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43-639: Parts of the Three Seals Law are still in force, according to a ruling of the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand in 1978. King Rama I paid attention to the preservation of Thai texts that had survived the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767, including the royal chronicles and religious texts. Shortly after completing a revision of the Tipiṭaka , the Buddhist canonical scriptures, in 1804, he turned his attention to

86-762: A 5-volume edition, based on the Thammasat University edition with corrections, entitled Kotmai tra sam duang (Three Seals Code). A third edition appeared in 1994. To mark the 200th anniversary of the compilation of the Three Seals Law, the Royal Institute (now the Royal Society of Thailand ) published a two-volume edition in 2007 with facsimiles of the manuscripts and transcription, entitled Kotmai tra sam duang: chabap ratchabandittayasathan (Three Seals Code, Royal Institute edition). Robert Lingat , editor of

129-530: A judgment issued by the Courts of First Instances, the Court of Appeal or the Courts of Appeal Regions I – IX, has the right to appeal against the lower court's order or judgment, following the conditions and circumstances as required by law. Specialized laws such as the procedural laws on labor, tax, intellectual property, and international trade allow parties to appeal against judgments of such specialized courts directly to

172-570: A little time for doing academic works. In addition, there had been no law or any other regulation requiring members of the Royal Society to do academic works." The reorganisation was designed after the Institut de France , dividing the Royal Institute into three academies: the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, the Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Arts, which structure has been retained until

215-537: A modern edition was prepared by the French legal scholar Robert Lingat and published in three volumes by Thammasat University under the title Pramuan kotmai ratchakan thi 1 C.S. 1166 phim tam chabap luang tra sam duang (Law code of King Rama I, 1805, printed following the Three Seals edition). All modern editions stem from this work. In 1962-3, Ongkankha Khong Khurusapha (government printers for textbooks, etc.) published

258-602: A project at Kyoto University to produce a computer concordance of the complete text. Access to this database is available through the Center of Integrated Study at Kyoto University, and through the Ayutthaya Digital Archive Project of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy (see External Links below). Michael Vickery published two articles querying the accuracy of the dates appearing in

301-556: A search located 80 volumes from the three original copies and 17 volumes from the backup. Parts of the Three Seals Law were replaced by modern laws drafted with the help of foreign advisers in a Penal Code promulgated in 1908 and a Civil and Commercial Code promulgated in parts between 1923 and 1935. In 1978, the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand ruled that the parts of the Three Seals Law not having been replaced or overruled by any other subsequent laws remain in force still. Those parts include Lak Inthaphat (Tenets of Indra). In

344-447: Is based on applicants' contributions and published works. The levels of memberships in the society are: Of these, only the associate fellow titles can be applied for. Fellows are appointed by the monarch, chosen from amongst the existing associate fellows. Honorary fellows are likewise appointed by the monarch and are chosen from among scholars who are not already fellows of the society. These three groups can be collectively referred to as

387-560: Is the national academy of Thailand responsible for academic works of the Thai government . The secretariat of the society is the Office of the Royal Society ( Thai : สำนักงานราชบัณฑิตยสภา ; RTGS :  Samnakngan Ratchabandittayasapha ), formerly known as the Royal Institute ( Thai : ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน ; RTGS :  Ratchabandittayasathan ). The office is an independent agency of

430-724: Is the highest Thai court of justice , covering criminal and civil cases of the entire country. Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court , the judgment from the Supreme Court is considered as final. Neither plaintiff nor respondent can request for any further appeals . A justice of the Supreme Court can be appointed from among justices of the Court of Appeals having seniority, extensive knowledge and experience. The current president of

473-626: The Ministry of Public Instruction . After the Siamese revolution of 1932 , the People's Party which carried out the revolution reorganised the Royal Society at the initiative of one of its members, Pridi Banomyong , by dissolving the Royal Society and splitting the works of the dissolved society into two new agencies, the Royal Institute and the Fine Arts Department , on 31 March 1934. The reasons for

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516-407: The Supreme Court . The Court consists of the president, vice presidents, secretary, and a number of justices. In the present-day juridical system, the president of the Supreme Court is also the head of the Courts of Justice. At least three justices of the Supreme Court form a quorum . At present, the Supreme Court has divided the justices internally into 25 quorums. Each quorum has three justices;

559-468: The 1938-9 edition of the Three Seals Law, published several articles and books on the historical antecedents of the law, and on the law on slavery. In 1957, MR Seni Pramoj , a lawyer and former prime minister, gave a lecture in Thai summarizing the Three Seals Law, subsequently published as a book. In 1986, Yoneo Ishii published an English-language summary and analysis of the Three Seals Law. Ishii also headed

602-558: The Royal Institute, that shall not be the name of a person, but the name of the House of Representatives, the name of the Constitution. If there should be anything that people of later generation should think of together with the Royal Institute, that shall be the Constitution." At this convention, Prince Wan Waithayakon , Phra Riamwiratchaphak , and Luang Wichitwathakan were elected as the first president, vice president, and secretary general of

645-427: The Royal Society itself and turned the Royal Institute into the secretariat of the society, called Office of the Royal Society. The act also increased the powers of the society, such as by authorising it to confer degrees and certificates, to establish a welfare fund for its members, and to retain income for its internal use without having to send the income to the finance ministry as national revenue . Many members of

688-577: The Supreme Court is Judge Chanakarn Theeravechpolkul . Historically, there was no Supreme Court since a Thai monarch would adjudicate all disputes as the sole supreme judicial authority. Citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace. This system existed until the early Rattanakosin Era ; the reign of King Rama IV . During the reign of King Rama V , an official department for appeals

731-492: The books destroyed. One copy of the first volume survived (now in the National Library of Thailand ), and the planned second volume may never have been printed. In 1862–3, Dan Beach Bradley, with the permission of King Rama IV (Mongkut) , printed the edition planned in 1849 in two volumes under the title Nangsue rueang kotmai mueang thai (Book on laws of Siam). The edition was printed ten times and widely used. In 1938-9,

774-425: The change would add tone marks to them. Professor Kanchana Naksakul , senior fellow of the society who proposed the change, believed that the change would better reflect the actual pronunciation of the words and would assist foreigners in learning Thai. Despite the support of around 300 survey respondents who were from linguistic circles and the support of the Thai education ministry and higher education lecturers,

817-453: The dictionary, and many intermittent reprintings with minor revisions. Each of the major revisions is associated with a significant year in Thai history, although in the case of the 1999 and 2011 editions, the actual publication date is a later year. The society also publishes guidelines for spelling of loanwords in Thai. A proposed change in 2012 met public criticism as Thai words borrowed from English were generally spelt without tone marks and

860-411: The exception. In addition, some criminal cases in which the defendants are in custody during the trials are given priority. The adjudication process of the quorum of the Supreme Court occurs when the court allows plaintiff and respondent to present the factual and legal issues from their sides in the trial . This process can take from a few months to the expiry of the case, depending on the decision

903-420: The government, but subject to the supervision of the prime minister . Members of the society consist of associate fellows, fellows, and honorary fellows. The associate fellows are academicians selected and appointed by the society. The fellows are associate fellows selected by the society and appointed by the monarch upon advice of the prime minister. The honorary fellows are prominent academicians selected by

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946-565: The institute, respectively. The prominent works of the institute in the initial period include the revision of the official dictionary of Thai words, a work transferred from the Ministry of Public Instruction, as well as the production of Thai encyclopedias and gazetteers , the coinage of academic terms, and the creation of rules for romanisation of Thai . In 2013, the Council of the Royal Institute found it appropriate to honour King Prajadhipok on

989-506: The king graciously commanded that subjects with knowledge be assigned to cleanse ( chamra ) the royal decrees and laws in the palace library from the Thammasat onwards; ensure they are correct in every detail according to the Pali with no inconsistencies in their content; arrange them into chapters and groups; and take pains to cleanse and adjust any aberrations to accord with justice, in keeping with

1032-530: The king’s gracious intent to be of benefit to kings who reign over the realm in future. (Royal preface to the Three Seals Law) The royally appointed commission, consisting of three judges, four royal scribes , and four officials from the Department of Royal Teachers, completed the task in 11 months, producing 27 laws in a total of 41 volumes of the accordion-style book known as samut thai khao . Each law

1075-406: The laws. After a court awarded a divorce to a woman, Amdaeng Pom, even though she had committed adultery, her husband, Bunsi, sent a petition, claiming the judge had been biased. On examination, all copies of the marriage law showed the woman had the legal right to this divorce. Suspecting that this and others laws had been “modified,” King Rama I ordered a revision of all existing law texts: Hence

1118-399: The members of the society. Members of the society are divided into three academies. Each academy is subdivided into branches, and each branch includes several specific fields, totalling to 137 different academic disciplines. The official seal of the society is a shining sword behind an open book bearing a Pali word, paṇḍito (" pandit "). A crown floats upon the sword and a ribbon bearing

1161-413: The most senior justice in a quorum is the presiding justice of the quorum. The Supreme Court has ten divisions for specialized cases, namely, Specialized divisions have nine justices in each division, as assigned by the president of the Supreme Court, and, also, one chief justice or presiding justice supervising the work of the division. The judgment will be made by the majority of votes among justices in

1204-409: The name of the society is below the book. The sword and the book is based upon a saying, "wisdom is on a par with weapon" ( Thai : ปัญญาประดุจดังอาวุธ ). The light of the sword represents the light of wisdom. The crown represents the monarch. Perhaps the most well-known work of the society is the prescriptive Royal Institute Dictionary . The society has published four fully revised editions of

1247-583: The number of pages of each law in the Khurusapha edition, as a gauge of relative length. The dates shown are as given in the prefaces of the laws. The era used for the dating of each text is in Chula Sakarat , many of these dates have clearly been corrupted during copying. In 1849, Mot Amatyakun and the American missionary Dan Beach Bradley printed an edition of the Three Seals Law. King Rama III objected and had

1290-462: The occasion of the 120th anniversary of his birthday in 2015, by renaming the Royal Institute back to the Royal Society. To that effect, a law was introduced to and passed by the military-appointed National Legislative Assembly , which became the Royal Society Act, 2558 BE , effective on and from 14 February 2015. In addition to the renaming, the act turned the Council of the Royal Institute into

1333-1759: The prefaces off the Three Seals Law texts. Tamara Loos traced the replacement of the Three Seals Law by modern laws in a Cornell University doctoral thesis published in 2002. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Three Seals Law in 2005, several researches were published by Thai scholars including Winai Pongsripian, Krisda Boonyasmit, Woraphon Phuphongphan, Pimpan Paiboonwangcharoen, Jakkrit Uttho, and Channarong Bunnun. Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) Dipangkorn Rasmijoti Paetongtarn Shinawatra ( PTP ) Phumtham Wechayachai ( PTP ) Suriya Juangroongruangkit ( PTP ) Anutin Charnvirakul ( BTP ) Pirapan Salirathavibhaga ( UTN ) Pichai Chunhavajira ( PTP ) Prasert Jantararuangtong ( PTP ) Wan Muhamad Noor Matha ( PCC ) Mongkol Surasajja [REDACTED] Wan Muhamad Noor Matha ( PCC ) Pichet Chuamuangphan ( PTP ) Paradorn Prissanananthakul ( BTP ) Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut ( PP ) [REDACTED] Mongkol Surasajja Kriangkrai Srirak Bunsong Noisophon President: Chanakarn Theeravechpolkul President: Prasitsak Meelarp President: Nakarin Mektrairat Diplomatic missions of / in Thailand Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Borders : Cambodia Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Maritime : India Indonesia Vietnam) Foreign aid The Supreme Court of Thailand ( Thai : ศาลฎีกา , romanized :  San Dika ), located in Bangkok , Thailand ,

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1376-476: The present. The Royal Institute was first convened on 16 June 1934, presided over by Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena , the first prime minister of Siam who addressed the convention as follows: "Our Royal Institute is not a tool or device for promoting the dignity of any particular person, but it shall be for honouring the Nation and the constitutional administration. If there should be a name that should stay together with

1419-558: The quorum after each of justice's written opinion and oral statement to the meeting before making a decision. After being reviewed and brought through the initial process of administrative work, the appeals against judgment of the lower courts to the Supreme Court will be assigned to justices of the Supreme Court by the president of the Supreme Court on a case-by-case basis. This process often takes approximately 15 days. However, there are some kinds of special cases such as intellectual property, tax, bankruptcy, and, international trade which are

1462-476: The reorganisation were stated by Luang Wichitwathakan , the first secretary general of the Royal Institute, as follows: "Our Royal Society had been in place since 2469 BE but it had not been structured to be what it should be. Instead of making the Royal Society a place for academic works like the present Royal Institute, the members of the Royal Society were loaded with administrative works, causing them to waste most of their time doing administrative works and have

1505-664: The senior judges of the case made as appropriate. Afterward, a draft of judgment or order is released. The examination process by the Research Division or approval process by a certain specialized division can then take place. This process can take up to a month. The procedure ends with the transmission of a case file with a judgment of the Supreme Court to the Court of First Instance for pronouncement. Royal Society of Thailand The Royal Society ( Thai : ราชบัณฑิตยสภา ; RTGS :  Ratchabandittayasapha ; pronounced [râːt.tɕʰā.bān.dìt.tā.já(ʔ).sā.pʰāː] )

1548-556: The society and appointed in the same way as the fellows. The society is known for its roles in the planning and regulation of the Thai language , as well as its many publications, particularly the Royal Institute Dictionary , the official and prescriptive dictionary of the Thai language, and the Royal Thai General System of Transcription , the official system for romanisation of Thai . The Royal Society

1591-408: The society has four divisions: The society's website states that each division has a staff of civil servants and clerical employees who perform both business and academic functions facilitating the works of fellows and associate fellows as well as conducting and promoting various academic activities. Scholars from the academic community of Thailand can apply for memberships in the society. Acceptance

1634-646: The society objected to the renaming because of lack of public hearing on the matter. The society was first housed by Bang Khun Phrom Palace and later moved to the Vajiravudh Library on Na Phra That Road until 1988, when it moved to Ratchawanlop Building within the Grand Palace . In 2006, the society moved to its present location at Sanam Sueapa near the Royal Plaza in Bangkok. For administrative purposes,

1677-411: The table below, the laws are listed in the order they were approved in 1805 with the original titles and original Thai spelling, taken from facsimile texts published by the Royal Institute (now the Royal Society of Thailand ). Some of the 27 listed texts contained multiple laws, giving a total of 41 laws. In subsequent publications, some titles were changed, and some laws amalgamated. The ‘pp’ column shows

1720-411: Was enacted to amend the previous Judicator Act of 1909. The courts were divided into three levels, namely, Court of First Instance , Court of Appeals , and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court of Thailand acts as the final court of appeal in all civil and criminal cases in the entire kingdom. An order or judgment of the Supreme Court in all kinds of cases is final. A party who challenges an order or

1763-603: Was established on 19 April 1926 by King Prajadhipok by combining the various existing agencies in charge of national libraries, national museums, literature works, engineering works, historical sites, and historical objects into one and the same agency for the reason that "Siam should have a learned society as in Western countries". The king named the society in Thai as Ratchabanditthayasapha (literally, "Society of Royal Pandits ") after Krom Ratchabandit (literally, "Department of Royal Pandits"), an ancient government department in

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1806-465: Was set up in the Palace, and in 1891, the king created the Ministry of Justice. The Judicator Act of 1909 was also enacted under Rama V's reign. This act established the Supreme Court as the highest court in the country, and cases were no longer appealed to the king. After Thailand adopted a democratic, constitutional form of government during the Siamese revolution of 1932 , the Judicator Act of 1934

1849-518: Was stamped with the seals of the ministries of Mahatthai (north), Kalahom (south), and Phrakhlang (treasury), hence the name of the compilation. Three working copies were made, kept in the Royal Bedchamber, court of justice, and the Palace Library, respectively. A fourth copy was made shortly after and stored as a backup. As a result of neglect, the volumes were lost and scattered. In 1980,

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