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74-466: Tierra Amarilla is a census-designated place in and the county seat of Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , United States. Tierra Amarilla is Spanish for "Yellow Earth". The name refers to clay deposits found in the Chama River Valley and used by Native American peoples. Tewa and Navajo toponyms for the area also refer to the yellow clay. There is evidence of 5000 years of habitation in

148-639: A citizen of the country in which they are acting. For example, in England and Wales , the power comes from Section 24A(2) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 , called "any person arrest". This legislation states "any person" has these powers, with no requirement for the person making the arrest to hold British citizenship . Anyone who makes a citizen's arrest can find themselves facing possible lawsuits or criminal charges (e.g. charges of false imprisonment , unlawful restraint, kidnapping , or wrongful arrest) if

222-421: A CDP have no legal status and may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name. However, criteria established for the 2010 census require that a CDP name "be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community" (not "a name developed solely for planning or other purposes") and recommend that a CDP's boundaries be mapped based on

296-520: A crime which has caused serious damage to property. A person using these detention powers may use reasonable force if their request is not met as long as they do not cause the suspect bruising. They must hand the suspect over to the police immediately and no later than three hours. A citizen's arrest cannot be performed on persons whose identity is known or who are not suspected of fleeing. The law can be used by both private individuals and private security. Any private citizen can, according to article 383 of

370-513: A flagrant offence as defined in Art. 19 and 20 of the Criminal Procedure Code where the offence is punishable with simple imprisonment for not less than three months. In addition where the police call for assistance in making an arrest with or without warrant there shall be a duty to assist where assistance can be given without risk. The Criminal Procedure Code also provides that where an arrest

444-406: A motor vehicle for temporary use, petty damage to property or petty fraud. A person wanted by the police (arrest warrant) can be apprehended by anyone. After the apprehension, the detainee must be handed over to the police as soon as possible. If the criminal is resisting or tries to escape, the law gives a citizen the right to use an amount of force considered necessary, when considering the nature of

518-497: A peace officer who arrests a person without warrant shall forthwith deliver the person to a peace officer. For greater certainty (4) For greater certainty, a person who is authorized to make an arrest under this section is a person who is authorized by law to do so for the purposes of section 25. There are several arrest authorities found through the various provincial statutes. The most notable citizen's arrest authority in Ontario

592-481: A permanent settlement due to "raids by Utes , Navajos and Jicarilla Apaches " until early in the 1860s. In 1860 the United States Congress confirmed the land grant as a private grant, rather than a community grant, due to mistranslated and concealed documents. Although a land patent for the grant required the completion of a geographical survey before issuance, some of Manuel Martinez' heirs began to sell

666-455: A population of at least 10,000. For the 1970 Census , the population threshold for "unincorporated places" in urbanized areas was reduced to 5,000. For the 1980 Census , the designation was changed to "census designated places" and the designation was made available for places inside urbanized areas in New England. For the 1990 Census , the population threshold for CDPs in urbanized areas

740-480: A private individual can only make such an arrest if the suspect would otherwise evade arrest by a Garda, and the arrester must surrender the suspect to Garda custody as soon as practicable. An exception is that stamp hawkers must be brought before the District Court . Citizen's arrests are rare; most often they are made by store detectives on shoplifting suspects. An Israeli law allowing anyone to arrest

814-486: A suspect whom they witnessed carrying out a felony was repealed in 1996 and replaced by a new law allowing the detention of a suspect by another person under certain conditions. Section 75 of the Criminal Procedure Law (Enforcement Powers – Arrest) of 1996 allows anyone to detain a person who is witnessed carrying out certain suspected crimes. The crimes include the following: a felony, theft, a crime of violence and

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888-450: A valley: the annual average is 62.2 inches or 1.58 metres with a maximum of 55.9 inches (1.42 m) in January 1997 and a maximum annual total of 125.5 inches (3.19 m) between July 1996 and June 1997. The maximum snow depth has been 44 inches or 1.12 metres on 30 November 1983. The spring season sees the sunniest weather of all and steadily warming temperatures, although over the year as

962-444: A whole 224.9 mornings fall to or below freezing, with four freezes to be expected as late as June. The summer, although seeing diurnal temperature ranges of over 34 °F or 18.9 °C, is the wettest period due to frequent monsoonal thunderstorms. The wettest months have been September 1927 and August 1967 which each saw 5.96 inches (151.4 mm) of precipitation, the wettest calendar year 1986 with 24.85 inches (631.2 mm), and

1036-632: Is 7,524 feet above sea level. The settlement is situated in a cluster of villages along U.S. Route 84 and the Chama River. The layout of the villages, including the one that became Tierra Amarilla, do not follow the urban planning principles of the Laws of the Indies . Tierra Amarilla has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with very cold, snowy, though generally sunny winters, and summers featuring very warm to hot afternoons and cold to cool mornings. During

1110-491: Is an arrest made by a private citizen – a person who is not acting as a sworn law-enforcement official . In common law jurisdictions, the practice dates back to medieval England and the English common law , in which sheriffs encouraged ordinary citizens to help apprehend law breakers. Despite the practice's name, in most countries the arresting person is usually designated as a person with arrest powers, who need not be

1184-725: Is defined as any crimes that can be sentenced for more than 12 months of jail time. According to article 273 of Act XC. of 2017 concerning Penal Procedure , anyone may arrest a person caught committing a felony, but is obliged to hand the person over to the "investigative authorities" immediately; if this is not possible, the police must be informed. Section 40, of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita states that: According to this section any private person may arrest or cause to be arrested The Code of Criminal Procedure allows private citizens to detain those suspected of crimes in order to prevent their escape, so long as

1258-475: Is doing to the arrestee and has to call the police. Both have to wait for the arrival of the police. The person who makes a citizen's arrest has to sign the police forms as a witness and explain the facts. Typically it will lead to a time burden of at least two hours. If the facts cannot be verified the person who realizes the citizen's arrest might be sued by the arrestee. Canada 's blanket arrest authorities for crimes or violations of federal statutes are found in

1332-579: Is found in the Trespass to Property Act, but there are others found in the Highway Traffic Act, the Liquor Licence Act, and many others. TRESPASS TO PROPERTY ACT Arrest without warrant on premises 9. (1) A police officer, or the occupier of premises, or a person authorized by the occupier may arrest without warrant any person he or she believes on reasonable and probable grounds to be on

1406-587: Is known as the "101 power". Under the Criminal Procedure Ordinance (cap. 221 of the Laws of Hong Kong), section 101(2) provides that "Any person may arrest without warrant any person whom he may reasonably suspect of being guilty of an arrestable offence" using "force as is reasonable and proportionate in the circumstances". Once an arrest is made, the suspect must be delivered to a police office as soon as possible for court proceedings. "Arrestable offence"

1480-423: Is liable to arrest and detention under this section if the person is in the act of committing, or has just committed an indictable offence; or theft (whether the theft is a summary or indictable offence); or an offence against the person (whether the offence is summary or indictable); or an offence involving interference with, damage to or destruction of property (whether the offence is summary or indictable). Under

1554-471: Is made the person making the arrest shall without unnecessary delay hand over the person so arrested to the nearest police station. In Finland , Coercive Measures Act 22.7.2011/806 gives a right to apprehend someone in the act of committing a crime ( in flagrante delicto ) or fleeing from the crime scene, if punishment for the crime might be imprisonment or the crime is petty assault, petty theft, petty embezzlement, petty unauthorized use, petty stealing of

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1628-630: Is now on the National Register of Historic Places . The Alianza Federal de Mercedes , led by Reies Tijerina , raided the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in 1967. Attempting to make a citizen's arrest of the district attorney "to bring attention to the unscrupulous means by which government and Anglo settlers had usurped Hispanic land grant properties," an armed struggle in the courthouse ensued resulting in Tijerina and his group fleeing to

1702-496: Is said to be 'found offending' if he does any act, or makes any omission, or conducts or behaves himself, and thereby causes a person who finds him reasonable grounds for believing that he has, in respect of such act, omission, or conduct, committed an offence against this Act." There are further provisions in section 301 of the Criminal Code Act 1924 (Tas) that appear to allow a sliding scale of force in executing an arrest. In

1776-643: The 1890 Census , in which the Census mixed unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" or "village" as its label. This made it confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated. The 1900 through 1930 Censuses did not report data for unincorporated places. For the 1940 Census , the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially defined this category as "unincorporated places" in

1850-455: The 1950 Census and used that term through the 1970 Census. For the 1950 Census, these types of places were identified only outside " urbanized areas ". In 1960 , the Census Bureau also identified unincorporated places inside urbanized areas (except in New England , whose political geography is based on the New England town , and is distinctly different from other areas of the U.S.), but with

1924-619: The Chama River Valley including pueblo sites south of Abiquiu. The area served as a trade route for peoples in the present-day Four Corners region and the Rio Grande Valley . Navajos later used the valley as a staging area for raids on Spanish settlements along the Rio Grande. Written accounts of the Tierra Amarilla locality by pathfinding Spanish friars in 1776 described it as suitable for pastoral and agricultural use. The route taken by

1998-465: The Criminal Code . In Canada, a criminal offence is any offence that is created by a federal statute—there are no "provincial crimes". Criminal offences are divided into three groups: indictable, dual procedure, and summary conviction. For the purposes of arrest, dual procedure offences are considered to be indictable. The Criminal Code provisions related to citizen arrests were changed in 2012, by

2072-453: The Italian Code of Criminal Procedure , arrest another person, provided they are caught " in flagranza di reato " ( In flagrante delicto ) and the felony they are caught committing includes mandatory arrest from the police and is " perseguibile d'ufficio ", meaning that the judicial authority, once received the " notitia criminis " (a crime report), has the duty to commence prosecution, without

2146-519: The Mexico–United States border , and unincorporated resort and retirement communities and their environs. The boundaries of any CDP may change from decade to decade, and the Census Bureau may de-establish a CDP after a period of study, then re-establish it some decades later. Most unincorporated areas within the United States are not and have not been included in any CDP. The boundaries of

2220-464: The Police Offences Act 1935 ( Tas ), section 55(3), any person may arrest any other person whom they find committing an offence, where they have reasonable grounds to believe that the conduct will create or may involve substantial injury to another person, serious danger of such injury, loss of property or serious injury to property. Section 55(5) states "For the purposes of this section, a person

2294-531: The United States Army established Camp Plummer just south of Los Ojos (established in 1860) to rein in already decreased Native American activity on the grant. The military encampment was deserted in 1869. Las Nutrias, the site of the contemporary community, was founded nearby c.1862. The first post office in Las Nutrias was established in 1866 and bore the name Tierra Amarilla , as did the present one which

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2368-576: The common law power for private individuals to arrest for felony or breach of the peace . The Criminal Law Act 1997 abolished the common-law distinction between felonies and misdemeanours and instead distinguishes " arrestable " and "non-arrestable" offences; arrestable offences are those punishable by at least five years' imprisonment, and private individuals may arrest those in flagrante , having committed, or about to commit an arrestable offence. Several other statutes which define offences likewise state "any person may arrest" someone committing

2442-472: The Act allows the use of such force as is "reasonably necessary to make the arrest or to prevent the escape of the person after arrest". A person who arrests another person under section 100 must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, take the person, and any property found on the person, before a magistrate to be dealt with according to law. The magistrate will also decide whether or not the force applied in making

2516-468: The Administration of Justice Act, anyone may arrest a person caught in the act of committing a crime or in direct connection to a crime if the criminal act is subject to public prosecution. The arrestee must as soon as possible be turned over to the police with information about the time of and reasons for the arrest. In Ethiopia , any private person may arrest without warrant a person who has committed

2590-518: The Australian state of Victoria , the power to arrest is granted in section 458 of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). It states that a person may, without a warrant , arrest a person that they find committing an offence for one or more of the following reasons: A person may also arrest another person if they are instructed to do so by a member of the police force, or if they believe on reasonable grounds that

2664-462: The Census Bureau considers some towns in New England states, New Jersey and New York as well as townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. In such states, CDPs may be defined within such towns or spanning the boundaries of multiple towns. There are a number of reasons for the CDP designation: Citizen%27s arrest A citizen's arrest

2738-508: The Citizen's Arrest and Self-defence Act. As a consequence, it is now possible to make a citizen's arrest in Canada in circumstances where a "reasonable" amount of time has lapsed between the commission of a property-related offence and the arrest. CRIMINAL CODE Arrest without warrant by any person Arrest by owner, etc., of property Delivery to peace officer (3) Any one other than

2812-509: The Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. The 1976 act, and a similar Westminster act giving reciprocal extraterritorial jurisdiction , obviated the need for extradition between the jurisdictions, which would have been more controversial. If the arrester lacks reasonable cause to believe the arrested person to have committed the offence, the latter may sue the former for defamation , wrongful arrest , or trespass . For most offences,

2886-403: The arrest is allowed to hold the arrestee solely for the purpose of turning him over to a proper legal authority such as the police. In Brazil , a Federal law allows any person to arrest a suspect criminal found in flagrante delicto or fleeing from the crime scene. The person has to, at his/her own judgment, have the physical power to keep the suspect detained, has to verbally explain what (s)he

2960-432: The arrest is allowed to hold the arrestee solely for the purpose of turning them over to a proper legal authority such as the police. German law does not establish that the crime has to be serious, nor that the person making the arrest has to actually be a citizen of Germany. The use of force is authorized, but the force must be proportional ( verhältnismäßig ) to the circumstances and the suspected crime. Citizen's arrest

3034-705: The arrest was reasonable under the circumstances. According to the Law Society of New South Wales , the arresting person should: In the Australian state of Queensland , the power to arrest is granted by section 546 of Schedule 1 to the Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld). Under the Act, any person who finds another committing an offence may, without warrant , arrest the other person. The power to arrest in Queensland also allows for arrest on suspicion of an offence: If

Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-501: The arrest, arrange for the other person, and any property found on the other person, to be delivered into the custody of a constable. Generally speaking, as regards the law in Australia: Where it is clear on the evidence that a private citizen, or security officer , in detaining a suspect, acted reasonably and the suspect unreasonably, then it is likely that the court will find in favour of the citizen or security officer and against

3182-614: The arrest, the person arrested must, without delay, be handed over to a justice of the peace or police officer, in accordance with section 552 of the Criminal Code. Legal advice should then be sought to avoid any possible legal action for wrongful arrest, false imprisonment or assault. Section 271 of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) grants arrest powers to a person in South Australia . s271(3): A person

3256-484: The boundaries for CDPs. The PSAP was to be offered to county and municipal planning agencies during 2008. The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation; the territories thus defined are strictly statistical entities. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities,

3330-419: The boundaries of the CDP may not correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name. Recognized communities may be divided into two or more CDPs while on the other hand, two or more communities may be combined into one CDP. A CDP may also cover the unincorporated part of a named community, where the rest lies within an incorporated place. By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in

3404-712: The commission, continuance or completion of an indictable offence or to effect or assist in effecting the lawful arrest of a person committing or suspected of committing any offence". It was only in 2004 that the Western Australian parliament repealed the provisions of the former section 47 of the Police Act 1892 which allowed any person to arrest without a warrant "any reputed common prostitute , thief , loose, idle or disorderly person , who, within view of such person apprehending, shall offend against this Act, and shall forthwith deliver him to any constable or police officer of

3478-427: The continuance or renewal of it, and to use such force as is reasonably necessary for such prevention and is reasonably proportioned to the danger to be apprehended from such continuance or renewal, and to detain any person who is committing or who is about to join in or to renew the breach of the peace for such time as may be reasonably necessary in order to give the person into the custody of a police officer. Following

3552-518: The counterparts of incorporated places , such as self-governing cities , towns , and villages , for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data. CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated community, for which the CDP is named, plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and, occasionally, other, smaller unincorporated communities as well. CDPs include small rural communities, edge cities , colonias located along

3626-518: The crime in question is on the list of crimes subjected to citizens' arrest, the crime is evident, and law enforcement is absent from the scene. The term "citizen's arrest" is colloquially used for arrest, without an arrest warrant , made by someone other than a member of the Garda Síochána . Despite the colloquial name, non- Irish citizens have performed such arrests. The law of the Republic of Ireland , being derived from English law , inherited

3700-413: The crime, the behavior of the apprehended and the situation as a whole. French law allows any civilian to arrest a person caught in flagrante delicto committing a felony or misdemeanor punishable by a jail sentence, with the obligation to immediately bring that person before the nearest officer of the police judiciaire . In modern practice, one would detain the perpetrator and immediately call

3774-449: The development of the region by bringing the area out of economic and cultural isolation. When Tierra Amarilla was designated as the county seat the villagers set about building a courthouse. This structure was demolished to make way for the present one, which was built in 1917 and gained notoriety fifty years later when it was the location of a gunfight between land rights activists and authorities. The neoclassical design by Isaac Rapp

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3848-599: The driest 1956 with 8.63 inches (219.2 mm). Tierra Amarilla has the ZIP code of 87575. The ZIP Code Tabulation Area for ZIP Code 87575 had a population of 750 at the 2000 census . It is within the Chama Valley Independent Schools school district. The two schools in the community are: Tierra Amarilla Elementary School (PreK-6) and Escalante Middle/High School (7-12). Census-designated place CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as

3922-578: The following circumstances, a person may be immediately taken by any citizen to a public security authority, a people's procuratorate, or a people's court for handling: In the Czech Republic , pursuant to § 76 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure ("Zákon č. 141/1961 Sb. o trestním řízení soudním (trestní řád)"), the personal liberty of a person caught in the act of committing a crime or immediately afterwards may be restricted by anyone if necessary to establish

3996-617: The friars from Santa Fe to California became the Spanish Trail . During the Californian Gold Rush the area became a staging point for westward fortune seekers. The Tierra Amarilla Land Grant was created in 1832 by the Mexican government for Manuel Martinez and settlers from Abiquiu . The land grant encompassed a more general area than the contemporary community known as Tierra Amarilla . The grant holders were unable to maintain

4070-788: The geographic extent associated with inhabitants' regular use of the named place. There is no provision, however, that this name recognition be unanimous for all residents, or that all residents use the community for which the CDP is named for services provided therein. There is no mandatory correlation between CDP names or boundaries and those established for other human purposes, such as post office names or zones, political precincts, or school districts. The Census Bureau states that census-designated places are not considered incorporated places and that it includes only census-designated places in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities. In addition, census city lists from 2007 included Arlington County, Virginia 's CDP in

4144-472: The jurisdiction. For instance, in France and Germany , a person stopping a criminal from committing a crime, including crimes against belongings, is not criminally responsible as long as the means employed are in proportion to the threat. In both countries, this results from a different legal norm, "aid to others in immediate danger", which is concerned with prevention, not prosecution, of crimes. In Australia ,

4218-494: The land to Anglo speculators. In 1880 Thomas Catron sold some of the grant to the Denver and Rio Grande Railway for the construction of their San Juan line and a service center at Chama. By 1883 Catron had consolidated the deeds he held for the whole of the grant sans the original villages and their associated fields. In 1950, the descendants of the original grant holders' court petitions to reclaim communal land were rebuked. In 1866

4292-543: The list with the incorporated places, but since 2010, only the Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii, representing the historic core of Honolulu, Hawaii , is shown in the city and town estimates. The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the first census in 1790 (for example, Louisville, Kentucky , which was not legally incorporated in Kentucky until 1828), though usage continued to develop through

4366-564: The nearest police, then hand over the perpetrator and any evidence to the first police officers to arrive at the scene. Use of force is not authorised. Citizen's arrests (in German: Jedermann-Anhalte- und -Festnahmerecht ) can be made under § 127 I 1 StPO (code of penal procedures) if the arrestee is caught in flagrante delicto and either the identity of the person cannot be otherwise established immediately or they are suspected to try to flee. The person making

4440-431: The offence has been actually committed–it is lawful for any person who believes on reasonable ground that another person has committed the offence to arrest that person without warrant, whether that other person has committed the offence or not. Section 260 of the Act also provides a power to arrest in preventing a breach of the peace : It is lawful for any person who witnesses a breach of the peace to interfere to prevent

4514-586: The offence; relevant offences include making off without payment , hawking revenue stamps , and property damage — this last permits arrest for a past crime as well as one in progress. In addition, the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act 1976 schedules offences associated with the Troubles in Northern Ireland , and authorises anyone to arrest someone for committing or having committed such an offence, whether in

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4588-460: The offender is escaping legal custody. Section 461 states that if an arrest is made under section 458 of the Crimes Act , and is later proven to be false, then the arrest itself will not be considered unlawful if it was made on reasonable grounds. Section 462A allows any person the right to use force "not disproportionate to the objective as he believes on reasonable grounds to be necessary to prevent

4662-490: The person's identity, prevent their escape or secure evidence. The arrester shall, however, be obliged to hand that person over immediately to the police authority; The arrester may also hand over a member of the armed forces to the nearest armed forces unit or garrison administrator. If such a person cannot be handed over immediately, the restriction of that person's personal liberty shall be notified without delay to one of those authorities. In Denmark , pursuant to § 755 (2) of

4736-590: The place where he shall have been apprehended, to be taken and conveyed before a Justice, to be dealt with according to law ..." A private citizen would have found it rather difficult to interpret the terms "loose" or "idle" with any degree of legal certainty . Citizen's arrest powers are now in section 25 of the Criminal Investigation Act 2006 (WA). In Austria , citizen's arrests ( Anhalterecht Privater ) can be made under § 80 Abs 2 StPO (code of penal procedures). The person making

4810-460: The power to arrest is granted by both federal and state legislation; however, the exact power granted differs depending on jurisdiction. The power to arrest for a federal offence is granted by section 3Z of the Crimes Act 1914 . Under the Act, a person who is not a police constable may, without warrant , arrest another person if they believe on reasonable grounds that: A person who arrests another person must, as soon as practicable after

4884-416: The premises in contravention of section 2. Delivery to police officer (2) Where the person who makes an arrest under subsection (1) is not a police officer, he or she shall promptly call for the assistance of a police officer and give the person arrested into the custody of the police officer. Chinese criminal procedure law empowers any citizen to make citizen's arrest: Article 82. Under any of

4958-457: The same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category. The population and demographics of the CDP are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. Generally, a CDP shall not be defined within the boundaries of what the Census Bureau regards to be an incorporated city, village or borough. However,

5032-435: The south with two prisoners as hostages. Eulogio Salazar, a prison guard, was shot and Daniel Rivera, a sheriff's deputy, was badly injured. The National Guard , FBI and New Mexico State Police successfully pursued Tijerina, who was sentenced to less than three years. The Brazos Cliffs are a prominent nearby landmark and attraction. Also nearby are the artificial Heron Lake and El Vado Lake . Tierra Amarilla's elevation

5106-477: The suspect (guilty or otherwise). The courts may order compensation for such suspects in appropriate circumstances. In the Australian state of New South Wales , the power to arrest is granted to anyone who is not a police officer by section 100 of the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002 (NSW). Under the Act, a person may, without a warrant , arrest another person if: Section 231 of

5180-425: The suspect if that suspect chooses, later, to sue the citizen for assault or false imprisonment. In other circumstances where, e.g. a property owner (or an agent) arrests a thief in a manner, and in circumstances, disproportionate to the likely harm to the victim, and in clear defiance of the rights of the suspect (for example, to be taken forthwith to a police station), then the court is very likely to find in favour of

5254-400: The winter, mornings are frigid, with as many as 26.7 falling to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C, although maxima top freezing on all but nineteen afternoons during an average winter. The coldest temperature has been −39 °F (−39.4 °C) on January 6, 1971. Snowfall is much heavier than in more populated parts of New Mexico as Tierra Amarilla is located on a western slope rather than in

5328-400: The wrong person is apprehended or a suspect's civil rights are violated. This is especially true when police forces are attempting to determine who an aggressor is. Private citizens do not enjoy the same immunity from civil liability when making arrests on other private citizens as police officers do. The level of responsibility that a person performing a citizen's arrest may bear depends on

5402-464: Was established in 1870 after an approximately two-year absence. In 1877 a U.S. Army lieutenant described the village as "the center of the Mexican population of northwestern New Mexico". The territorial legislature located Rio Arriba 's county seat in Las Nutrias and renamed the village in 1880. The Denver and Rio Grande Railway's 1881 arrival at Chama , about ten miles to the north, had profound effects on

5476-477: Was reduced to 2,500. From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau specified other population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs in Alaska , Puerto Rico , island areas, and Native American reservations . Minimum population criteria for CDPs were dropped with the 2000 Census . The Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program (PSAP) allows designated participants to review and suggest modifications to

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