Land reclamation , often known as reclamation , and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans , seas , riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground , reclaimed land , or land fill .
22-757: 200 Vesey Street , formerly known as Three World Financial Center and also known as the American Express Tower , is one of four towers that comprise the Brookfield Place complex in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City . Rising 51 floors and 739 feet (225 m), it is situated between the Hudson River and the World Trade Center . The building opened in 1986 as part of
44-698: A dramatic glass-and-steel public space with a 120 ft (37 m) vaulted ceiling under which there is an assortment of trees and plants, including sixteen 40 ft (12 m) palm trees from the Mojave Desert . Pelli used the building's basic aesthetic again for the One Canada Square tower in London's Canary Wharf development. Canary Wharf was, like the World Financial Center, a project by Canadian developers Olympia & York , and One Canada Square
66-416: A generous slice of sky." Three World Financial Center was severely damaged by the falling debris when the World Trade Center towers collapsed on September 11, 2001 . The building's southeast corner took heavy structural damage, though the effects were not enough to create a threat of collapse. The building had to be closed for repairs from September 11, 2001 until May 2002 as a result of damage sustained in
88-521: A range of contemporary artists including Reyna Noriega, Julia Whitney Barnes, Tatiana Arocha, Anne Beffel, Jane Benson , Curtis Cuffie, Charles Goldman, Elke Lehmann, Pia Lindman, Brian P. McGrath, Andrea Ray, and Alex Villar. Land reclamation In Ancient Egypt , the rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty (c. 2000–1800 BC) undertook a far-sighted land reclamation scheme to increase agricultural output. They constructed levees and canals to connect
110-444: Is located at 100 West Street. Leasable space on the lower floors of the office towers underwent conversions and expansion to accommodate new retail . One notable example is 2 Brookfield Place: a European-style marketplace and dining terrace opened in 2013. The space between 3 and 4 Brookfield Place, at 225 Vesey Street, which contained retail, expanded to accommodate in‑line retail and high-end fashion retail, according to
132-436: Is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated and hence needs to be contained. Land dredging is also another method of land reclamation. It is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of a body of water. It is commonly used for maintaining reclaimed land masses as sedimentation,
154-920: Is owned by Toronto -based Brookfield Asset Management , except for the space occupied by American Express , which is owned by the American Express Company. 250 Vesey Street serves as the United States headquarters for Brookfield Asset Management . Brookfield Place has its own zip code , 10281. The buildings' original developer was Olympia and York , also based in Toronto. Brookfield Place has been home to offices of various companies including Merrill Lynch , Lehman Brothers, Oppenheimer & Co., RBC Capital Markets , Nomura Group , American Express , Institute of Culinary Education , Bank of New York Mellon , Jane Street Capital , Time Inc. 95.5 K-LOVE , 96.7 Air1 , and Brookfield Asset Management . In 2014,
176-632: The Faiyum with the Bahr Yussef waterway, diverting water that would have flowed into Lake Moeris and causing gradual evaporation around the lake's edges, creating new farmland from the reclaimed land. A similar land reclamation system using dams and drainage canals was used in the Greek Copaic Basin during the Middle Helladic Period (c. 1900–1600 BC). One of the earliest large-scale projects
198-572: The World Financial Center ) is a shopping center and office building complex in the New York City borough of Manhattan . It is located in the Battery Park City neighborhood, across West Street from the World Trade Center , and overlooks the Hudson River . The complex is currently owned and managed by Brookfield Properties , a subsidiary of Brookfield Asset Management . Designed by architect César Pelli , with Adamson Associates,
220-544: The Grand Staircase, which was the main focal entry point to Winter Garden and the waterfront, as it connected to the Vesey Street pedestrian bridge adjacent to the original World Trade Center . The Grand Staircase has also been used as an amphitheater; thus, the plans for demolition had outraged residents, who promptly appealed for its preservation in the latest redevelopment plans. The transit pavilion opened in 2013, and
242-467: The World Financial Center and was designed by Haines Lundberg Waehler and Cesar Pelli & Associates . The building is an example of postmodern architecture , as designed by Cesar Pelli & Associates, and contains over 2.1 million square feet (195,000 m) of rentable office area. It connects to the rest of the World Financial Center complex through a courtyard leading to the Winter Garden ,
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#1732855299867264-569: The World Financial Center complex was built by Olympia and York from 1983 to 1988 on the landfill used to build Battery Park City . During the September 11 attacks in 2001, debris severely damaged the lobby and lower floors' granite cladding and glass. It has since been fully restored and significant repairs were made to the other buildings in the complex. The Winter Garden Atrium received major structural damage to its glass and steel frame, but ceremonially reopened on September 11, 2002. After
286-529: The adjacent One North End Avenue building, headquarters of the New York Mercantile Exchange , in 2013, for US$ 200 million , and integrated it into the complex. Following expansion, the entire World Financial Center complex was renamed Brookfield Place, in conjunction with similar complexes in Toronto , Calgary , and Perth owned by Brookfield. The name change took place in 2014. Brookfield Place
308-459: The attacks, the World Financial Center underwent a $ 250 million renovation and expansion project, in conjunction with the construction of a new east–west passageway linking the complex with the World Trade Center site . The project included a transit pavilion to be built as an extension of the existing Winter Garden Atrium, on the West Street side. Preliminary plans called for the demolition of
330-536: The complex was given its current name following the completion of extensive renovations. Brookfield Place is also the home of College Board , the nonprofit managing both Advanced Placement and the SAT . The Winter Garden Atrium is a 45,000 square feet (4,200 m ) glass domed pavilion housing various plants, trees and flowers, also shopping areas, cafes (located between buildings 2 and 3), rebuilt 2002 after terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The pavilion also exhibits
352-497: The food area is projected to generate about $ 120 million of revenue annually. Le District includes the Michelin -starred restaurant L'Appart . Overall, the intent is to drive more tourism in the area with the retail and the new access to the passageway under West Street. It is also being developed as a catalyst to integrate and drive development in the adjacent largely residential Battery Park City area. Brookfield Properties bought
374-607: The plans and renderings. With some restaurants and retail temporarily closed due to construction, a food truck court was in operation beginning in early 2012 on North End Avenue. Various food trucks that operate around New York City, serving a variety of foods, service the Brookfield Place/Battery Park City area five days a week during lunch hours. A new 2,000-seat food court comprising existing restaurants, such as Le District and Hudson Eats, and new restaurants, opened in stages between November 2014 and March 2015;
396-657: The terrorist attacks. A memorial was constructed to honor the 11 employees of American Express who were victims of the September 11 attacks, it is named the Eleven Tears Memorial. 3 World Financial Center is today the world headquarters of American Express , and was once World Headquarters of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. It was renamed 200 Vesey Street when the rest of the complex became Brookfield Place in 2014. Brookfield Place (New York City) Brookfield Place (previously named and still commonly referred to as
418-456: Was designed by the same principal architect. One Canada Square differs from 200 Vesey Street in that it is clad with a stainless steel curtain wall instead of stone. Due to its status as the tallest tower in the complex, the building was subject to scathing criticism at the time of its construction. In 1985, the New York Times published an article lambasting the tower. ‟Not too long ago, it
440-443: Was largely built on reclaimed land, as was Wellington , New Zealand. Land reclamation can be achieved by a number of different methods. The simplest method involves filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement , then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called "infilling" and the material used to fill the space is generally called "infill". Draining of submerged wetlands
462-462: Was possible to gaze all the way from mid-Manhattan to the skies over the harbor. Now, that vista has been pierced by the American Express tower being built in the World Financial Center at Battery Park City. At the moment, the skyscraper resembles a gigantic, upended, rectilinear fish skeleton. As construction proceeds, however, and the floors fill in, there will be a solid wall where there was once
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#1732855299867484-773: Was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi) of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres) of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the Colonial Hong Kong era. Some 20% of land in the Tokyo Bay area has been reclaimed, most notably Odaiba artificial island. The city of Rio de Janeiro
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