential improvements to an algorithm after program optimization. Empirical tests cannot replace formal analysis, though, and are non-trivial to perform fairly. To illustrate the potential improvements possible even in well-established algorithms, a recent significant innovation, relating to FFT algorithms (used heavily in
969-1094: The Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) posed by David Hilbert . Later formalizations were framed as attempts to define " effective calculability " or "effective method". Those formalizations included the Gödel – Herbrand – Kleene recursive functions of 1930, 1934 and 1935, Alonzo Church 's lambda calculus of 1936, Emil Post 's Formulation 1 of 1936, and Alan Turing 's Turing machines of 1936–37 and 1939. Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages , pseudocode , flowcharts , drakon-charts , programming languages or control tables (processed by interpreters ). Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous and are rarely used for complex or technical algorithms. Pseudocode, flowcharts, drakon-charts, and control tables are structured expressions of algorithms that avoid common ambiguities of natural language. Programming languages are primarily for expressing algorithms in
1020-624: The Jacquard loom , a precursor to Hollerith cards (punch cards), and "telephone switching technologies" led to the development of the first computers. By the mid-19th century, the telegraph , the precursor of the telephone, was in use throughout the world. By the late 19th century, the ticker tape ( c. 1870s ) was in use, as were Hollerith cards (c. 1890). Then came the teleprinter ( c. 1910 ) with its punched-paper use of Baudot code on tape. Telephone-switching networks of electromechanical relays were invented in 1835. These led to
1071-488: The Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh for a five-year term. The Government of Andhra Pradesh is a democratically elected body that governs the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Government of Andhra Pradesh is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head. The governor who is appointed for a period of five years appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. Even though
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#17328513287271122-496: The Supreme Court of India . [REDACTED] The emblem consists of “Dhamma Chakra" (Wheel of law), decorated with a string of triratnas alternating with pinnate leaves and precious stones. Three circles of decorative beads surround the wheel. “Purna Ghataka” (The vase of plenty) is at the hub of the wheel. The national emblem is at the bottom. The word ‘Andhra Pradesh Prabhutvam’ (Government of Andhra Pradesh) in Telugu script
1173-499: The chief minister , the de facto authority and the cabinet . Following elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. It is an elected government with 175 MLAs elected to
1224-514: The queue management system , facilitates head tonsure and distribution of laddu . It runs information and ticketing centers in the major towns and cities across the country. It maintains various marriage halls, degree colleges, junior colleges and high schools. Sri Venkateswara Central Library and Research Centre (SVCLRC), established by TTD in 1993, houses approximately 40,000 volumes of books, mainly on religion and philosophy. The Research Wing works towards studying and publishing material related to
1275-578: The Hindu religion, produces authentic papers on original sanskrit texts, and provide translations of major Hindu works in various languages, including Telugu. Dharma Prachara Parishad was established to propagate the Hindu dharma. TTD also helps promote the age-old cultural heritage of India, in the areas of traditional sculpture and architecture, temple renovation and reconstructions and restoration of Hindu sculptures. Complex queueing algorithms and emerging technologies have been evaluated and implemented to manage
1326-776: The Ifa Oracle (around 500 BC), Greek mathematics (around 240 BC), and Arabic mathematics (around 800 AD). The earliest evidence of algorithms is found in ancient Mesopotamian mathematics. A Sumerian clay tablet found in Shuruppak near Baghdad and dated to c. 2500 BC describes the earliest division algorithm . During the Hammurabi dynasty c. 1800 – c. 1600 BC , Babylonian clay tablets described algorithms for computing formulas. Algorithms were also used in Babylonian astronomy . Babylonian clay tablets describe and employ algorithmic procedures to compute
1377-578: The United States, a claim consisting solely of simple manipulations of abstract concepts, numbers, or signals does not constitute "processes" (USPTO 2006), so algorithms are not patentable (as in Gottschalk v. Benson ). However practical applications of algorithms are sometimes patentable. For example, in Diamond v. Diehr , the application of a simple feedback algorithm to aid in the curing of synthetic rubber
1428-765: The administration of Lord Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala . It also manages many other temples in Tirupati and all around the world. The temples include both historical and new temples which were constructed by TTD itself. TTD has almost all the departments that would be in a government, including production (laddus), engineering (dams and roads), water supply, human resources, transport, procurement and marketing, finance and accounting, public relations, information technology, forest and gardens, educational institutions and hospitals, revenue and general administration. TTD provides various services for pilgrims to Tirumala and Tirupati, including bus services, food and accommodation. It maintains
1479-450: The algorithm itself, ignoring how it is implemented on the Turing machine. An implementation description describes the general manner in which the machine moves its head and stores data in order to carry out the algorithm, but does not give exact states. In the most detail, a formal description gives the exact state table and list of transitions of the Turing machine. The graphical aid called
1530-588: The algorithm's properties, not implementation. Pseudocode is typical for analysis as it is a simple and general representation. Most algorithms are implemented on particular hardware/software platforms and their algorithmic efficiency is tested using real code. The efficiency of a particular algorithm may be insignificant for many "one-off" problems but it may be critical for algorithms designed for fast interactive, commercial or long life scientific usage. Scaling from small n to large n frequently exposes inefficient algorithms that are otherwise benign. Empirical testing
1581-403: The analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers (estimates); for example, an algorithm that adds up the elements of a list of n numbers would have a time requirement of O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} , using big O notation . The algorithm only needs to remember two values: the sum of all the elements so far, and its current position in
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1632-461: The committee with the operations of the Tirumala temple, and another composed of farmers for advice on Tirumala's land and estate transactions. The Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institution and Endowments Act (1969), sections 85 to 91, expanded the provisions of TTD. The number of trustees was expanded from five to eleven with compulsory representation from certain communities. Apart from
1683-515: The earliest codebreaking algorithm. Bolter credits the invention of the weight-driven clock as "the key invention [of Europe in the Middle Ages ]," specifically the verge escapement mechanism producing the tick and tock of a mechanical clock. "The accurate automatic machine" led immediately to "mechanical automata " in the 13th century and "computational machines"—the difference and analytical engines of Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace in
1734-517: The early 12th century, Latin translations of said al-Khwarizmi texts involving the Hindu–Arabic numeral system and arithmetic appeared, for example Liber Alghoarismi de practica arismetrice , attributed to John of Seville , and Liber Algorismi de numero Indorum , attributed to Adelard of Bath . Hereby, alghoarismi or algorismi is the Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name; the text starts with
1785-427: The field of image processing), can decrease processing time up to 1,000 times for applications like medical imaging. In general, speed improvements depend on special properties of the problem, which are very common in practical applications. Speedups of this magnitude enable computing devices that make extensive use of image processing (like digital cameras and medical equipment) to consume less power. Algorithm design
1836-442: The funds received under Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management and food to the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD temples. TTD runs free buses from the Tirupati railway station and bus station to Alipiri and Srivari Mettu, every 30 minutes. Pilgrims who intend to walk up
1887-570: The governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested. The state has about 8 lakṣa employees. This comprises 5.6 lakṣa regular employees (1.3 lakṣa new employees at village and ward Secretariate) employees), 2 lakṣa contract and outsourcing employees, apart from more than 6 padi vēlu employees working in corporations and public sector undertakings. [REDACTED] The Andhra Pradesh Legislature
1938-401: The hills to Tirumala use these buses. TTD also provides free bus services within Tirumala town, which are known as "Dharma Rathams". There are 12 such buses that pass through cottages, choultries, temples and other places in Tirumala, at a frequency of every 3 minutes in the prescribed time slots. Government of Andhra Pradesh The Government of Andhra Pradesh , abbreviated as GoAP ,
1989-614: The huge crowds with Tata Consultancy Services designing and implementing the software and hardware infrastructure for queue management along with other companies. TTD has released a schedule for every month tickets release. Arjitha Sevas (Suprabhatham, Thomala, Archana and Astadala Pada Padmaradhana) The food offerings as "Annaprasadams" are being undertaken by TTD in a massive way in the Matrusri Tarigonda Vengamamba Annaprasadam Complex, donated by Matrsuri Tarigonda Ananta Koti Raju at Tirumala , in all
2040-450: The input list. If the space required to store the input numbers is not counted, it has a space requirement of O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle O(1)} , otherwise O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} is required. Different algorithms may complete the same task with a different set of instructions in less or more time, space, or ' effort ' than others. For example,
2091-482: The invention of the digital adding device by George Stibitz in 1937. While working in Bell Laboratories, he observed the "burdensome" use of mechanical calculators with gears. "He went home one evening in 1937 intending to test his idea... When the tinkering was over, Stibitz had constructed a binary adding device". In 1928, a partial formalization of the modern concept of algorithms began with attempts to solve
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2142-423: The manufacture of laddus. Sale of laddus fetched a revenue of staggering $ 10 million in 2007. TTD acts as a major stake holder in the following hospitals It is home for cattle received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in the year 1956 by TTD and later renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala during 2004. It is located at Chandragiri Road, Tirupati. It is maintained by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams based on
2193-429: The mid-19th century. Lovelace designed the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer, Babbage's analytical engine, which is the first device considered a real Turing-complete computer instead of just a calculator . Although a full implementation of Babbage's second device was not realized for decades after her lifetime, Lovelace has been called "history's first programmer". Bell and Newell (1971) write that
2244-627: The most important aspects of algorithm design is resource (run-time, memory usage) efficiency; the big O notation is used to describe e.g., an algorithm's run-time growth as the size of its input increases. Per the Church–Turing thesis , any algorithm can be computed by any Turing complete model. Turing completeness only requires four instruction types—conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT. However, Kemeny and Kurtz observe that, while "undisciplined" use of unconditional GOTOs and conditional IF-THEN GOTOs can result in " spaghetti code ",
2295-552: The phrase Dixit Algorismi , or "Thus spoke Al-Khwarizmi". Around 1230, the English word algorism is attested and then by Chaucer in 1391, English adopted the French term. In the 15th century, under the influence of the Greek word ἀριθμός ( arithmos , "number"; cf. "arithmetic"), the Latin word was altered to algorithmus . One informal definition is "a set of rules that precisely defines
2346-463: The responsibilities defined in the previous act, Devasthanam was obliged to promote the study of Indian languages and propagate Hindu dharma by research, teaching, training and literature creation. The A.P. Charitable & Hindu Religious Institutions & Endowments Act (1987) superseded the 1979 act. The Board of Trustees' membership was expanded from a maximum of eleven to fifteen and the hereditary rights of temple priests and their right to garner
2397-649: The time and place of significant astronomical events. Algorithms for arithmetic are also found in ancient Egyptian mathematics , dating back to the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus c. 1550 BC . Algorithms were later used in ancient Hellenistic mathematics . Two examples are the Sieve of Eratosthenes , which was described in the Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus , and the Euclidean algorithm , which
2448-443: The waiting queue lines and compartments of Vaikuntam Queue Complex I and II, footpath routes, etc. Donations given by devotees equal nearly ₹13 crore every month. Auctions of human hair fetched a revenue of ₹ 150 crores in 2011 and ₹ 203 crores in 2012. Temple admission ticket sales fetched a revenue of $ 25 million in 2007. Laddu, a confectionery, is offered as Lord's prasadam. TTD has procured machines from MICO BOSCH to automate
2499-449: Was deemed patentable. The patenting of software is controversial, and there are criticized patents involving algorithms, especially data compression algorithms, such as Unisys 's LZW patent . Additionally, some cryptographic algorithms have export restrictions (see export of cryptography ). Another way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm . Some common paradigms are: For optimization problems there
2550-674: Was first described in Euclid's Elements ( c. 300 BC ). Examples of ancient Indian mathematics included the Shulba Sutras , the Kerala School , and the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta . The first cryptographic algorithm for deciphering encrypted code was developed by Al-Kindi , a 9th-century Arab mathematician, in A Manuscript On Deciphering Cryptographic Messages . He gave the first description of cryptanalysis by frequency analysis ,
2601-453: Was set up by TTD in 2019 to promote Sanātana Dharma by constructing temples in SC-ST - BC habitations, renovating ancient temples, and providing funds under Dhup-Deepa-Naivedyam Scheme to those temples facing financial difficulty. By January 2023, TTD has taken up construction of 2,068 temples in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Pondicherry and Karnataka. The total net worth of the organization in 2024
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