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72-547: According to the American Geophysical Union in a 2021 study, the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (TEIS) buttresses one-third of Thwaites glacier . Removal of the shelf has the potential to increase the contribution of Thwaites glacier to sea level rise by up to 25%. As of 2021, the ice shelf appears to be losing its grip on a submarine shoal that acts as a pinning point and the shear margin that separates

144-453: A chief digital officer. The AGU offers several awards, medals and fellowships. AGU nominates members for fellowship in the society. According to the AGU website "To be elected a Fellow of AGU is a special tribute for those who have made exceptional scientific contributions to Earth and space sciences as valued by their peers and vetted by section and focus group committees." A maximum of 0.1% of

216-461: A consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth-atmosphere energy balance, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at

288-656: A different sub-committee of experts in the field for example on dairy cattle . The National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D.C., which is documented in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), its scholarly journal. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies and makes more than 5,000 publications freely available on its website. From 2004 to 2017,

360-507: A formal nomination, followed by a vetting period, and culminates in a final ballot at the academy's annual meeting in April each year. Members are affiliated with a specific scientific field in one of six so-called "classes", which include: Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Biological Sciences; Engineering and Applied Sciences; Biomedical Sciences; Behavioral and Social Sciences; and Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. Over

432-774: A four-digit article number. In 2012 the journals and books, including over one and a half million pages of legacy content, were transferred to the Wiley Online Library . John Wiley & Sons were recognized for this work with the IT Project Team of the Year Award at the UK IT Industry Awards for 2013. Five AGU journals are open access only: AGU Advances , Earth’s Future , Earth and Space Science , GeoHealth , JAMES , and Space Weather . The remainder are delayed open access journals , having free access after

504-412: A full transition to electronic publishing in 2001. For all its journals, the electronic version became the publication of record. This was accompanied by a new identification scheme for articles that entirely did away with sequential page numbers. Instead, each article had a digital object identifier (DOI). As an example, 10.1029/2001GL014304 consists of the publisher identifier (10.1029), the year (2001),

576-428: A full-time professional administrator. The post was renamed Executive Secretary and Waldo E. Smith was hired. He served until 1970 and then Athelstan Spilhaus, Jr. was hired as executive director. Christine McEntee replaced him in 2010. Medals have been named after Fleming and Smith. The AGU leadership in 2021 included, in addition to the president, a CEO, 4 executive vice presidents, 6 vice presidents, 7 directors, and

648-414: A letter signed by 100 scientists was delivered to the AGU, requesting that they cut all ties with ExxonMobil and other companies that foster climate misinformation. The AGU Board of Directors met on April 22, 2016, and voted to continue accepting sponsorship from ExxonMobil, arguing that there was not unequivocal evidence that ExxonMobil continues to participate in climate misinformation. Instead of making

720-521: A letter signed by 255 Academy members was published in Science magazine , decrying "political assaults" against climate change scientists. This was in response to a civil investigative demand on the University of Virginia (UVA) by Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli , seeking a broad range of documents from Michael E. Mann , a former UVA professor from 1999 to 2005. Mann, who currently works at

792-539: A number of different awards: In 2005, the national science academies of the G8  forum (including the National Academy of Sciences) and science academies of Brazil, China, and India (three of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the developing world) signed a statement on the global response to climate change . The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change had become sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action. On May 7, 2010,

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864-408: A plenary session of the annual Fall Meeting with a call for scientists to engage in protest against climate change. AGU removed their research presentations from the meeting, banned them from participation, launched a misconduct inquiry, and complained to Abramoff's employer, Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Kalmus and Abramoff further claimed that AGU threatened to have them arrested if they returned to

936-965: A result of a 2016 workshop AGU convened to address the challenge of sexual and gender-based harassment, with co-sponsorship by the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the American Chemical Society (ACS), the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG), and the Earth Science Women's Network (ESWN). Additionally, AGU staff are trained in how to address incidents of harassment at their annual meeting and wear "Safe AGU" buttons to signify themselves as resources. On February 27, 2018, AGU CEO Chris McEntee testified before

1008-593: A second meeting was held every Spring (April through May) in locations around the world. The latter grew out of AGU's annual Spring meeting, which had been held for many years in Baltimore , until declining interest caused AGU to move the meeting to different locations, starting with Boston in 1998. With the 2003 meeting in Nice , France, it became known as the Joint Assembly because AGU co-sponsors it with other societies such as

1080-502: A set of four criteria are met. However, when Texaco 's corporate library made systematic copies of journal articles for its collection, AGU and five other publishers took Texaco to court. The judges found for AGU. Texaco was fined and agreed to retroactively purchase a license from the Copyright Clearance Center . The presidents of the AGU have been: While more than 40 presidents have provided scientific leadership for

1152-587: A setback when its chairman, Peter Gleick , announced that he had lied to obtain internal documents from the Heartland Institute and then leaked them to the public. Gleick, a climate scientist and recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship , said he was motivated by frustration with the efforts of groups such as the Heartland Institute to attack climate science and scientists, but admitted that it

1224-464: A short-term political statement, the Board wished to engage with the energy industry over the long term. In response, Senator Sheldon Whitehouse and Representative Ted Lieu sent a critical letter saying that ExxonMobil continues to fund climate denial and is misleading the AGU. The Union of Concerned Scientists also sent a letter urging them to reconsider. However, in a meeting on September 23, 2016,

1296-683: A two-year rolling period. The AGU hosts a number of blogs, collectively known as the AGU Blogosphere , informally publishing frequent updates on the Earth and space sciences. AGU publications are copyrighted, but in the United States many exceptions to the exclusive rights of copyright are allowed under the fair use provision, part of the Copyright Act of 1976 . Making copies of publications are allowed for such uses as teaching and research as long as

1368-584: Is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric , ocean , hydrologic , space , and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences ; solid-Earth sciences ; hydrologic sciences ; and space sciences . The organization's headquarters

1440-552: Is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to

1512-477: Is an NAS conference facility. The president is the head of the academy, elected by a majority vote of the membership to serve in this position for a term to be determined by the governing Council, not to exceed six years, and may be re-elected for a second term. The academy has had 22 presidents since its foundation. The current president is geophysicist Marcia K. McNutt , the first woman to hold this position. Her term expires on June 30, 2022. The academy gives

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1584-643: Is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C. The AGU was established in December 1919 by the National Research Council (NRC) to represent the United States in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), and its first chairman was William Bowie of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS). For more than 50 years, it operated as an unincorporated affiliate of

1656-591: Is no persuasive evidence that human activity is warming the planet. The court rejected Cuccinelli's demand. However, such legal challenges continue, so in 2012 AGU entered in a partnership with the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund to offer legal counseling at the Fall Meeting. In 2011, AGU created a Task Force on Scientific Ethics, "to review and update existing policies and procedures for dealing with scientific misconduct." This effort received

1728-584: Is published in partnership with the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the Association of American Geographers (AAG). In addition, International Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is no longer published and AGU distributes Chinese Journal of Geophysics and Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics . Many of the journals have high impact factors , with Paleoceanography having the highest within paleontology and Reviews of Geophysics

1800-752: The Geochemical Society , the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA), the Canadian Geophysical Union (CGU), and the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The Fall Meeting had more than 25,000 attendees in 2018. In addition to the Fall meeting that covers all areas of the geophysical sciences, AGU sponsors many specialized meetings that are intended to serve the needs of particular scientific disciplines or geographical areas, including

1872-612: The House Committee on Science, Space, & Technology Subcommittee on Research and Technology Hearing – A Review of Sexual Harassment and Misconduct in Science. His testimony was alongside those of Rhonda Davis, head of the National Science Foundation 's (NSF) Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Kathryn Clancy , an anthropologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , and attorney Kristina Larsen. In July 2019,

1944-489: The International Science Council (ISC). Although there is no formal relationship with state and local academies of science, there often is informal dialogue. The National Academy is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers (president, vice president, home secretary, international secretary, and treasurer) and 12 Councilors, all of whom are elected from among the academy membership. Agencies of

2016-553: The Ivy League , account for nearly 28% of all members ever elected. Those ten are also precisely the only institutions in the entire history of the NAS to have had 100 or more members overall. On the list for living members, only 14 institutions have 50 or more members overall, including the medical school (where it applies). They represent 32% of all living members of the NAS. The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around

2088-589: The National Academy of Sciences . On June 29, 1972, AGU was incorporated in the District of Columbia and membership was opened to scientists and students worldwide. The AGU was intended to promote "pure" geophysics; exploration geophysics has its own society, the Society of Exploration Geophysicists . In a March 1919 report by a committee chaired by Robert S. Woodward of the Carnegie Institution , geophysics

2160-540: The Pine Island and surrounding glaciers with it, due to marine ice sheet instability . However, both of these processes would take time: a Science Magazine interview with the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration researchers who had discovered the impending collapse of the ice shelf noted that the glacier itself would still take approximately several centuries to collapse even without

2232-620: The AGU Board approved a new Organizational Support Policy. The policy covers subjects such as advertorials and member surveys. It requires that partnerships contribute to AGU's mission, vision and goals and that the AGU "apply vetting to ascertain that partners are not engaged in false misinterpretations of science." The sponsorship of AGU by ExxonMobil became a source of concern for many members after evidence surfaced that ExxonMobil had known about climate change for decades but had actively worked to undermine climate science. On February 22, 2016,

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2304-524: The AGU since 1919, operational leadership has been provided by a larger team. The first senior team member was John Adam Fleming , who was elected Secretary in 1925 and changed the name of his position to General Secretary. He served as a volunteer while working at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution. By 1943, with the membership nearing 2,000, AGU recognized the need for

2376-716: The AGU was awarded a three-year grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to launch the AGU Ethics and Equity Initiative, a collaboration among the AGU and the National Center for Professional and Research Ethics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . The initiative will tackle issues around sexual harassment and gender-based discrimination by developing new educational resources and tracking tools to measure impact. In December 2022, AGU punished climate scientists Rose Abramoff and Peter Kalmus for misconduct, who interrupted

2448-462: The Board upheld its previous decision. In November 2021, AGU announced in a video presentation that, as a consequence of its Environmental, social, and corporate governance policies, it no longer had any direct investments in fossil-fuel companies and it was beginning to divest its investment portfolio from mutual fund holdings in fossil-fuel companies. United States National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS )

2520-671: The Earth's deep interior; tectonophysics ; volcanology , geochemistry , and petrology . AGU holds an annual meeting every December (known as the Fall Meeting). Until 2017, the meeting was held yearly in San Francisco. Because of renovations at the San Francisco venue, the 2017 meeting took place in New Orleans and the 2018 meeting in Washington, DC. It returned to San Francisco in 2019 and its location will rotate among San Francisco, New Orleans, Chicago, and Washington, DC . Previously,

2592-430: The Earth's surface. The statement continued, Present understanding of the Earth climate system provides a compelling basis for legitimate public concern over future global and regional-scale changes resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded AGU believes that the present level of scientific uncertainty does not justify inaction in

2664-494: The NAS, NAE, and NAM. Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences hosts exhibitions exploring intersections of art, science, and culture such as Mathemalchemy . The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5, 2014. Approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. In June 2012, it reopened to visitors after a major two-year restoration project which restored and improved

2736-460: The National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Congress legislated, and President Abraham Lincoln signed, a 1863 Act of Congress establishing

2808-493: The National Academy of Sciences administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museum's exhibits focused on climate change and infectious disease . In 2017, the museum closed and made way for a new science outreach program called LabX. The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, created

2880-447: The National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original NAS members came from the so-called " Scientific Lazzaroni ", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts ( c.  1850 ). In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of Alexander Dallas Bache , and also Charles Henry Davis , a professional astronomer who had been recently recalled from

2952-447: The National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted government institution created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department", an objective that promulgated the academy with the broad and enduring purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of

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3024-423: The National Academy of Sciences includes 2,687 NAS members and 531 international members . It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005. Some 190 members have won a Nobel Prize. By its own admission in 1989, the addition of women to the academy "continues at a dismal trickle"; at that time there were 1,516 male members and 57 female members. The National Academy of Sciences is one of the 135 member organizations of

3096-700: The National Academy of Sciences – formerly located at 525 E St., N.W. – hosted visits from the public, school field trips, and permanent science exhibits. NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center is located on 100 Academy Drive in Irvine, California , near the campus of the University of California, Irvine ; it offers a conference center and houses several NAS programs. The J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center, located at 314 Quissett Avenue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts ,

3168-591: The Navy to Washington to head the Bureau of Navigation . They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist Louis Agassiz and American mathematician Peirce , who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . Agassiz was to come to Washington, D.C., at

3240-580: The Ocean Sciences Meeting, which is held in even numbered years. Small, highly focused meetings are offered through the Chapman Conferences. The large numbers and international participation in the Fall Meeting results in a large contribution to greenhouse gases . The 9500 participants in the 2002 meeting traveled an average of 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) to attend, producing 1.3 metric tons of carbon dioxide, or one-sixteenth of

3312-542: The Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf from the Thwaites glacier Tongue has extended, further weakening the ice shelf connection to the pinning point. A sequence of Sentinel-1 radar imagery shows that parallel wing and comb cracks have recently formed rifts at high angles to the main shear margin and are propagating into the central part of the ice shelf at rates as high as 2 km per year. Satellite data, ground-penetrating radar, and GPS measurements taken in 2021 indicate that collapse of

3384-480: The United States government fund about 85 percent of the academy's activities. Further funding comes from state governments, private foundations, and industrial organizations. The council has the ability ad-hoc to delegate certain tasks to committees. For example, the Committee on Animal Nutrition has produced a series of Nutrient requirements of domestic animals reports since at least 1944, each one being initiated by

3456-532: The United States. The National Academy of Sciences Building is located at 2101 Constitution Avenue , in northwest Washington, D.C. ; it sits on the National Mall , adjacent to the Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building and in front of the headquarters of the U.S. State Department . The building has a neoclassical architectural style and was built by architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue . The building

3528-409: The average yearly emissions for Americans. The AGU has made some adjustments such as asking shuttle bus drivers to turn off their engines when they are not moving, but 95% of the emissions come from jet fuel . In an unpublished study, David Scott and Lawrence Plug of Dalhousie University estimated that the AGU could reduce emissions by 7.7% if it moved the Fall Meeting to Denver , Colorado. In 2017,

3600-543: The bill incorporating the Academy, including in it the name of fifty incorporators". During the last hours of the session, when the Senate was immersed in the rush of last-minute business before its adjournment, Senator Wilson introduced the bill. Without examining it or debating its provisions, both the Senate and House approved it, and President Lincoln signed it. Although hailed as a great step forward in government recognition of

3672-416: The broader public. Members of the AGU who work in politically-controversial fields have come under legal attack. For example, Michael Mann , a Fellow of the AGU and lead author of the original " hockey stick graph " study, faced a legal demand to turn over his private emails from Kenneth Cuccinelli II , at the time the attorney general of the state of Virginia, a conservative Republican who argues that there

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3744-491: The building's historic spaces, increased accessibility, and brought the building's aging infrastructure and facilities up to date. More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, D.C. The Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The Marian Koshland Science Museum of

3816-469: The entire history of the NAS, Harvard University is associated with the most members (331) overall, while the University of California at Berkeley is associated with the most members (255) without including the medical school. E.g. of the topmost schools, UC Berkeley/MIT/Princeton/Caltech do not have medical schools, while Harvard/Stanford do. The top ten institutions, two of which are from the University of California System and another four of which are in

3888-561: The establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century. In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members. In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing the National Academy of Sciences in that same year, which had

3960-470: The federal government—rather than as a tool of one branch, or executive agencies, which adds a risk or propensity of becoming the tool of one part of the government. The goal was somewhat unusual at the time, and also different than other knowledge based entities serving a branch of government, such as the Library of Congress. The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services. As of 2024 ,

4032-410: The first annual dues of US$ 2 were imposed. The membership grew to 4,600 in 1950; 13,000 in 1980; and 26,000 in 1990. As of 2018, it had 62,000 members from 137 countries. AGU publishes the online magazine Eos and more than twenty peer-reviewed scientific journals : The journal Radio Science is co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science . The journal Earth Interactions

4104-748: The first joint JpGU-AGU meeting was held in Chiba, Japan. The meeting was a joint effort between AGU and the Japan Geoscience Union . On occasion the AGU Council issues position statements on matters affecting public policy that are related to geophysics. These include biological evolution , natural hazards , science education and funding, and climate change . The AGU adopted its first position statement on climate change in December 1998. That statement began Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as

4176-509: The government's expense to plan the organization with the others. This bypassed Joseph Henry , who was reluctant to have a bill for such an academy presented to Congress . This was in the belief that such a resolution would be "opposed as something at variance with our democratic institutions". Nevertheless, Henry soon became the second President of NAS. Agassiz, Davis, Peirce, Benjamin Gould and Senator Wilson met at Bache's house and "hurriedly wrote

4248-583: The ice shelf may be initiated by intersection of rifts with hidden basal crevasse zones as soon as 2026. Complete melting of Thwaites glacier is predicted to increase global sea levels by 65 cm (2.13 ft) according to the European Geosciences Union , and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences states that the collapse of Thwaites glacier could ultimately lead to sea-level rise of up to 3 meters if it draws

4320-645: The ice shelf, and a 2022 assessment of tipping points in the climate system stated that while the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be committed to disintegration at between 1°C and 3°C, the timescale for its collapse after that ranges between 500 and 13,000 years, with the most likely estimate of 2000 years. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from "Thwaites Ice Shelf" . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . American Geophysical Union The American Geophysical Union ( AGU )

4392-406: The journal code (GL), and an article number (014304). This new system was met with complaints from libraries and scientists. The article numbers provided no clue for libraries to find an article in printed versions, and even scientific databases were not set up to handle DOIs. AGU officials claimed that the problems were a temporary cost of being a frontrunner, but did retroactively assign each article

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4464-487: The long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth". The academy currently (as of late-2024) has 6892 members, including international ones, both past and present. 3218 of them are living. Existing members elect new members for life. Up to 120 members are elected every year while up to 30 foreign citizens may be elected as international members annually. The election process begins with

4536-622: The meeting. Abramoff was fired by Oak Ridge in January 2023. In 2014, the AGU accepted 5469 gifts, grants and pledges from individuals and corporations. Of these, the 1919 Society (gifts of over $ 100,000) included ExxonMobil , Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, and Nature's Own . AGU also was found to have many annual events sponsored by corporations, including an annual Student Breakfast (supported by ExxonMobil) and Amazon Web Services supported research grants and that offer access to its cloud computing resources. In 2015,

4608-803: The membership can be elected each year. The AGU is divided into 25 sections that provide the main structure for managing volunteers, developing leaders and honoring scientists. These sections also reflect the breadth of science within Earth and space science: atmospheric and space electricity ; atmospheric sciences ; biogeosciences ; cryosphere sciences; Earth and planetary surface processes; Earth and space science informatics ; education; geodesy ; geohealth ; geomagnetism ; paleomagnetism and electromagnetism ; hydrology ; mineral and rock physics ; natural hazards ; near surface geophysics ; nonlinear geophysics ; ocean sciences ; paleoceanography ; planetary sciences ; seismology ; societal impacts and policy sciences ; space physics and aeronomy ; study of

4680-738: The mitigation of human induced climate change and/or the adaptation to it. The adopted position statement was backed up by a detailed supporting document. The AGU position statement has undergone several revisions, most recently revised and reaffirmed in 2012. In 2014, AGU developed the Sharing Science program to provide scientists with the skills and tools that they need to communicate science with any audience. The program offers resources, workshops, hands-on support, and opportunities to help scientists more effectively communicate with broader audiences about Earth and space science. Audiences range from journalists, educators and students, policy makers, and

4752-573: The purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States. The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until

4824-499: The role of science in American society, at the time, the National Academy of Sciences created enormous ill-feelings among scientists, whether or not they were named as incorporators. The act states: [T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for

4896-404: The second highest within geochemistry and geophysics as of 2010. AGU has also been publishing books for more than 85 years. AGU has also partnered with societies to publish: AGU co-published (along with the AMS and the AAG) its first electronic journal, Earth Interactions , in 1997. It started its own electronic journal, Geochemistry, Geophysics , Geosystems , in December 1999. It made

4968-528: Was a serious lapse of judgement. He resigned from the task force on February 16, 2012, and was replaced by Linda Gundersen, director of the Office of Science Quality and Integrity at the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In 2017, AGU adopted and updated ethics policy, called the AGU Scientific Integrity and Professional Ethics. Among other updates, the policy updated its definitions of what counts as scientific misconduct to include harassment , bullying , and discrimination. The change came, in part, as

5040-420: Was added in 1930 and Tectonophysics in 1940. In suggesting the latter name, Norman Bowen evoked a familiar theme: to "designate this new borderline field between geophysics , physics and geology for the solution of problems of tectonics." The first meeting of the AGU took place on April 23, 1920. In attendance were 25 members. Up to 1930, the number of members was restricted and members were elected. In 1932

5112-402: Was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Goodhue engaged a team of artists and architectural sculptors including Albert Herter , Lee Lawrie , and Hildreth Meière to design interior embellishments celebrating the history and significance of science. The building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of

5184-439: Was defined as a collection of "borderlands" (closely related, mutually dependent subjects): astronomy , geodesy , geology, meteorology , oceanography , seismology , terrestrial magnetism , terrestrial electricity , tides , and volcanology . The AGU was organized under seven sections: Geodesy , Seismology, Meteorology , Terrestrial magnetism and electricity, Oceanography , Volcanology , and Geophysical chemistry. Hydrology

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