Misplaced Pages

#730269

57-404: A timeline is a list of events displayed in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contemporaneous events. Timelines can use any suitable scale representing time, suiting the subject and data; many use a linear scale, in which a unit of distance is equal to a set amount of time. This timescale is dependent on

114-407: A gun as its purpose was to photograph short sequences of the natural movement of birds during their flight, which took twelve successive photographs on a set of discs. The disc contained 12 openings around its circumference. In front of this disc was a second disc pierced with a slit. Pressing the trigger of the gun began a mechanism to rotate the discs. The disc carrying the 12 frames rotated 1/12 of

171-487: A black background before and after treatment. This and Marinescu's related films are considered early documentary films . The professor called his works "studies with the help of the cinematograph," and published the results, along with several consecutive frames, in issues of "La Semaine Médicale" magazine from Paris, between 1899 and 1902. As photography became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life, art no longer necessarily had to capture life. Now liberated from

228-409: A data set which could be displayed as described above. For example, this meaning is used in the titles of many Misplaced Pages articles starting "Timeline of ..." Time and space (particularly the line) are intertwined concepts in human thought. The line is ubiquitous in clocks in the form of a circle, time is spoken of in terms of length, intervals, a before and an after. The idea of orderly, segmented time

285-416: A folding hand camera with a “ focal-plane shutter ,” an early model of a folding bellows, and a flatbed-type press camera that allowed photos to be taken at 1/1000 second exposures. This enabled a faster setup of Muybridge's multiple-camera system, able to take more exposures faster due to the rapidity of the shutter speed. He also invented a personal viewer for his chronophotographs, a revolving disk in which

342-556: A revolution while the disc carrying the shutter slit revolved once, so that each of the 12 openings appeared in turn behind the lens and was exposed through the slit. [3] When printed, it gave the same effect as his layering process. (Eventually, Marey was able to photograph on actual rolls of film and project the frames in sequence. ) Depending on the purpose of the chronophotograph, it could later be affixed to any of several devices either to be displayed in motion or to compare phases of motion in layers. Chronophotography's original purpose

399-403: A second possible. Without the need to hold poses for a long time, early instantaneous photography eventually made real-time chronophotography possible. In 1873, Leland Stanford , former governor of California and horse enthusiast, hired Eadweard Muybridge to create an instantaneous photograph of one of his horses at full speed. Initially thinking it was impossible, Muybridge nonetheless took

456-444: A sense of change over time. Wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies . Examples include: Timelines are also used in the natural world and sciences, such as in astronomy , biology , chemistry , and geology : Another type of timeline is used for project management . Timelines help team members know what milestones need to be achieved and under what time schedule. An example

513-487: A time, with intervals, because the necessary exposure times took too long for live recordings. In some cases the results were used in stroboscopic devices, such as the fantascope also known as phénakisticope (available since 1833), the zoetrope (available since 1866) or newly developed devices. The animated results of photographic sequences with live models can be regarded as a very early form of pixilation . The earliest known realistic concept of motion picture recording

570-418: Is a long table synchronizing the events from each of the nine kingdoms in parallel columns. By comparing the parallel columns, the reader can determine which events were contemporaneous, or how many years separated two different events. To place all the events on the same time scale, Eusebius used an Anno Mundi (A.M.) era, meaning that events were dated from the supposed beginning of the world as computed from

627-549: Is also represented in almanacs, calendars, charts, graphs, genealogical and evolutionary trees, where the line is central. Originally, chronological events were arranged in a mostly textual form. This took form in annals , like king lists . Alongside them, the table was used like in the Greek tables of Olympiads and Roman lists of consuls and triumphs. Annals had little narrative and noted what happened to people, making no distinction between natural and human actions. In Europe, from

SECTION 10

#1732851273731

684-434: Is another examplespa of interactive timeline software. Chronology Chronology is a part of periodization . It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history , the earth sciences , and study of the geologic time scale . Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies mostly upon chronometry , which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography , which examines

741-452: Is derived from the Greek word χρόνος chrónos ("time") combined with photography . Soon after the introduction of photography in 1839, the camera became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life. As the technology became more sophisticated, so did the activities for which people used cameras. Around 1840/1841 Francis Ronalds documented his first idea to use photographic methods to make scientific recordings. His first machine

798-401: Is establishing a project timeline in the implementation phase of the life cycle of a computer system . Timelines (no longer constrained by previous space and functional limitations) are now digital and interactive, generally created with computer software. Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia provided one of the earliest multimedia timelines intended for students and the general public. ChronoZoom

855-461: Is much overlap with the more or less simultaneous quest to register and exhibit photographic motion pictures . Chronophotography is defined as "a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of motion". The term chronophotography was coined by French physiologist Étienne-Jules Marey to describe photographs of movement from which measurements could be taken and motion could be studied. It

912-630: Is the use of archaeological findings, such as pottery, to do sequence dating . Aspects and examples of non-chronological story-telling: Chronophotography Chronophotography is a photographic technique from the Victorian era which captures a number of phases of movements. The best known chronophotography works were mostly intended for the scientific study of locomotion , to discover practical information for animal handlers and/or as reference material for artists. Although many results were not intended to be exhibited as moving pictures, there

969-666: Is to synchronize events. By synchronizing an event it becomes possible to relate it to the current time and to compare the event to other events. Among historians, a typical need is to synchronize the reigns of kings and leaders in order to relate the history of one country or region to that of another. For example, the Chronicon of Eusebius (325 A.D.) is one of the major works of historical synchronism. This work has two sections. The first contains narrative chronicles of nine different kingdoms: Chaldean, Assyrian, Median, Lydian, Persian, Hebrew, Greek, Peloponnesian, Asian, and Roman. The second part

1026-529: Is used in turn as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves. The familiar terms calendar and era (within the meaning of a coherent system of numbered calendar years) concern two complementary fundamental concepts of chronology. For example, during eight centuries the calendar belonging to the Christian era , which era was taken in use in the 8th century by Bede , was the Julian calendar, but after

1083-577: The Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Pentateuch . According to the computation Eusebius used, this occurred in 5199 B.C. The Chronicon of Eusebius was widely used in the medieval world to establish the dates and times of historical events. Subsequent chronographers, such as George Syncellus (died circa 811), analyzed and elaborated on the Chronicon by comparing with other chronologies. The last great chronographer

1140-426: The 18th and 19th centuries. Positivism emerged in the 19th century and the development of chronophotography and tree ring analysis made visible time taking place at various speeds. This encouraged people to think that events might be truly objectively recorded. However, in some cases, filling in a timeline with more data only pushed it towards impracticality. Jacques Barbeu-Duborg 's 1753 Chronologie Universelle

1197-459: The 3rd millennium BCE, for example. The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artifacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artifacts to be placed into sequences. Laboratory techniques developed particularly after mid-20th century helped constantly revise and refine

SECTION 20

#1732851273731

1254-519: The 4th century, the dominant chronological notation was the table. This can be partially credited to Eusebius , who laid out the relations between Jewish, pagan, and Christian histories in parallel columns, culminating in the Roman Empire, according to the Christian view when Christ was born to spread salvation as far as possible. His work was widely copied and was among the first printed books. This served

1311-558: The Romans themselves did; the dominant method of identifying Roman years was to name the two consuls who held office that year. Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was. It was used systematically for the first time only about the year 400, by the Iberian historian Orosius . Pope Boniface IV , in about

1368-478: The ability of the artist to visualize the data. Timelines are often used in education to help students and researchers with understanding the order or chronology of historical events and trends for a subject. To show time on a specific scale on an axis, a timeline can visualize time lapses between events, durations (such as lifetimes or wars), and the simultaneity or the overlap of spans and events. Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey

1425-450: The absence of written history , with its chronicles and king lists , late 19th century archaeologists found that they could develop relative chronologies based on pottery techniques and styles. In the field of Egyptology , William Flinders Petrie pioneered sequence dating to penetrate pre-dynastic Neolithic times, using groups of contemporary artefacts deposited together at a single time in graves and working backwards methodically from

1482-630: The case of Gerardus Mercator . Various graphical experiments emerged, from fitting the whole of history on a calendar year to series of historical drawings, in the hopes of making a metaphorical map of time. Developments in printing and engraving that made practical larger and more detailed book illustrations allowed these changes, but in the 17th century, the table with some modifications continued to dominate. The modern timeline emerged in Joseph Priestley 's A Chart of Biography , published in 1765. It presented dates simply and provided an analogue for

1539-623: The challenge, experimented with chemicals and shutter devices for a while, and eventually managed to shoot a hazy image that satisfied Stanford interest in the actual positions of the legs. Some years later, Stanford wanted a series to document all the different positions of a running horse and got back to Muybridge for the project. They used a battery of cameras along a part of the track, with electro-magnetic shutters triggered by tripwires. Muybridge's first chronophotographic sequences were published as The Horse in Motion cabinet cards in 1878. The images of

1596-402: The chronologies developed for specific cultural areas. Unrelated dating methods help reinforce a chronology, an axiom of corroborative evidence . Ideally, archaeological materials used for dating a site should complement each other and provide a means of cross-checking. Conclusions drawn from just one unsupported technique are usually regarded as unreliable. The fundamental problem of chronology

1653-416: The concept of historical progress that was becoming popular in the 18th century. However, as Priestley recognized, history is not totally linear. The table has the advantage in that it can present many of these intersections and branching paths. For Priestley, its main use was a "mechanical help to the knowledge of history", not as an image of history. Regardless, the timeline had become very popular during

1710-496: The development of projection devices (Muybridge's zoopraxiscope , Anschutz's electrotachyscope , and ultimately, Albert Londe's high-speed multi-exposure camera which ran film through a projector in a new way), the display of chronophotographs as entertainment became more sophisticated and useful than ever before. Before long, cinematic devices spawned from original chronophotographic predecessors, with which audiences could watch continuous loops of entertaining activities (for example,

1767-412: The earliest historical phases of Egypt. This method of dating is known as seriation . Known wares discovered at strata in sometimes quite distant sites, the product of trade, helped extend the network of chronologies. Some cultures have retained the name applied to them in reference to characteristic forms, for lack of an idea of what they called themselves: "The Beaker People " in northern Europe during

Timeline - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-564: The events in the timeline. A timeline of evolution can be over millions of years, whereas a timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks can take place over minutes, and that of an explosion over milliseconds. While many timelines use a linear timescale—especially where very large or small timespans are relevant -- logarithmic timelines entail a logarithmic scale of time; some "hurry up and wait" chronologies are depicted with zoom lens metaphors . More usually, "timeline" refers merely to

1881-465: The horse caused astonishment to the public all over the world, as the poses deviated from most traditional depictions and were much less graceful than expected. After initial enthusiasm, physiologist Étienne-Jules Marey became dissatisfied with Muybridge's multiple-camera method and developed the Chronophotographic gun in 1882, inspired by Jules Janssen 's photographic revolver. Albert Londe

1938-511: The idea of Christian world history and providential time. The table is easy to produce, append, and read with indices, so it also fit the Renaissance scholars' absorption of a wide variety of sources with its focus on commonalities. These uses made the table with years in one column and places of events (kingdoms) on the top the dominant visual structure of time. By the 17th century, historians had started to claim that chronology and geography were

1995-407: The idea was communicated to French publisher and instrumentmaker Jules Duboscq . On 12 November 1852, Duboscq filed the "stéréoscope - fantascope ou bioscope" as an addition to his earlier stéréoscope patent. He shortly marketed the device, with little success. The only known extant disc shows a machine in action. Improvements in the sensitivity of photographic emulsions made exposures of less than

2052-690: The literary methods of synchronism used by traditional chronographers such as Eusebius, Syncellus and Scaliger, it is possible to synchronize events by archaeological or astronomical means. For example, the Eclipse of Thales , described in the first book of Herodotus can potentially be used to date the Lydian War because the eclipse took place during the middle of an important battle in that war. Likewise, various eclipses and other astronomical events described in ancient records can be used to astronomically synchronize historical events. Another method to synchronize events

2109-924: The metaphor of the timeline to be deceiving in Time and Free Will . The question of big history and deep time engendered estranging forms of the timeline, like in Olaf Stapledon 's 1930 work Last and First Men where timelines are drawn on scales from the historical to the cosmological. Similar techniques are used by the Long Now Foundation , and the difficulties of chronological representation have been presented by visual artists including Francis Picabia , On Kawara , J. J. Grandville , and Saul Steinberg . There are different types of timelines: There are many methods to visualize timelines. Historically, timelines were static images and were generally drawn or printed on paper. Timelines relied heavily on graphic design , and

2166-427: The model, not at the slight and regular changes needed for a chronophotographic sequence. Most of the early series with an intended range of regular changes formed a study of different angles of a model. In 1844 Antoine Claudet exhibited some "portraits multiples" at l'Exposition , including a self portrait series of twelve pictures showing his face from the left side profile to the right side profile. He had made

2223-420: The multiplier through the mass production of cartes de visite . The advent of stereoscopic photography (mainstream since the early 1850s) led to the belief that photography could be further developed into a perfect illusion of reality. Photographic recordings with motion and colour were the logical next steps. Early series that were actually shot to depict motion sequences, had to be photographed one pose at

2280-400: The one-to-one relationship between a fixed coordinate in space captured at a single moment in time assumed by classical vanishing-point perspective, the artist became free to explore notions of simultaneity , whereby several positions in space captured at successive time intervals could be depicted within the bounds of a single painting. Cubist works regularly depicted multiple angles within

2337-451: The photos could be viewed with illumination from an electric spark (rather than projection). Setting up a sequence of cameras to photograph the movement of a subject as it progresses in locomotion originally created chronophotographs. This could be done via tripwire or electrically timed shutter release attached to each individual camera. The photographer then paired together a sequence of twelve different wet-plate photographic prints of

Timeline - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-527: The pictures in London in 1843 with a simple multiplier device that allowed successive exposures of parts of Daguerreotype plates in a very short time. Claudet regarded these pictures as curious specimens of photography of little practical use and forgot about it. After the Mayer brothers patented a "multiplicateur" in 1850 Claudet contested the priority of their invention. In 1853 André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri popularized

2451-445: The reproduction of movement, primarily in creating a simple projector called the stroboscope . He and German photographer Ottomar Anschutz shared the development of projecting technology, using chronophotographs and projectors to create movement much like the projection we know today. Anschutz carried this concept even further, developing chronophotographs to run through his projectors as entertainment. Anschutz then managed to develop

2508-410: The subject in motion. The subject could range from a running horse to a human descending stairs, or inanimate objects being thrown, launched, or falling. To overlap the phases of movement on a single plate, like the work of Marey and Demeny, a photographer would fix a single plate by using strips of celluloid for each separate, irregular image. Marey also later developed a device, shaped in the manner of

2565-427: The two sources of precise information which bring order to the chaos of history. In geography, Renaissance mapmakers updated Ptolemy's maps and the map became a symbol of the power of monarchs, and knowledge. Likewise, the idea that a singular chronology of world history from contemporary sources is possible affected historians. The want for precision in chronology gave rise to adding historical eclipses to tables, like in

2622-426: The writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the various growth rings in their wood to known year-by-year reference sequences in the region to reflect year-to-year climatic variation. Dendrochronology

2679-607: The year 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (about the year 500) was the founder of that era, which is nowadays the most widespread dating system on earth. An epoch is the date (year usually) when an era begins. Ab Urbe condita is Latin for "from the founding of the City ( Rome )", traditionally set in 753 BC. It was used to identify the Roman year by a few Roman historians. Modern historians use it much more frequently than

2736-547: The year 1702) and Jacques Cassini (in the year 1740), purely to simplify certain calculations, put the Julian Dating System (proposed in the year 1583 by Joseph Scaliger ) and with it an astronomical era into use, which contains a leap year zero, which precedes the year 1 (AD). While of critical importance to the historian, methods of determining chronology are used in most disciplines of science, especially astronomy , geology , paleontology and archaeology . In

2793-457: The year 600, seems to have been the first who made a connection between these this era and Anno Domini . (AD 1 = AUC 754.) Dionysius Exiguus' Anno Domini era (which contains only calendar years AD ) was extended by Bede to the complete Christian era (which contains, in addition all calendar years BC , but no year zero ). Ten centuries after Bede, the French astronomers Philippe de la Hire (in

2850-437: The “ peep show ” devices built using Thomas Edison ’s backlighting technology). From these developments in history, cinematography and silent film of moving images were invented. Romanian neurologist Gheorghe Marinescu made the 1898 film Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy , inspired by his earlier work using chronophotography under the influence of Marey. The short film shows patients walking in four directions against

2907-534: Was Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) who reconstructed the lost Chronicon and synchronized all of ancient history in his two major works, De emendatione temporum (1583) and Thesaurus temporum (1606). Much of modern historical datings and chronology of the ancient world ultimately derives from these two works. Scaliger invented the concept of the Julian Day which is still used as the standard unified scale of time for both historians and astronomers. In addition to

SECTION 50

#1732851273731

2964-418: Was also a sensible solution when multiple pictures were wanted, since Daguerreotypes could not be reproduced (except by photographing an existing Daguerreotype). At least from the early 1840s some photographers used multiple cameras, resulting in series of pictures with small differences in time and/or angle. However, changes in poses or angles between exposures were usually aimed at the most advantageous look for

3021-493: Was built in April 1845 to continuously trace the varying indications of meteorological equipment on photographic paper. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. The earliest Daguerreotype photographers already took multiple shots of a subject, mostly to increase their chances of obtaining a successful picture. Making multiple shots of one subject

3078-459: Was hired as a medical photographer by neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot . In 1882, he devised a camera with nine lenses and intricate timing system to study the physical and muscular movements of patients. Over time Londe refined this system to be able to take a sequence of twelve pictures in as little as a tenth of a second. Georges Demeny , Marey's assistant, developed even further applications for

3135-406: Was mounted on a 54-feet-long (16½ m) scroll. Charles Joseph Minard 's 1869 thematic map of casualties of the French army in its Russian campaign put much less focus on the one-directional line. Charles Renouvier 's 1876 Uchronie , a branching map of the history of Europe, depicted both the actual course of history and counterfactual paths. At the end of the 19th century, Henri Bergson declared

3192-452: Was published by Joseph Plateau , in an 1849 article about improvements for his fantascope. He had discussed the possibility of the combination of the fantascope and stereoscopic photographs with the inventor of the stereoscope , Charles Wheatstone . Plateau came up with an early conception of stop motion as the best way to obtain the necessary stereoscopic picture sequence, but did not get around to bringing this plan to fruition. Eventually,

3249-441: Was to help scientists study objects in motion, primarily humans and animals. It was also used for practical purposes, such as judging timed events and recording historical ones (horse and dog races, performances) and studying the movement of projectiles for war. With Anschutz's development of non-scientific, entertaining chronophotographs, chronophotography became the basis for the invention and development of cinematography. Due to

#730269