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64-768: In 1922, Runje Shaw (Shao Zuiweng), the eldest Shaw brother who had been a lawyer and businessman, was the manager of the theatre Xiao Wutai (Happy Stage or Laughter Stage) in Shanghai. Among his colleagues were Zhang Shichuan , Zheng Zhengqiu , and Zhou Jianyun , who co-founded Mingxing Film Company . In 1923 Mingxing released the film Orphan Rescues Grandfather to great commercial success. Inspired by his former colleagues, Shao established Tianyi Film Company in 1925. He served as general manager and director, while his younger brothers Runde Shaw (Shao Cunren) and Runme Shaw (Shao Renmei) managed accounting and distribution. The youngest brother, Run Run Shaw (Shao Yifu), did odd jobs for

128-499: A strategy game featuring several martial arts schools which commonly appear in wuxia fiction. The wuxia genre continues to be drawn as a pool of inspiration or source material for Chinese video game studios. In June 2022, Tencent's Lightspeed Studio released a demo trailer on Code: To Jin Yong . In the following month, Everstone Studio unveiled Where Winds Meet , a game compared to Ghost of Tsushima and Assassin's Creed . 2023 saw

192-407: A backdrop. Elements of fantasy, such as the use of magic powers and appearance of supernatural beings, are common in some wuxia stories but are not a prerequisite of the wuxia genre. However, the martial arts element is a definite part of a wuxia tale, as the characters must know some form of martial arts. Themes of romance are also strongly featured in some wuxia tales. A typical wuxia story features

256-513: A certain pattern: a tragic event occurs, usually one that costs the lives of the newly introduced characters, and then it sets events into motion that will culminate in the primary action of the story. Other stories use different structures. For instance, the protagonist is denied admission into a martial arts school. He experiences hardships and trains secretly and waits until there is an opportunity for him to show off his skills and surprise those who initially looked down on him. Some stories feature

320-583: A corrupt government, played an influential role in the development of jianghu (Jianghu is the setting that wuxia stories inhabit. Literally meaning "rivers and lakes", Jianghu settings are fictionalized versions of China which focus on social underworlds and the marginalized figures which inhabit them." ) culture in later centuries. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is also seen as a possible early antecedent and contains classic close-combat descriptions that were later emulated by wuxia writers in their works In

384-438: A formidable martial artist and intelligent problem-solver, embarks on a quest to solve a mystery such as a murder case. Huang Yi's stories are blended with science fiction. Despite these genre-blending elements, wuxia is primarily a historical genre of fiction. Notwithstanding this, wuxia writers openly admit that they are unable to capture the entire history of a course of events and instead choose to structure their stories along

448-606: A franchise of eight video games, two of which were adapted into the television series Chinese Paladin (2005) and Chinese Paladin 3 (2009). There are also MMORPGs , such as JX Online 3 , Heroes of Kung Fu and Age of Wulin , and hack and slash games, such as Bujingai and Heavenly Sword . Games adapted from the works of wuxia writers include Heroes of Jin Yong , an RPG based on characters in Jin Yong 's novels; Dragon Oath , an MMORPG inspired by Jin Yong's Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils ; and Martial Kingdoms ,

512-405: A later period. Chen Yu-hui is a contemporary female wuxia novelist who made her debut with the novel The Tian-Guan Duo Heroes (天觀雙俠). There have also been works created after the 1980s which attempt to create a post-wuxia genre. Yu Hua , one of the more notable writers from this period, published a counter-genre short story titled Blood and Plum Blossoms , in which the protagonist goes on

576-603: A law degree and worked as a lawyer for the local court of Shanghai. He later went into business, trading textile dyes, silk, paper, etc. He also cofounded the Sino-French Zhenye Bank (中法振業銀行) with several partners and started Huayou Egg Factory, before getting into the theatre business. In early 1922, Shaw managed the theatre Xiao Wutai (Happy Stage or Laughter Stage) in Shanghai. Among his colleagues were Zhang Shichuan , Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhou Jianyun , who co-founded Mingxing Film Company . In 1923 Mingxing released

640-544: A martial artist attending underground fights. The Mulan remake in 2020 was Disney 's attempt in making a wuxia movie. In 2021, Marvel 's Shang-Chi opens with a wuxia sequence and has action sequences inspired by Jackie Chan. Some notable wuxia video games of the action RPG genre include The Legend of Sword and Fairy , Xuan-Yuan Sword , Jade Empire , and Kingdom of Paradise , all of which blend wuxia with elements of Chinese mythology and fantasy. The Legend of Sword and Fairy , in particular, expanded into

704-681: A master or training with a group of fighters. Menpai is often translated as sect, school, society, church, house, or cult. Members of the same menpai follow the guidance and train under the same leader. If the members of the menpai are related, then it can be translated as clan. Since some of the menpai are religiously affiliated, "sect" has come to be a common translation for the non-family based menpai. However, it would be inaccurate to use sect to denote menpais that are not associated with religion. Notable modern wuxia writers include: New and original wuxia writings have dwindled significantly in modern times, particularly so as patronage and readerships of

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768-485: A mature hero with powerful martial arts abilities confronting an equally powerful antagonist as his nemesis. The plot will gradually meander to a final dramatic showdown between the protagonist and his nemesis. These types of stories were prevalent during the era of anti- Qing revolutionaries. Certain stories have unique plots, such as those by Gu Long and Huang Yi . Gu Long's works have an element of mystery and are written like detective stories. The protagonist, usually

832-498: A quest to avenge his murdered father. Wuxia as a genre has also spread to Korean literature. The shared themes in both culture seem to be honor, revenge, martial sects and mystical prowess. While Chinese wuxia stories incorporate Daoist and Buddhist philosophy, Korean adaptations tend to put more weight in Confucius principles. Korean historical dramas depict martial arts but tend to downplay the mysticism though there are stories where it

896-617: A symbol of personal freedom, defiance to Confucian tradition, and rejection of the Chinese family system. Xiang Kairan (pen name Pingjiang Buxiaosheng ) became the first notable wuxia writer, with his debut novel being The Peculiar Knights-Errant of the Jianghu (江湖奇俠傳). It was serialised from 1921 to 1928 and was adapted into the first wuxia film, The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple (1928). Zhao Huanting (趙煥亭), who wrote Chronicles of

960-441: A young male protagonist who experiences a tragedy – such as the loss of his loved ones – and goes on to undertake several trials and tribulations to learn several forms of martial arts from various fighters. At the end of the story, he emerges as a powerful fighter whom few can equal. He uses his abilities to follow the code of xia and mends the ills of the jianghu . For instance, the opening chapters of some of Jin Yong's works follow

1024-555: Is a choreographer who achieved fame by crafting action-sequences in wuxia films. Wuxia was introduced to Hollywood studios in 2000 by Ang Lee 's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon , though influence of the genre was previously seen in the United States in the 1970s television series Kung Fu . Following in Lee's footsteps, Zhang Yimou made Hero , targeted for the international market in 2002, House of Flying Daggers in 2004, Curse of

1088-404: Is a compound composed of the elements wǔ ( 武 , literally "martial", "military", or "armed") and xiá ( 俠 , literally "chivalrous", " vigilante " or "hero"). A martial artist who follows the code of xia is often referred to as a xiákè ( 俠客 , literally "follower of xia ") or yóuxiá ( 遊俠 , literally "wandering xia "). In some translations, the martial artist

1152-494: Is considered by some as the earliest Chinese martial arts film . In 1926, Tianyi released two highly successful costume dramas: The Lovers ( Liang Zhu Tongshi , based on the legend of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai ), and White Snake (based on the eponymous legend ), both directed by Shao Zuiweng. In addition to success in the domestic market, White Snake also became the most successful Chinese film in Southeast Asia . By

1216-505: Is considered the earliest Chinese martial arts film . In 1926, Tianyi released two highly successful costume dramas: The Lovers ( Liang Zhu Tongshi , based on the legend of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai ), and White Snake (based on the eponymous legend ), both directed by Shaw. In addition to success in the domestic market, White Snake also became the most successful Chinese film in Southeast Asia. Under Shaw's leadership, Tianyi

1280-438: Is instead embraced like the seeries Gu family book . The influence of Wuxia can also be found in games, manhwa and light novel in which the settings are depicted in ancient times with distinct wuxia aesthetics. Modern wuxia stories are largely set in ancient or pre-modern China . The historical setting can range from being quite specific and important to the story, to being vaguely-defined, anachronistic, or mainly for use as

1344-644: Is referred to as a jiànxiá ( 劍俠 ) or jiànkè ( 劍客 ), either of which can be interpreted as a "swordsman" or "swordswoman", even though they may not necessarily wield a sword. The heroes in wuxia fiction typically do not serve a lord, wield military power, or belong to the aristocratic class. They often originate from the lower social classes of ancient Chinese society. A code of chivalry usually requires wuxia heroes to right and redress wrongs, fight for righteousness, remove oppressors, and bring retribution for past misdeeds. Chinese xia traditions may be compared to martial codes from other cultures, such as

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1408-456: Is traditionally a form of historical fantasy literature, its popularity has caused it to be adapted for such diverse art forms as Chinese opera , manhua , television dramas, films, and video games. It forms part of popular culture in many Chinese-speaking communities around the world. According to Hong Kong film director, producer, and movie writer Ronny Yu , wuxia movies are not to be confused with martial arts movies . The word " wǔxiá "

1472-581: The Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The former is a romanticised historical retelling of the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, while the latter criticises the deplorable socio-economic status of the late Northern Song dynasty. Water Margin is often seen as the first full-length wuxia novel: the portrayal of the 108 heroes , and their code of honour and willingness to become outlaws rather than serve

1536-589: The Japanese invasion of Shanghai in August 1937, Tianyi shipped its equipment to Hong Kong, and amalgamated the main operation with its Hong Kong branch, Nanyang Studio. Its studio in Shanghai was destroyed when the Japanese occupied the city, and Shaw closed Tianyi. Runje Shaw was married to actress Chen Yumei , who became Tianyi's number one star after Hu Die defected to rival Mingxing Studio in 1928. In 1934, Chen Yumei

1600-613: The Qing dynasty (1644-1911), further developments were the gong'an (公案; literally "public case") and related detective novels, where xia and other heroes, in collaboration with a judge or magistrate, solved crimes and battled injustice. The Justice Bao stories from Sanxia Wuyi (三俠五義; later extended and renamed to Qixia Wuyi ) and Xiaowuyi (小五義), incorporated much of social justice themes of later wuxia stories. Xiayi stories of chivalrous romance, which frequently featured female heroes and supernatural fighting abilities, also surfaced during

1664-712: The Shaw Brothers Studio featured sophisticated action choreography using wire and trampoline assisted acrobatics combined with sped-up camera techniques. The storylines in the early films were loosely adapted from existing literature. Cheng Pei-pei , Jimmy Wang and Connie Chan are among the better known wuxia movie stars in the 1960s–70s, when films made by King Hu and the Shaw Brothers Studio were most prominent. More recent wuxia movie actors and actresses include Jet Li , Brigitte Lin , Michelle Yeoh , Donnie Yen , Tony Leung and Zhang Ziyi . Yuen Woo-ping

1728-892: The Shi Ji , Sima Qian detailed several embryonic features of xia culture from his period. These popular phenomena were also documented in other historical records such as the Book of Han and the Book of the Later Han . Xiake stories made a turning point in the Tang dynasty (618–907) and returned in the form of chuanqi (傳奇; literally "legendary tales"). Stories from that era, such as Nie Yinniang (聶隱娘), The Kunlun Slave , Thirteenth Madame Jing ( 荊十三娘 ), Red String (紅線) and The Bearded Warrior (虬髯客), served as prototypes for modern wuxia stories. They featured fantasies and isolated protagonists – usually loners – who performed daring heroic deeds. During

1792-585: The Song dynasty (960–1279), similar stories circulated in the huaben , short works that were once thought to have served as prompt-books for shuochang (traditional Chinese storytelling). The genre of the martial or military romance also developed during the Tang dynasty. In the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Luo Guanzhong and Shi Nai'an wrote Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin respectively, which are among

1856-1037: The Spring and Autumn period . Some well-known stories include Zhuan Zhu 's assassination of King Liao of Wu , and most notably, Jing Ke 's attempt on the life of the King of Qin (who later became Qin Shi Huang ). In Volume 86 of the Records of the Grand Historian ( Shi Ji ), Sima Qian mentioned five notable assassins – Cao Mo , Zhuan Zhu , Yu Rang , Nie Zheng and Jing Ke – in the Warring States period who undertook tasks of conducting political assassinations of aristocrats and nobles. These assassins were known as cike (刺客; literally "stabbing guests"). They usually rendered their loyalties and services to feudal lords and nobles in return for rewards such as riches and women. In Volume 124 of

1920-504: The jianghu , martial artists are expected to be loyal to their master ( Shifu ). This gives rise to the formation of several complex trees of master-apprentice relations as well as the various schools such as Shaolin and Wudang . If there are any disputes between fighters, they will choose the honourable way of settling their issues through fighting in duels. The martial arts in wuxia stories are based on wushu techniques and other real life Chinese martial arts . In wuxia tales, however,

1984-571: The 1920s. Extant early wuxia films produced in China include Red Heroine (1929), Woman Warrior White Rose (1929), and Woman Warrior of the Wild River 6: Rumble at Deerhorn Gully (1930), the sixth film in a series. Hua Mu Lan (1939), another surviving film, is considered a representative of the second wave of wuxia films, during the Anti-Japanese War. Films directed by King Hu and produced by

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2048-411: The 1930s, Tianyi had become one of the top Chinese film studios, along with Mingxing and Lianhua . Unlike other major studios, which produced politically charged, socially conscious leftist films, Tianyi mainly focussed on making apolitical "entertainment" films. Tianyi was one of the first filmmakers to take the leap from silent films to sound. In 1931, Shaw produced A Singer's Story (歌場春色), one of

2112-511: The Chinese diaspora communities, and Tianyi exported its Mandarin films produced in Shanghai and Cantonese films produced in Hong Kong throughout Southeast Asia. Its Hong Kong studio was destroyed by a fire in 1936, but Runde Shaw, the second eldest brother, reestablished the business as Nanyang Studio, later renamed Shaw and Sons. Just before the Japanese invasion of Shanghai in August 1937, Tianyi shipped its equipment to Hong Kong, and amalgamated

2176-660: The Communist victory in mainland China, Shao Zuiweng retired from the film industry and stayed in Shanghai. His younger brothers, meanwhile, rebuilt their businesses in Singapore and Hong Kong. When Hong Kong emerged as the new centre for Chinese-language filmmaking, Run Run Shaw moved there from Singapore in 1957, and reorganized the Tianyi operations into Shaw Brothers Studio . Under Sir Run Run's leadership, Shaw Brothers became Hong Kong's largest and most influential film production company from

2240-523: The Golden Flower in 2006 and Shadow in 2018. Western audiences were also introduced to wuxia through Asian television stations in larger cities, which featured miniseries such as Warriors of the Yang Clan and Paradise , often with English subtitles. Ash Is Purest White (Chinese: 江湖儿女; 'Sons and Daughters of Jianghu'), a 2018 Chinese drama directed by Jia Zhangke, is a modern film that refers to

2304-404: The Japanese samurai bushidō . Even though the term "wuxia" as the name of a genre is a recent coinage, stories about xia date back more than 2,000 years. Wuxia stories have their roots in some early youxia tales from 300–200 BC. The Legalist philosopher Han Fei spoke disparagingly of youxias in his book Han Feizi in the chapter On Five 'Maggot' Classes about five social classes in

2368-927: The Loyal Knights-Errant (奇俠精忠傳, serialised 1923–27), was another well-known wuxia writer based in Shanghai. Starting from the 1930s, wuxia works proliferated and its centre shifted to Beijing and Tianjin in northern China. The most prolific writers there were collectively referred to as the Five Great Masters of the Northern School (北派五大家): Huanzhulouzhu , who wrote The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains (蜀山劍俠傳); Gong Baiyu (宮白羽), who wrote Twelve Coin Darts (十二金錢鏢); Wang Dulu , who wrote The Crane-Iron Pentalogy (鹤鉄五部作); Zheng Zhengyin (郑証因), who wrote The King of Eagle Claws (鹰爪王); Zhu Zhenmu (朱貞木), who wrote The Seven 'Kill' Stele (七殺碑). Wuxia fiction

2432-606: The Qing dynasty. Novels such as Shi Gong'an Qiwen (施公案奇聞) and Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan (兒女英雄傳) have been cited as the clearest nascent wuxia novels. The term "wuxia" as a genre label itself first appeared at the end of the Qing dynasty, a calque of the Japanese " bukyō ", a genre of oft-militaristic and bushido -influenced adventure fiction. The term was brought to China by writers such as Liang Qichao and students who hoped that China would modernise its military and place emphasis on martial virtues, and it quickly became entrenched as

2496-578: The United States, England, France and India. Besides Shanghai, Tianyi also expanded its business to Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. In the mid-1920s, Shao Zuiweng sent Runme and Run Run to Singapore , then part of British Malaya , where they established a company called the Shaw Organisation to distribute films made by Tianyi. Around 1930, the Shaw brothers set up Nanyang (South Seas) Film Studio to produce films. In 1933, Tianyi released White Gold Dragon ,

2560-513: The company. Tianyi's first film, A Change of Heart , directed by Runje Shaw himself and released in 1925, was highly profitable. A shrewd businessman who understood the audiences' preferences, Shaw was one of the first Chinese filmmakers to make extensive use of traditional literature, legends, and myths. Tianyi made highly successful genre films, including costume drama , swordplay, and gods and ghosts , inspiring numerous imitations from other studios. The studio's 1925 film Swordswoman Li Feifei

2624-516: The company. Tianyi's first film, A Change of Heart (立地成佛), directed by Shao Zuiweng himself and released in 1925, was highly profitable. A shrewd businessman who understood the audiences' preferences, Shao was one of the first Chinese filmmakers to make extensive use of traditional literature, legends, and myths. Tianyi made highly successful genre films, including costume drama , swordplay, and gods and ghosts , inspiring numerous imitations from other studios. The studio's 1925 film Heroine Li Feifei

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2688-433: The earliest Chinese sound films , directed by Li Pingqian . The film White Gold Dragon (1933) was the first Cantonese language sound film, inspired by Shao's encounter with the popular Cantonese opera of the same name; the film was very successful in Hong Kong, Macao and throughout Southeast Asia. Starting in 1934, Tianyi made a series of Mr. Wang comedy films adapted from the popular comic strip of Ye Qianyu . With

2752-439: The early 1960s until the mid-1980s. Shaw later concentrated on TVB , which became the dominant television company in Hong Kong. Runje Shaw Runje Shaw (1896–1975), also known as Shao Zuiweng (C.W. Shaw) and Shao Renjie , was a Chinese film entrepreneur, producer and director. The eldest of the Shaw brothers, in 1925 he founded Tianyi Film Company (also called Unique Film Productions) in Shanghai, which became one of

2816-406: The film Orphan Rescues Grandfather to great commercial success. Inspired by his former colleagues, Shaw established Tianyi Film Company (also known as Unique) in 1925. He served as general manager and director, while his younger brothers Runde Shaw (Shao Cunren) and Runme Shaw (Shao Renmei) managed accounting and distribution. The youngest brother, Run Run Shaw (Shao Yifu), did odd jobs for

2880-484: The first Cantonese talkie ever produced, which was a commercial success in southern China. Tianyi subsequently established a studio in Hong Kong in 1933–34 to produce Cantonese films. The move to Hong Kong was accelerated by the banning of martial arts films by the Chinese government as these films were thought to be morally decadent and promote superstition, as well as a ban on Cantonese films. Both of these genres were important to Tianyi as they were very popular among

2944-517: The first three in The Matrix film series (1999–2003, the fourth film from 2021 was choreographed by Joshua Grothe ) and the Kill Bill films from 2003 to 2004, all of which were choregraphed by Yuen Woo-ping . Perhaps the most successful example was DreamWorks Animation 's media franchise Kung Fu Panda . Created as an earnest, if humorous, emulation by producers who were knowledgeable admirers of

3008-461: The founding of a "new school" of the wuxia genre that differed largely from its predecessors. They wrote serials for newspapers and magazines. They also incorporated several fictional themes such as mystery and romance from other cultures. In Taiwan, Wolong Sheng , Sima Ling , Zhuge Qingyun (諸葛青雲), Shiao Yi (萧逸) and Gu Long became the region's best known wuxia writers. After them, writers such as Woon Swee Oan and Huang Yi rose to prominence in

3072-548: The founding of the People's Republic of China, Runje Shaw served as a member of the Shanghai Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . He died in Shanghai in 1975, aged 80. Shaw's works include: Wuxia film Wuxia ( 武俠 [ù.ɕjǎ] , literally "martial arts and chivalry") is a genre of Chinese fiction concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Although wuxia

3136-457: The genre decimated due to readily available alternatives in entertainment such as DVDs, gaming consoles, and other newer forms of entertainment. However, the genre has persisted in the form of manhua (Chinese comics) in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan, with the core essentials of the wuxia genre living on in weekly editions equivalent to the Japanese manga . Some notable comic artists are listed as follows: The earliest wuxia films date back to

3200-537: The genre, the series has been particularly hailed in China as an excellent contribution to the form. From the 1990s–2000s, Hong Kong stars Daniel Wu and Stephen Fung have worked with AMC Networks to bring wuxia to a US television audience with Into the Badlands , which premiered in 2015 and ran for three seasons. In 2013, Keanu Reeves directed and starred as the main antagonist in Man of Tai Chi , with Tiger Chen as

3264-408: The importance of vengeance is controversial, as a number of wuxia works stress Buddhist ideals, which include forgiveness, compassion and a prohibition on killing. While borrowing ideas from the better known Confucian values, the root of Xia originated from the lesser known Mohism , which in the Warring States period saw a few Mohists stood up to defend kingdoms being attacked by other kingdoms. In

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3328-472: The main operation with its Hong Kong branch, Nanyang Studio. Its studio in Shanghai was destroyed when the Japanese occupied the city, and Shao Zuiweng closed Shanghai-based Tianyi. The other major studios of Shanghai, Mingxing and Lianhua, also suffered fatal damage. The Shaws' operations in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia later also suffered setbacks during World War II, when the Japanese confiscated their theatres and imprisoned Run Run Shaw. After World War II and

3392-624: The mastery of such skills are highly exaggerated to superhuman levels of achievement and prowess. The following is a list of skills and abilities a typical fighter in a wuxia story possesses: In wuxia stories, characters attain the above skills and abilities by devoting themselves to years of diligent study and exercise, but can also have such power conferred upon them by a master who transfers his energy to them. The instructions to mastering these skills through training are found in secret manuals known as miji (秘笈). In some stories, specific skills can be learned by spending several years in seclusion with

3456-488: The pattern of the protagonist's progression from childhood to adulthood instead. The progression may be symbolic rather than literal, as observed in Jin Yong's The Smiling, Proud Wanderer , where Linghu Chong progresses from childish concerns and dalliances into much more adult ones as his unwavering loyalty repeatedly thrusts him into the rocks of betrayal at the hands of his inhumane master. The eight common attributes of

3520-765: The success of White Gold Dragon within the Cantonese-speaking Chinese communities, Shao moved Tianyi to Hong Kong in late 1933, following the Kuomintang censorship decrees against the Cantonese language in the arts and literature. Joined there by his brother RunRun, the company became a major in establishing Cantonese talking cinema in Hong Kong. After the Shao brothers recovered from the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong and Singapore during World War II, they expanded their film distribution business to include foreign films from

3584-535: The term used to refer to xiayi and other predecessors of wuxia proper. In Japan, however, the term "bukyō" faded into obscurity. Many wuxia works produced during the Ming and Qing dynasties were lost due to the governments' crackdown on and banning of such works. Wuxia works like Water Margin were deemed responsible for brewing anti-government sentiments, which led to rebellions in those eras. The departure from mainstream literature also meant that patronage of this genre

3648-622: The top three film production companies in pre-WWII Republic of China, and the beginning of the Shaw Brothers media empire. Under Runje's leadership, his younger brothers Runde , Runme , and Run Run established branches of Tianyi in Hong Kong and Singapore. Runje retired from filmmaking after Tianyi's Shanghai base was destroyed in 1937 during the Japanese invasion , but his younger brothers, particularly Sir Run Run, rebuilt Tianyi's offshoots in Hong Kong and Singapore, of which Shaw Brothers Studio came to dominate filmmaking in Hong Kong. Shaw

3712-552: The underworld interpretation of jianghu. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. The story is loosely based on the leader of a gang from Jia Zhangke's childhood, whom he had admired as a role model. Like the rest of Jia's films, it opened to widespread acclaim. There have been Western attempts at the genre, such as the 2008 film The Forbidden Kingdom , which starred Jackie Chan , Jet Li and Michael Angarano ; other movies including wuxia elements are

3776-589: The xia are listed as benevolence, justice, individualism, loyalty, courage, truthfulness, disregard for wealth, and desire for glory. Apart from individualism, these characteristics are similar to Confucian values such as ren (仁; "benevolence", "kindness"), zhong (忠; "loyalty"), yong (勇; "courage", "bravery") and yi (義; "righteousness"). The code of xia also emphasises the importance of repaying benefactors after having received deeds of en (恩; "grace", "favour") from others, as well as seeking chou (仇; "vengeance", "revenge") to bring villains to justice. However,

3840-507: Was banned at various times during the Republican era and these restrictions stifled the growth of the genre. In 1949, China also banned martial arts novels as vulgar reading. In Taiwan, the government banned several wuxia works in 1959. Despite this, wuxia prevailed in other Chinese-speaking regions. In Hong Kong, between the 1960s and 1980s, the genre entered a golden age . Writers such as Liang Yusheng and Louis Cha ( Jin Yong ) spearheaded

3904-545: Was born in 1896 in Zhenhai , Ningbo city , Zhejiang. His birth name was Shao Tongzhang (邵同章) and Renjie (仁傑) was his courtesy name . After founding Tianyi, he went by the hao Zuiweng (醉翁, literally "Drunken Man"). He was the oldest of six sons of Shao Yuxuan (or Shaw Yuh Hsuen, Chinese: 邵玉軒 ; 1866–1921), owner of the Shanghai textile firm Jin Tai Chang (錦泰昌). In 1914 Shaw graduated from Shanghai's Shenzhou University with

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3968-462: Was limited to the masses and not to the literati, which led to the stifling of the development of the wuxia genre. Nonetheless, the wuxia genre remained enormously popular with the common people. The modern wuxia genre rose to prominence in the early 20th century after the May Fourth Movement of 1919. A new literature evolved, calling for a break with Confucian values, and the xia emerged as

4032-569: Was one of the first filmmakers to take the leap from silent films to sound. In 1931, Shaw produced A Singer's Story , one of the earliest Chinese sound films, directed by Li Pingqian . Unlike other major studios, which produced politically charged, socially conscious leftist films, Tianyi mainly focussed on making apolitical "entertainment" films. By the 1930s, Tianyi had become one of the top Chinese film studios, along with Mingxing and Lianhua . Besides Shanghai, Shaw also established business operations in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. Just before

4096-566: Was voted the "Movie Queen" by the Shanghai newspaper "Movie Life", likely with the help of Shaw, who reportedly bought many of the votes. However, in the same year Chen married Shaw and retired from acting. After World War II and the Communist victory in mainland China, Runje Shaw retired from the film industry and stayed in Shanghai. His younger brothers, meanwhile, rebuilt their businesses in Singapore and Hong Kong. Under Run Run Shaw's leadership, Shaw Brothers Studio became Hong Kong's largest and most influential film production company. After

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