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114-580: Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir Histoire de mes bêtes . His drama adapted from his novel The Three Musketeers had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique . On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier , youngest son of the French king, Louis-Philippe . The Duke invited Dumas to his box at

228-494: A Silly Symphony cartoon called, Three Blind Mouseketeers , which is loosely based on the novel in 1936, in which the characters are depicted as anthropomorphic animals. A two-part adaptation aired on The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo , with Magoo portraying D'Artagnan. The Three Musketeers was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera as part of The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour and The Banana Splits & Friends show. The Three Musketeers

342-579: A 2009 episode in its third season by the name of The Two Musketeers ; a third musketeer joins by the end of the episode. A Barbie adaptation of the tale by the name of Barbie and the Three Musketeers was released in 2009. A new CGI children's animated series The 3 Musketeers will be focus on a female-lead rather than the regular male lead which will be produced by Mediawan 's French animation company Method Animation and Italian production company Palomar producing. The first stage production

456-596: A book by André Breedland and music & lyrics by Rob & Ferdi Bolland premiered, which went on to open in Germany (both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter) and Hungary. Playwright Peter Raby, composer George Stiles and lyricist Paul Leigh have written another adaptation titled The 3 Musketeers, One Musical For All , originally produced by the now defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose . In 2006, an adaptation by Ken Ludwig premiered at

570-467: A boy when the events in The Symposium are supposed to have occurred and it is possible that his Aristophanes is in fact based on a reading of the plays. For example, conversation among the guests turns to the subject of Love and Aristophanes explains his notion of it in terms of an amusing allegory, a device he often uses in his plays. He is represented as suffering an attack of hiccups and this might be

684-504: A clever and discerning audience, yet he also declared that "other times" would judge the audience according to its reception of his plays. He sometimes boasts of his originality as a dramatist yet his plays consistently espouse opposition to radical new influences in Athenian society. He caricatured leading figures in the arts (notably Euripides , whose influence on his own work however he once grudgingly acknowledged), in politics (especially

798-500: A convent where the Queen sent her to hide. Upon her return to France, Milady hides, coincidentally, in the convent where Constance is hiding. The naïve Constance clings to Milady who pretends to be another victim of the Cardinal's intrigues. Seeking revenge on D'Artagnan, Milady poisons Constance before he arrives to rescue her. The musketeers catch Milady before she reaches Richelieu. Summoning

912-461: A dozen Rochelaise in the process, which adds to their legend. They warn the Queen and Lord de Winter about Milady's plan to assassinate Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England, but seduces her guard, Felton, and persuades him to allow her to escape and to kill Buckingham himself. D'Artagnan is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. He gets a permission to take her from

1026-442: A dramatist and the plays contain few clear and unambiguous clues about his personal beliefs or his private life. He was a comic poet in an age when it was conventional for a poet to assume the role of teacher ( didaskalos ), and though this specifically referred to his training of the chorus in rehearsal, it also covered his relationship with the audience as a commentator on significant issues. Aristophanes claimed to be writing for

1140-588: A duel. The older man's companions instead beat D'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, a King's elite regiment, is stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the older man, who is actually the Comte de Rochefort , an agent of Cardinal Richelieu , who is passing the latter's orders to his spy, Milady de Winter . In Paris, D'Artagnan visits Tréville at

1254-403: A fake identity. In the heat of passion, D'Artagnan reveals that it is not the first time they are together. Milady is enraged and in the subsequent scuffle, D'Artagnan discovers a fleur-de-lis branded on her shoulder. Milady attempts to kill D'Artagnan, who eludes her. He later tells Athos that his former wife is alive. Cardinal Richelieu offers D'Artagnan a career in his guards' ranks. Dreading

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1368-399: A high base with two broad sculptured bands on the lower portion of each column. Two facing caryatides , presenting in profile to the boulevard and representing the muses of Tragedy and Comedy , supported the flat architrave at the front of a semicircular entryway with four equally spaced Ionic columns delimiting the curvature of the inside doorway. Above the entablature of the entrance

1482-609: A humorous reference to the crude physical jokes in his plays. He tells the other guests that he is quite happy to be thought amusing but he is wary of appearing ridiculous. This fear of being ridiculed is consistent with his declaration in The Knights that he embarked on the career of comic playwright warily after witnessing the public contempt and ridicule that other dramatists had incurred. Aristophanes survived The Peloponnesian War , two oligarchic revolutions and two democratic restorations; this has been interpreted as evidence that he

1596-470: A local executioner, they put Milady on trial, sentence her to death, and have her executed. The executioner reveals that it was he who branded Milady as a felon years before after she, a young nun at the time, seduced and then abandoned his brother, a local priest. When the four friends return to the Siege of La Rochelle, Richelieu's Guards arrest D’Artagnan. D'Artagnan gives the Cardinal the secret order absolving

1710-636: A new anime adaptation called The Three Musketeers Anime , this time with human characters, which features several departures from the original. Albert the Fifth Musketeer is a 1994 French-British animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers , a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios , directed by Donovan Cook and released on 17 August 2004. The Backyardigans had

1824-431: A parabasis have been defined and named by scholars but it is probable that Aristophanes' own understanding was less formal. The selection of elements can vary from play to play and it varies considerably within plays between first and second parabasis. The early plays ( The Acharnians to The Birds ) are fairly uniform in their approach however and the following elements of a parabasis can be found within them. The Wasps

1938-527: A permanent place in proletarian theatre and yet conservative, Prussian intellectuals interpreted Aristophanes as a satirical opponent of social reform. The avant-gardist stage-director Karolos Koun directed a version of The Birds under the Acropolis in 1959 that established a trend in modern Greek history of breaking taboos through the voice of Aristophanes. The plays have a significance that goes beyond their artistic function, as historical documents that open

2052-480: A poet of Old Attic Comedy . He wrote in total forty plays, of which eleven survive virtually complete today. These provide the most valuable examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy and are used to define it, along with fragments from dozens of lost plays by Aristophanes and his contemporaries. Also known as "The Father of Comedy" and "the Prince of Ancient Comedy", Aristophanes has been said to recreate

2166-519: A renowned fighter. King Louis XIII appoints D'Artagnan to Des Essart's company of the King's Guards, a less prestigious regiment, and gives him forty pistoles . D'Artagnan hires a servant named Planchet and finds lodgings with Bonacieux, a merchant. His landlord later mentions the kidnapping of his wife, Constance Bonacieux, who works for Queen Anne of France . When she is released, D'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her. Queen Anne secretly meets

2280-577: A series of recovered manuscripts, turning the origins of his romance into a little drama of its own. In the preface, he tells of being inspired by a scene in Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV . According to Dumas, the incident where d'Artagnan tells of his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of

2394-545: A story about a count who fell in love with and married a young woman. Months later, the count discovered that his wife was branded with a fleur-de-lis on her shoulder, a punishment for felony. The count left her to die in a forest with her hands tied, abandoned his family castle and joined the King's guard under another name. D'Artagnan understands that Athos is telling his own story. In Paris, D'Artagnan meets Milady and recognizes her as one of Richelieu's agents. He becomes infatuated with her, though her maid reveals that Milady

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2508-495: A theatre should be named after his son. Dumas proposed Théâtre Européen as an alternative, but this triggered dissension among the other parties involved, and it was eventually decided that the name would be disrespectful of the Théâtre Français . Védel finally proposed Théâtre Historique, which was considered particularly appropriate as the repertory was to consist mainly of dramatizations of Dumas's historical romances. This name

2622-455: A typical anapestic gallop, slows down to consider the revered poets Hesiod and Homer, then gallops off again to its comic conclusion at the expense of the unfortunate Pantocles. Such subtle variations in rhythm are common in the plays, allowing for serious points to be made while still whetting the audience's appetite for the next joke. Though to myself I often seem A bright chap and not awkward, None comes close to Amynias, Son of Sellos of

2736-445: A useful source of biographical information about Aristophanes, but its reliability is open to doubt. It purports to be a record of conversations at a dinner party at which both Aristophanes and Socrates are guests, held some seven years after the performance of The Clouds , the play in which Socrates was cruelly caricatured. One of the guests, Alcibiades , even quotes from the play when teasing Socrates over his appearance and yet there

2850-498: A warmer and more vivid form of comedy than he could derive from readings of Terence and Plautus) adapted a short play Die Vögel from The Birds for performance in Weimar. Aristophanes has appealed to both conservatives and radicals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries— Anatoly Lunacharsky , first Commissar of Enlightenment for the USSR in 1917, declared that the ancient dramatist would have

2964-426: Is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire , lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse , and music by Rudolf Friml . The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances. The Stratford Festival has staged different theatrical productions of playwright Peter Raby's adaptation of the novel: In 2003, a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers with

3078-412: Is an address to the audience by the chorus or chorus leader while the actors leave or have left the stage. In this role, the chorus is sometimes out of character, as the author's voice, and sometimes in character, although these capacities are often difficult to distinguish. Generally the parabasis occurs somewhere in the middle of a play and often there is a second parabasis towards the end. The elements of

3192-522: Is by the American translator Lawrence Ellsworth (Lawrence Schick) published by Pegasus Books in February 2018 from the 1956 French edition. Ellsworth decided to translate the full trilogy of The d'Artagnan Romances as well as the two novels of The Count of Moret for 21st century readers in 9 volumes, making it the first complete translation in over a century and a half. 7 out of 9 volumes have been published and

3306-519: Is composed in eupolidean meter rather than in anapests and the second parabasis includes a kommation but it lacks strophe, antistrophe and antepirrhema ( The Clouds lines 1113–1130). The second parabasis in The Acharnians lines 971–999 can be considered a hybrid parabasis/song (i.e. the declaimed sections are merely continuations of the strophe and antistrophe) and, unlike the typical parabasis, it seems to comment on actions that occur on stage during

3420-471: Is critical to the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle. Richelieu gives her his order absolving the bearer from any responsibility, but Athos takes the order from her. To get time to secretly consult with his friends, Athos bets that he, D'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis will hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour next morning. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing

3534-493: Is indifferent towards him. Entering her quarters in the dark, he pretends to be Comte de Wardes, whom she invited in a letter that D'Artagnan intercepted and makes love to her . However, D'Artagnan is not content with Milady's having sex with him thinking that he is de Wardes. He fakes a rude letter from de Wardes, offending Milady. She asks D'Artagnan to duel and kill the Comte. As a prepayment, he has sex with her again, without assuming

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3648-480: Is marked D) extended back from the second and third tier balconies, providing a large number of less expensive seats. Finally, above the third tier, were two small lateral balconies, sometimes referred to as the gods . The capacity of the house was said to be about 2,000. Originally the theatre was supposed to be named after its primary patron, the Duke of Montpensier, but his father Louis-Philippe did not think it proper that

3762-453: Is no indication of any ill-feeling between Socrates and Aristophanes. Plato's Aristophanes is in fact a genial character and this has been interpreted as evidence of Plato's own friendship with him (their friendship appears to be corroborated by an epitaph for Aristophanes, reputedly written by Plato, in which the playwright's soul is compared to an eternal shrine for the Graces ). Plato was only

3876-526: Is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress, and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood. D'Artagnan, though heartbroken and full of regrets, receives the promotion he had coveted. Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846. One of these, by William Barrow (1817–1877), is still in print and fairly faithful to the original, available in the Oxford World's Classics 1999 edition. To conform to 19th-century English standards, all of

3990-410: Is speaking to the "art" of flattery, and evidence points towards the fact that many of Aristophanes' plays were actually created with the intent to attack the view of rhetoric. The most noticeable attack can be seen in his play Banqueters, in which two brothers from different educational backgrounds argue over which education is better. One brother comes from a background of "old-fashioned" education while

4104-461: Is the first of the author's three d'Artagnan Romances . As with some of his other works, he wrote it in collaboration with ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan ) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join

4218-483: Is the original." Nevertheless, there are competent, respectable translations in many languages. Despite the fact that translations of Aristophanes may not be perfect, "the reception of Aristophanes has gained extraordinary momentum as a topic of academic interest in the last few years." Most of these are traditionally referred to by abbreviations of their Latin titles; Latin remains a customary language of scholarship in classical studies. The standard modern edition of

4332-456: Is thought to offer the best example of a conventional approach and the elements of a parabasis can be identified and located in that play as follows. Textual corruption is probably the reason for the absence of the antistrophe in the second parabasis. However, there are several variations from the ideal even within the early plays. For example, the parabasis proper in The Clouds (lines 518–562)

4446-455: Is useful to comprehend his plays in their historical and cultural context. The themes of Old Comedy included: The structural elements of a typical Aristophanic plot can be summarized as follows: The rules of competition did not prevent a playwright arranging and adjusting these elements to suit his particular needs. In The Acharnians and Peace , for example, there is no formal agon whereas in The Clouds there are two agons. The parabasis

4560-854: The Ancien Régime , giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialised from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy , four years before the French Revolution of 1848 established the Second Republic . The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later . Dumas presents his novel as one of

4674-525: The Duke of Buckingham , England's first minister. At the meeting, she gives him a diamond necklace, the King's gift to her, as a keepsake. Richelieu, who wants to diminish the influence of Queen Anne and her Spanish entourage on French internal affairs, plots to persuade the King that his wife is having an affair with Buckingham. On his advice, the King demands that the Queen wears the diamonds to an upcoming soirée. Constance tries to send her husband to London to fetch

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4788-579: The Lenaia and City Dionysia , where they were judged and awarded prizes in competition with the works of other comic dramatists. An elaborate series of lotteries, designed to prevent prejudice and corruption, reduced the voting judges at the City Dionysia to just five. These judges probably reflected the mood of the audiences yet there is much uncertainty about the composition of those audiences. The theatres were certainly huge, with seating for at least 10,000 at

4902-567: The Musketeers of the Guard . Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos , Porthos and Aramis , "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses and absurdities of

5016-570: The Passage Jouffroy ), and Hostein. Within a month the company purchased two sites on the boulevard du Temple, near its intersection with the rue du Faubourg du Temple: the former Hôtel Foulon and a small café-bar, the Epi-Scié, next to the Cirque Olympique . Together, the two sites cost about 600,000 francs. Work began almost immediately under the direction of the architect Pierre-Anne Dedreux and

5130-490: The 8th volume is in progress in a serialized translation on Substack. The novel has also been adapted for television in live action and animation. The BBC has adapted the novel on three occasions: Young Blades is an American/Canadian television series that aired on PAX in 2005. The series serves as a sequel to the novels, centered on the son of d'Artagnan, played by Tobias Mehler . A series adapted for Korean history aired in 2014. Walt Disney Productions produced

5244-571: The Ambigu-Comique), who had been designated by Dumas as the director of the new theatre. The license granted the right to present prose dramas and comedies, as well as lyric choral works for two months of each year. A company was formed on 24 March composed of Dumas, M. Védel (pseudonym of Alexandre Poulet, former director of the Comédie-Française ), the banker Auguste-Armand Bourgoin (son of a celebrated actress), M. Ardoin (principal proprietor of

5358-661: The Attic dialect in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries AD. It is possible that Plato sent copies of the plays to Dionysius of Syracuse so that he might learn about Athenian life and government. Latin translations of the plays by Andreas Divus (Venice 1528) were circulated widely throughout Europe in the Renaissance and these were soon followed by translations and adaptations in modern languages. Racine , for example, drew Les Plaideurs (1668) from The Wasps . Goethe (who turned to Aristophanes for

5472-728: The Attic dialect is couched in verse and his plays can be appreciated for their poetic qualities. For Aristophanes' contemporaries the works of Homer and Hesiod formed the cornerstones of Hellenic history and culture. Thus poetry had a moral and social significance that made it an inevitable topic of comic satire. Aristophanes was very conscious of literary fashions and traditions and his plays feature numerous references to other poets. These include not only rival comic dramatists such as Eupolis and Hermippus and predecessors such as Magnes , Crates and Cratinus , but also tragedians, notably Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides , all three of whom are mentioned in e.g. The Frogs . Aristophanes

5586-519: The Bigwig Clan, a man I once saw Dine with rich Leogorus. Now as poor as Antiphon, He lives on apples and pomegranates Yet he got himself appointed Ambassador to Pharsalus , Way up there in Thessaly , Home of the poor Penestes: Happy to be where everyone Is as penniless as he is! It can be argued that the most important feature of the language of the plays is imagery, particularly

5700-494: The Bristol Old Vic. In this version, d'Artagnan's sister Sabine, "the quintessential tomboy," poses as a young man and participates in her brother's adventures. Aristophanes Aristophanes ( / ˌ ær ɪ ˈ s t ɒ f ə n iː z / ; Ancient Greek : Ἀριστοφάνης , pronounced [aristopʰánɛːs] ; c.  446  – c.  386 BC ) was an Ancient Greek comic playwright from Athens and

5814-449: The Comte de la Fère, the pleasure or the ennui he may experience. This being understood, let us proceed with our story. The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet , who also worked with Dumas on its sequels ( Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later ), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo . Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research; Dumas then expanded

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5928-525: The Minister of Education, Narcisse Achille de Salvandy ). This left Hostein to assemble a company and begin preparations for the first productions, and when Dumas returned in January, these were already well underway. The opening, on 20 February 1847 with Dumas's play adapted from his novel La Reine Margot , was an eagerly awaited event, and the duke and his new bride were also expected to attend. The audience for

6042-476: The Musketeers' headquarters. Without the letter, he faces a lukewarm reception from Tréville. Before their conversation concludes, D'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street through Tréville's window and rushes out of the building to confront him. Pursuing Rochefort, he separately offends three musketeers, Athos , Porthos and Aramis , who each demand satisfaction; D'Artagnan must fight a duel with each of them that afternoon. As D'Artagnan prepares himself for

6156-413: The Musketeers, and how, in the antechamber, he encountered three young Béarnese with the names Athos, Porthos and Aramis, made such an impression on him that he continued to investigate. That much is true – the rest is fiction: He finally found the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript titled Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère, etc. Dumas "requested permission" to reprint the manuscript; permission

6270-550: The Theatre of Dionysus. The day's program at the City Dionysia for example was crowded, with three tragedies and a satyr play ahead of a comedy, but it is possible that many of the poorer citizens (typically the main supporters of demagogues like Cleon) occupied the festival holiday with other pursuits. The conservative views expressed in the plays might therefore reflect the attitudes of the dominant group in an unrepresentative audience. The production process might also have influenced

6384-504: The address. An understanding of Old Comedy conventions such as the parabasis is necessary for a proper understanding of Aristophanes' plays; on the other hand, a sensitive appreciation of the plays is necessary for a proper understanding of the conventions. The tragic dramatists Sophocles and Euripides died near the end of the Peloponnesian War, and the art of tragedy thereafter ceased to develop, yet comedy continued to evolve after

6498-436: The architectural (and stage set) decorator-painter Charles Séchan . The awkward site, wedged between two buildings at the front, and wide at the back on the rue des Fossés du Temple, "required great skill in adapting it to its new purpose." The facade on the boulevard du Temple was unusually tall and narrow, not more than 26 feet (7.9 m) in width. The entrance was flanked by two pairs of engaged fluted Ionic columns on

6612-517: The auditorium was quite different from most Parisian theatres of the time, being an ellipse the long axis of which was aligned parallel to the stage rather than perpendicular to it. This arrangement was reminiscent of Pallidio's 16th-century theatre, the Teatro Olimpico , in Vicenza. The long axis, from the back of the boxes on one side to the other, was 65 feet (20 m) in length, while the short axis

6726-466: The bearer of any responsibility which Athos had taken from Milady. Impressed with D'Artagnan's candor and secretly glad to be rid of Milady, Richelieu destroys the order and writes a new one, giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in Tréville's company, leaving the name blank. D'Artagnan offers the letter to his three friends in turn, but each refuses it; Athos because it is beneath him, Porthos because he

6840-748: The caricatures of him continued up to and even beyond his death. In the absence of clear biographical facts about Aristophanes, scholars make educated guesses based on interpretation of the language in the plays. Inscriptions and summaries or comments by Hellenistic and Byzantine scholars can also provide useful clues. We know from a combination of these sources, and especially from comments in The Knights and The Clouds , that Aristophanes' first three plays were not directed by him; they were instead directed by Callistratus and Philoneides, an arrangement that seemed to suit Aristophanes since he appears to have used these same directors in many later plays as well (Philoneides for example later directed The Frogs and he

6954-510: The center depicted Apollo on his chariot pulled by four horses, followed by Aurora , the Hours , the Muses , and Arts and Sciences, among others. Two chandeliers were suspended at opposite ends of this central oval, which was unlike most other Parisian theatres, where typically a single chandelier hung from the center of the ceiling and sometimes obstructed views of the stage from the galleries. Surrounding

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7068-408: The charm and grandeur of the Attic dialect made Old Comedy an example for orators to study and follow, and he considered it inferior in these respects only to the works of Homer. A revival of interest in the Attic dialect may have been responsible for the recovery and circulation of Aristophanes' plays during the fourth and fifth centuries AD, resulting in their survival today. In Aristophanes' plays,

7182-476: The controversy over The Babylonians or a subsequent controversy over The Knights . It has been inferred from statements in The Clouds and Peace that Aristophanes was prematurely bald. Aristophanes was probably victorious at least once at the City Dionysia, with Babylonians in 427, and at least three times at the Lenaia, with The Acharnians in 425, Knights in 424, and Frogs in 405. Frogs in fact won

7296-456: The defeat of Athens, and it is possible that it did so because, in Aristophanes, it had a master craftsman who lived long enough to help usher it into a new age. Indeed, according to one ancient source (Platonius, c. 9th century AD), one of Aristophanes's last plays, Aioliskon , had neither a parabasis nor any choral lyrics (making it a type of Middle Comedy), while Kolakos anticipated all

7410-558: The diamond studs, Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief's return to Paris. D'Artagnan thus returns a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne in time to save her honor. D'Artagnan hopes to begin an affair with the grateful Constance. Invited to a date, he sees signs of a struggle and discovers that Rochefort and Bonacieux, acting under the orders of Richelieu, have kidnapped Constance. D'Artagnan traces his steps back to find his friends whom he abandoned wounded on his way to London. At their meeting, Athos, drunk, tells D'Artagnan

7524-408: The diamonds, but he is instead manipulated by Richelieu and thus does not go, so D'Artagnan and his friends intercede. En route to England, Richelieu's henchmen attack them and only D'Artagnan and Planchet reach London. Before arriving, D'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly to kill Comte de Wardes, a friend of Richelieu, cousin of Rochefort and Milady's love interest. Although Milady stole two of

7638-461: The elements of New Comedy, including a rape and a recognition scene. Aristophanes seems to have had some appreciation of his formative role in the development of comedy, as indicated by his comment in Clouds that his audience would be judged by other times according to its reception of his plays. Clouds was awarded third (i.e. last) place after its original performance and the text that has come down to

7752-469: The end of the performance, and during their conversation, he offered to use his influence to help Dumas obtain a license to open a theatre. The Duke first approached the Minister of the Interior, Tanneguy Duchâtel , who declined saying that Paris already had enough theatres. The Duke then went directly to his father. By 14 March 1846 the privilège was assigned to Hippolyte Hostein (former stage manager of

7866-581: The explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality were removed, adversely affecting the readability of several scenes, such as the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady. There are 3 modern translations as well. One recent English translation is by Will Hobson in 2002. Another is by Richard Pevear (2006), who, though applauding Barrow's work, states that most of the modern translations available today are "textbook examples of bad translation practices" which "give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas' writing." The most recent translation

7980-522: The first duel, he realizes that Athos's seconds are Porthos and Aramis, who are astonished that the Gascon intends to duel them all. As D'Artagnan and Athos begin, Richelieu's guards appear and attempt to arrest the musketeers for illegal dueling. Offered to leave by the Cardinal's guards, D'Artagnan decides to help the musketeers. Despite being outnumbered four to five, the four men win the battle. D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac, one of Richelieu's officers and

8094-450: The galleries began forming queues 24 hours ahead, even though it was the middle of winter. It helped, however, there were soup-sellers and bakers with bread hot from the ovens, and bundles of straw which could be purchased by those who wished to lie down. The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires ) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas . It

8208-561: The hardest job of all." The English name Aristophanes comes from the Ancient Greek : Ἀριστοφάνης meaning ' one who appears best ' , from ἄριστος ( áristos , lit.   ' best ' ) and φανής ( phanḗs ) from the verb φαίνω , lit.   ' to appear ' . An Athenian citizen, Aristophanes came from the deme of Kydathenaion . His father was Philippus from the Attic clan ( phyle ) of Pandionis and his mother

8322-427: The hero of his third play The Acharnians (staged at the Lenaia , where there were few or no foreign dignitaries), the poet carefully distinguishes between the polis and the real targets of his acerbic wit: ἡμῶν γὰρ ἄνδρες, κοὐχὶ τὴν πόλιν λέγω, μέμνησθε τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι οὐχὶ τὴν πόλιν λέγω, ἀλλ᾽ ἀνδράρια μοχθηρά, παρακεκομμένα... People among us, and I don't mean the polis, Remember this – I don't mean

8436-529: The intellectual fashions of the period—the structure of his plays evolves from Old Comedy until, in his last surviving play, Wealth II , it more closely resembles New Comedy . However it is uncertain whether he led or merely responded to changes in audience expectations. Aristophanes won second prize at the City Dionysia in 427 BC with his first play The Banqueters (now lost). He won first prize there with his next play, The Babylonians (also now lost). It

8550-630: The island of Aegina . Similarly, the hero in The Acharnians complains about Cleon "dragging me into court" over "last year's play." Comments made by the Chorus referring to Aristophanes in The Clouds have been interpreted as evidence that he can hardly have been more than 18 years old when his first play The Banqueters was produced. The second parabasis in Wasps appears to indicate that he reached some kind of temporary accommodation with Cleon following either

8664-401: The left (C in the plan) was especially luxurious and was originally intended for the use of the Duke of Montpensier. It was connected by a short passageway to an adjoining circular salon (also C). The first tier was fronted with a balustrade and included dress-circle seating (B) in front of rows of boxes, each with its own small private sitting room behind it. Two large amphitheatres (one of which

8778-452: The left, Aristophanes , Menander , Plautus , Terence , Molière, Goethe , Lope de Vega, Cervantes , Regnard , Marivaux , Mlle Mars , Mozart, and Grétry . The panels in the frieze portrayed the Temple of Bacchus and scenes from Medea , Phèdre , Othello , Cinna , Le Misanthrope , Le Bourgeois gentilhomme , Faust , Mahomet , William Tell , and L'Avare . Flanking

8892-436: The life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries; Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of Socrates , although other satirical playwrights had also caricatured the philosopher. Aristophanes' second play, The Babylonians (now lost),

9006-425: The main reasons why Aristophanes was so against the sophists came into existence from the requirements listed by the leaders of the organization. Money was essential, which meant that roughly all of the pupils studying with the sophists came from upper-class backgrounds and excluded the rest of the polis. Aristophanes believed that education and knowledge was a public service and that anything that excluded willing minds

9120-490: The marriage of the hero Pisthetairos to Zeus 's paramour in The Birds and the "recreation" of old Athens, crowned with roses, at the end of The Knights . It is widely believed that Aristophanes condemned rhetoric on both moral and political grounds. He states, "a speaker trained in the new rhetoric may use his talents to deceive the jury and bewilder his opponents so thoroughly that the trial loses all semblance of fairness" He

9234-493: The modern age was a subsequent draft that Aristophanes intended to be read rather than acted. The circulation of his plays in manuscript extended their influence beyond the original audience, over whom in fact they seem to have had little or no practical influence: they did not affect the career of Cleon , they failed to persuade the Athenians to pursue an honourable peace with Sparta and it is not clear that they were instrumental in

9348-561: The most brilliant society of Paris, on whom the directors of the theatre depended as their patrons. "What was desired, therefore, was a building so arranged that the élite of Parisian society might find every provision for their comfort without in any way trenching upon that of the ordinary public of the theatres of the Boulevard." Three large balconies were flanked either side by Corinthian pavilions with two levels of stage boxes crowned with highly ornamented circular pediments. The lower box on

9462-441: The other brother appears to be a product of the sophistic education The chorus was mainly used by Aristophanes as a defense against rhetoric and would often talk about topics such as the civic duty of those who were educated in classical teachings. In Aristophanes' opinion it was the job of those educated adults to protect the public from deception and to stand as a beacon of light for those who were more gullible than others. One of

9576-412: The plan) was as narrow as the facade, only 60 feet (18 m) long and 14 feet (4.3 m) high. A foyer, located on the floor above the vestibule, provided access to the exterior balcony and was "surprisingly warm" with tones of white-gold enhanced with the dark red of the velvet coverings of the divans and chairs, and light from elaborate chandeliers of a "fantastic and capricious design." The shape of

9690-423: The plays can give us insights into the operettas. The plays are a source of famous sayings, such as "By words the mind is winged." Listed below are some of the many works influenced (more or less) by Aristophanes. Alan H. Sommerstein believes that although there are good translations of Aristophanes' comedies, none could be flawless, "for there is much truth in the paradox that the only really perfect translation

9804-558: The plot, removing some characters, including new ones and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style. The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844. In 1625 France, D'Artagnan leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard . At a house in Meung-sur-Loire , an older man derides D'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, D'Artagnan demands

9918-429: The polis – But wicked little men of a counterfeit kind.... Aristophanes repeatedly savages Cleon in his later plays. But these satirical diatribes appear to have had no effect on Cleon's political career—a few weeks after the performance of The Knights —a play full of anti-Cleon jokes—Cleon was elected to the prestigious board of ten generals. Cleon also seems to have had no real power to limit or control Aristophanes:

10032-566: The political conservatism of the plays may reflect the views of the wealthiest section of Athenian society, on whose generosity all dramatists depended for putting on their plays. When Aristophanes' first play The Banqueters was produced, Athens was an ambitious, imperial power and the Peloponnesian War was only in its fourth year. His plays often express pride in the achievement of the older generation (the victors at Marathon ) yet they are not jingoistic, and they are staunchly opposed to

10146-432: The populist Cleon ), and in philosophy/religion (where Socrates was the most obvious target). Such caricatures seem to imply that Aristophanes was an old-fashioned conservative, yet that view of him leads to contradictions. It has been argued that Aristophanes produced plays mainly to entertain the audience and to win prestigious competitions. His plays were written for production at the great dramatic festivals of Athens,

10260-406: The prize at the City Dionysia in 387. It appears that a second son, Philippus, was twice victorious at the Lenaia and he could have directed some of Eubulus ' comedies. A third son was called either Nicostratus or Philetaerus, and a man by the latter name appears in the catalogue of Lenaia victors with two victories, the first probably in the late 370s. Plato's The Symposium appears to be

10374-483: The prospect of losing his friends, D'Artagnan refuses despite understanding that his career prospects diminish as a result. With their regiments, D'Artagnan and the three musketeers are ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle . There, the four friends survive two assassination attempts by Milady's agents. The would-be assassins die in the process. At an inn, Athos overhears Richelieu asking Milady to murder Buckingham, whose support

10488-408: The scene with Apollo were painted in perspective a balustrade topped by a colonnade of double Corinthian columns. The colonnade was interrupted at the midpoints between the vertices by four thrones occupied by the muses of Painting, Comedy, Music, and Tragedy. The theatre was designed to accommodate two divergent types of audience, that of the working class common to the boulevard du Temple and that of

10602-507: The semidome on the front were pairs of figures representing on the left, Corneille's Cid and Chimène , and on the right, Shakespeare's Hamlet and Ophelia . The central figure in the break in the circular pediment represented the "Genius of Modern Art". All of the sculpture was the work of Jean-Baptiste-Jules Klagmann  [ fr ] , also known for his sculpture work at the Fontaine Louvois . The entrance vestibule (marked A in

10716-416: The trial and execution of Socrates, whose death probably resulted from public animosity towards the philosopher's disgraced associates (such as Alcibiades ), exacerbated of course by his own intransigence during the trial. The plays, in manuscript form, have been put to some surprising uses—as indicated earlier , they were used in the study of rhetoric on the recommendation of Quintilian and by students of

10830-407: The unique distinction of a repeat performance at a subsequent festival. A son of Aristophanes, Araros, was also a comic poet and he could have been heavily involved in the production of his father's play Wealth II in 388. Araros is also thought to have been responsible for the posthumous performances of the now lost plays Aeolosicon II and Cocalus , and it is possible that the last of these won

10944-402: The use of similes, metaphors and pictorial expressions. In The Knights , for example, the ears of a character with selective hearing are represented as parasols that open and close. In The Frogs , Aeschylus is said to compose verses in the manner of a horse rolling in a sandpit. Some plays feature revelations of human perfectibility that are poetic rather than religious in character, such as

11058-564: The views expressed in the plays. Throughout most of Aristophanes' career, the Chorus was essential to a play's success and it was recruited and funded by a choregus , a wealthy citizen appointed to the task by one of the archons . A choregus could regard his personal expenditure on the Chorus as a civic duty and a public honour, but Aristophanes showed in The Knights that wealthy citizens might regard civic responsibilities as punishment imposed on them by demagogues and populists like Cleon. Thus

11172-426: The war with Sparta. The plays are particularly scathing in criticism of war profiteers, among whom populists such as Cleon figure prominently. By the time his last play was produced (around 386 BC) Athens had been defeated in war, its empire had been dismantled and it had undergone a transformation from being the political to the intellectual centre of Greece. Aristophanes was part of this transformation and he shared in

11286-426: The window on life and politics in classical Athens , in which respect they are perhaps as important as the writings of Thucydides . The artistic influence of the plays is immeasurable. They have contributed to the history of European theatre and that history in turn shapes our understanding of the plays. Thus for example the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan can give us insights into Aristophanes' plays and similarly

11400-430: Was 52 feet (16 m). The exceptional width of the opening to the stage, at 36 feet (11 m), was considered advantageous to the presentation of spectacle, while the shape of the house favored excellent sight lines and good acoustics, since it brought most of the spectators closer to the stage. The striking oval ceiling was designed and painted by Charles Séchan, Jules Diéterle and Édouard Desplechin . The scene in

11514-489: Was Zenodora. His family was believed to have owned property on the island of Aegina . Little is known about Aristophanes' life, his plays being the main source of biographical information. It was conventional in Old Comedy for the chorus to speak on behalf of the author during an address called the parabasis , where some biographical facts can usually be found. These facts, however, relate almost entirely to his career as

11628-491: Was a Hanna-Barbera animated special from 1973. It was part of the 1970s-80s CBS anthology series Famous Classic Tales that was produced by Hanna-Barbera's Australian division and often aired around the holidays between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a 1981 Spanish–Japanese anime adaptation, where the characters are anthropomorphic dogs. A sequel, The Return of Dogtanian ,

11742-409: Was also credited, perhaps wrongly, with directing The Wasps ). Aristophanes's use of directors complicates our reliance on the plays as sources of biographical information, because apparent self-references might have been made with reference to his directors instead. Thus, for example, a statement by the chorus in The Acharnians seems to indicate that the "poet" had a close, personal association with

11856-445: Was an unusual semicircular Corinthian balcony enclosed at the front by a thin balustrade surmounted with four lampposts. At the top of the two double-width flat pilasters bracketing the balcony were masks of Tragedy and Comedy, below which were engraved the names of six playwrights : on the left, Corneille , Racine , and Molière ; and on the right, Shakspere (in 19th-century spelling), Schiller , and Lope de Vega . The balcony

11970-504: Was covered with a semidome above a semicircular frieze . Both the cupola and the frieze were painted in fresco by Joseph Guichard . The central group of figures in the cupola represented Poetry, leading Comedy by the hand, and Tragedy, each carrying their respective attributes, the comic mask and the poniard . Below these to the right were Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Seneca , Shakespeare, Corneille, Racine, Voltaire , Schiller, Talma , Nourrit , Gluck , and Méhul , and to

12084-403: Was denounced by Cleon as a slander against the Athenian polis . It is possible that the case was argued in court, but details of the trial are not recorded and Aristophanes caricatured Cleon mercilessly in his subsequent plays, especially The Knights , the first of many plays that he directed himself. "In my opinion," he says through that play's Chorus , "the author-director of comedies has

12198-437: Was granted: Now, this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers, restoring it to the title which belongs to it, and entering into an engagement that if (of which we have no doubt) this first part should obtain the success it merits, we will publish the second immediately. In the meanwhile, since godfathers are second fathers, as it were, we beg the reader to lay to our account and not to that of

12312-632: Was in Dumas' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti . An 1898 play, by Henry Hamilton , opened as The Three Musketeers at the Theatre Metropole, Camberwell , England, on 12 September 1898. Renamed The King's Musketeer , it was mounted at the Knickerbocker Theatre in New York on 22 February 1899. The Three Musketeers

12426-527: Was not actively involved in politics, despite his highly political plays. He was probably appointed to the Council of Five Hundred for a year at the beginning of the fourth century, but such appointments were very common in democratic Athens . The language of Aristophanes' plays, and in Old Comedy generally, was valued by ancient commentators as a model of the Attic dialect . The orator Quintilian believed that

12540-509: Was nothing but an abomination. He concludes that all politicians that study rhetoric must have "doubtful citizenships, unspeakable morals, and too much arrogance". The plays of Aristophanes are among the defining examples of Old Comedy. Aristophanes' plays are also the only full-length Old Comedy plays that have survived from antiquity. Thus making them literally among the most defining elements, for defining Old Comedy... For this reason, an understanding of Old Comedy and Aristophanes' place in it

12654-438: Was ratified by the government minister on 23 December 1846. By this time Dumas had already departed on a trip to Spain, to attend the wedding of the Duke of Montpensier to the Queen of Spain's fourteen-year-old sister, Luisa Fernanda , on 10 October, and then to North Africa, to gather material for writing a travel book intended to advertise the newly acquired French colonies in that region (a project that had been initiated by

12768-435: Was released in 1989 by BRB Internacional , Thames Television and Wang Film Productions . Set 10 years after the original, it is loosely based on the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne . A key difference between the two Dogtanian adaptions and Dumas' novel is that the character traits of Athos and Porthos were interchanged, making Athos the extrovert and Porthos the secretive noble of the group. In 1989, Gakken produced

12882-563: Was the equal of these great tragedians in his subtle use of lyrics. He appears to have modelled his approach to language on that of Euripides in particular, so much so that the comic dramatist Cratinus labelled him a 'Euripidaristophanist' addicted to hair-splitting niceties. A full appreciation of Aristophanes' plays requires an understanding of the poetic forms he employed with virtuoso skill, and of their different rhythms and associations. There were three broad poetic forms: iambic dialogue, tetrameter verses and lyrics: The rhythm begins at

12996-484: Was usual for foreign dignitaries to attend the City Dionysia, and The Babylonians caused some embarrassment for the Athenian authorities since it depicted the cities of the Delian League as slaves grinding at a mill. Some influential citizens, notably Cleon , reviled the play as slander against the polis and possibly took legal action against the author. The details of the trial are unrecorded but, speaking through

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